湿度变化对TEOM(R)1400a系列环境颗粒物监测仪PM10质量浓度观测的影响

为评价环境湿度变化对TEOM(R)1400a·系列环境颗粒物监测仪进行PM10观测的影响,在2004年1月到2005年1月的观测过程中,获得了30 min平均的大气PM10质量浓度,并观测了地面气象条件及降水过程中仪器的响应.结果表明,湿度变化较大时仪器记录的PM10浓度明显受到滤膜上吸附的水汽含量变化的影响.仪器提供的PM10质量浓度反映出明显的日变化规律,分别在8:00～9:30和18:00～23:00出现峰值而在12:00～15:30出现谷值;此变化规律反映了大气污染物的日变化特征,但也受到空气湿度变化的影响.应用该仪器时对空气湿度的影响应当予以考虑.     

湿度变化对TEOM~1400a系列环境颗粒物监测仪PM_(10)质量浓度观测的影响

为评价环境湿度变化对TEOM?1400a系列环境颗粒物监测仪进行PM10观测的影响,在2004年1月到2005年1月的观测过程中,获得了30min平均的大气PM10质量浓度,并观测了地面气象条件及降水过程中仪器的响应。结果表明,湿度变化较大时仪器记录的PM10浓度明显受到滤膜上吸附的水汽含量变化的影响。仪器提供的PM10质量浓度反映出明显的日变化规律,分别在8:00~9:30和18:00~23:00出现峰值而在12:00~15:30出现谷值;此变化规律反映了大气污染物的日变化特征,但也受到空气湿度变化的影响。应用该仪器时对空气湿度的影响应当予以考虑。     

北京冬季PM_(10)中有机碳与元素碳的高分辨率观测及来源分析

运用先进的RP5400碳颗粒物连续分析仪和TEOM1400a气溶胶质量测量仪于2004年冬季对北京大气PM10及碳气溶胶进行了连续观测,得到了PM10、有机碳(OC)、无机碳(EC)和总碳(TC)的日变化特征。观测期间OC、EC、TC、PM10的浓度和OC/EC比值分别为(21.2±16.0)、(8.9±5.1)、(30.2±20.4)、(172.6±98.3)μg.m-3和2.3±0.9。OC,EC和总碳(TC=OC+EC)分别占PM10质量的(12.4±6.4)%、(5.6±2.3)%和(18±9.2)%。OC,EC和PM10浓度变化范围较大,变化趋势相似,明显受风速影响,风速较大时浓度较小。PM10和OC浓度在夜间明显高于白天,但是EC浓度白天和夜间差别不大。EC在早上交通高峰期间达到最高值,显示了机动车排放源的明显贡献。OC/EC比值在夜间(2.4～2.7)明显高于白天(1.9～2.0),这主要是由于机动车白天排放较多,而夜间机动车相对较少以及燃煤排放较多。北京观测到的TC浓度和OC/EC比值均高于美国、日本的同期观测结果。分析表明北京冬季PM10中有机碳和无机碳以一次性排放为主。应用比值法估算出北京冬季PM10中碳气溶胶的来源主要是机动车(75%贡献)和燃煤(25%)。由此可见,北京PM10中碳污染较为严重,且机动车排放占了较大贡献,需要引起重视。     

2009年北京市春季大气颗粒PM_(2.5)和黑碳浓度变化特征

为了评价奥运会后车辆限行、施工减少等措施对北京市大气环境质量的影响,利用黑碳仪和颗粒物在线观测仪,于2009年4月26日—5月16日对北京市大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5质量浓度,2009年4月21日—5月21日对黑碳浓度实行连续观测,采用SPSS11.5和EXCEl2003对数据进行统计分析,获PM2.5和黑碳的日均值、小时均值和观测时段内小时均值的连续变化资料。结果表明:观测时段内PM2.5浓度日均值为(9.3±0.2)μg/m3,低于北京市以往同期记录,达到美国EPA的PM2.5推荐标准。黑碳浓度的日均值为(2319±18)ng/m3,低于我国其他城市和北京市历史记录。说明北京市实行的污染源控制手段收到了明显效果。PM2.5浓度呈现周变化趋势,日变化表现两个峰值。黑碳浓度日变化为一峰一谷,未出现以往研究的两个峰值,推测可能受晚间车辆和烹饪活动的影响,晚间峰值被次日升高趋势遮盖。     

北京城区GRIMM1.107和RP2000仪器测试对比

GRIMM1.107和RP2000在2004年12月11～17日持续一周的时比测试中,获得了4个有效数据,其中由于受天气现象的影响,PM2.5的质量浓度没有明显的日变化,降水过程是PM从大气中清除的主要机制.对比结果表明,12月14日和17日的结果相差较大,其相对标准偏差分别为34.6%和23.0%,而15日和16日两天的对比结果较理想.     

秦兵马俑博物馆陶器库房冬季室内空气质量初步研究

于2008年1月30日～3月3日,在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆陶器库开展了室内大气环境调查,同步采集了大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和NH3样品,获得了PM2.5颗粒中的离子组成,并实时监测了SO2、NOx的浓度变化。结果表明,陶器库中PM2.5平均质量浓度为76.1μg/m3,室外PM2.5平均质量浓度为153.9μg/m3,约为室内浓度的2倍。室内PM2.5中水溶性离子主要由SO42-、NO3-和NH4+组成,平均质量浓度分别为17.5、5.2、5.5μg/m3,它们分别占PM2.5质量浓度的19.7%、5.2%、5.8%。库内NH3平均浓度为4.8μg/m3,室外NH3平均浓度6.6μg/m3,约为室内的1.4倍。室内NO、NO2、NOx浓度日平均分别为4.8×10-9、3.2×10-9、8.0×10-9,SO2浓度日平均为0.9×10-9。研究表明,库内人为活动量对质量浓度、离子浓度和污染气体均有一定影响,库房相对于室外对阻挡颗粒物减少外界影响方面对文物有一定的保护作用,但在阻隔空气污染物和恒温恒湿方面的作用还有待加强。     

西安市夜间土方工程施工扬尘排放特征分析

为探究土方工程施工扬尘排放特征,基于土方作业现场采集与检测所得扬尘浓度数值和扬尘颗粒物粒径值以及工地气象因子参数,对施工现场扬尘浓度变化趋势、气象因子对扬尘排放的影响以及土方施工扬尘的粒径分布特征予以解析。结果表明,测试期间TSP浓度和PM10浓度值变化较大,并出现短时间浓度峰值,施工现场土方施工扬尘既受具体施工活动的影响又与气象因子有关。施工现场土方施工作业时PM2.5、PM10和TSP浓度与温度和湿度呈正相关,与风速和风向呈负相关。土方施工时粒径较大的颗粒物所占比例高于施工现场大气和背景值,粒径不小于10μm的颗粒物占比61.24%,土方施工扬尘是西安市环境大气PM10和TSP的来源之一,工地内运输车辆及土方施工活动均为重要扬尘源。土方作业时PM2.5:PM10:TSP=0.01:0.55:1,夜间土方工程施工扬尘对西安市环境大气PM2.5的贡献能力有限。     

保定市区2013年环境空气质量状况及污染原因分析

对保定市6个环境监测国控点2013年的SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5监测数据,按时间段进行了统计分析,结果表明:4种空气污染物季节性污染特征明显,月均浓度在采暖期比非采暖期有显著增加;由于受到燃煤及不利气象条件影响,SO2、NO2月浓度变化曲线呈现冬季高、夏季低的"U"字型分布,采暖期SO2浓度约为非采暖期的3倍。PM10、PM2.5浓度全年波动比较频繁,较大浓度值出现在冬季采暖期。沙尘、扬尘天气和秸秆焚烧对春秋季PM10、PM2.5浓度有贡献。     

深圳市环境空气中黑碳气溶胶的污染特征研究

为了解深圳市环境空气中黑碳气溶胶(BC)的污染状况及变化规律,2009年利用黑碳仪(aethalometer)对黑碳气溶胶组分进行了在线观测及来源分析研究.结果表明:大气环境中黑碳气溶胶质量浓度为5.72μg·m-3,占PM25的14.8％,且黑碳气溶胶浓度呈现冬高夏低、占PM25比例呈现夏高秋低的变化趋势.各季节BC浓度均具有显著的日变化,风向分析表明:静风时BC浓度较高,说明BC主要来自本地污染源;而区域污染传输发生时,东北方向的传输更易影响深圳市BC污染水平.     

GRIMM1.107颗粒物分析仪和RP2000气溶胶采样仪在北京城区的测试对比

为了比较不同测试仪器的测试结果的可靠性,在GRIMM1.107和RP2000在2004年12月11日￣17日持续7d的对比测试中,获得了4个有效数据,其中由于受天气现象的影响,PM2.5的质量浓度没有明显的日变化,降水过程是PM从大气中清除的主要机制。对比结果表明,12月14日和17日的结果相差较大,其相对标准偏差分别为34.6%和23.0%,而15日和16日的对比结果较理想。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.