甲醇与C4烯烃偶合制取乙烯和丙烯可行性分析

综述了甲醇制取低碳烯烃工艺与C₄烯烃催化裂解制丙烯工艺,在此基础上分析了甲醇与C₄烯烃共进料制取乙烯和丙烯的可行性。甲醇与C₄烯烃共进料能够实现放热反应与吸热反应之间能量上的互补,这有可能在改善催化剂使用寿命及提高乙烯和丙烯选择性方面产生有利的影响。提出了2种其他的偶合方式,即甲醇先与C₄烯烃生成醚再进行裂解和甲醇先转化为富含乙烯产物再与C₄烯烃歧化,具有研究价值与工业应用前景。     

C4烃类催化裂解制丙烯催化剂的研究及其应用

在480℃,常压的条件下,研究La和Mg改性的ZSM-5分子筛上C4烃类裂解制丙烯的反应。结果表明,稀土La改性明显提高ZSM-5分子筛的强酸量和总酸量,使得c4烯烃的转化率提高,其丙烯选择性降低;Mg改性则使得总酸量降低,丙烯选择性略有增加。     

丁烯催化裂解制取丙烯催化剂的研究进展

丁烯催化裂解制丙烯是提高丁烯利用率、提高丙烯生产工艺经济效益的新技术。分析和讨论了丁烯催化裂解制丙烯的反应机理,分别探讨了不同催化剂的优势及不足之处,包括金属氧化物催化剂、分子筛催化剂、复合分子筛催化剂和改性分子筛催化剂等。总结了分子筛酸强度、酸密度及催化剂孔道结构对催化剂转化率、丙烯选择性和稳定性的影响。提出了合成分子筛催化剂的酸性强度及酸密度是分子筛催化剂改性的主要目标,通过分子筛改性,可以提高分子筛催化剂的催化活性及目标产物丙烯的选择性,同时减少结焦,改善催化剂稳定性。最后对用于丁烯裂解制备丙烯催化剂的发展趋势和前景进行了前瞻性点评和展望。     

四种增产丙烯催化工艺的技术经济比较

对四种增产丙烯催化工艺进行了评述，其中丙烷脱氢工艺已成为全球第三大丙烯来源。尽管炼厂FCC装置的升级仍是增产丙烯的重要途径，技术经济比较表明，烯烃歧化和C₄/C₅烃的选择性裂解具有良好的经济性。     

PZSM-5分子筛催化剂用于烯烃催化裂解的研究

以固定流化床研究了不同磷含量改性的ZSM-5分子筛对混合₄烯烃催化裂解性能的影响,并以适当磷含量的催化剂进行了工艺条件试验。试验表明,磷与ZSM-5分子筛骨架中的羟基发生了化学作用,改善了催化剂的催化性能及水热稳定性;高负荷、高水比及适当增加磷的负载量,可以抑制烯烃裂解的氢转移反应,有利于提高丙烯选择性。     

丁烯齐聚催化剂研究进展

烯烃催化齐聚是C_４烯烃综合利用的一个重要途径。本文论述了近年来低碳烯烃,特别是C_４烯烃齐聚催化剂的研究进展,介绍了不同催化剂体系的反应特点及工艺状况。     

Fe改性HZSM-5分子筛上甲醇耦合C4烃制低碳烯烃反应性能研究

用等体积浸渍法制备Fe改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂（Fe/HZSM-5）。考察了Fe/HZSM-5在不同温度下对甲醇耦合C₄烃制低碳烯烃反应性能的影响,并利用紫外-可见漫反射光谱对Fe/HZSM-5进行了表征。结果表明,在低铁含量条件下,Fe改性HZSM-5分子筛上Fe（Ⅲ）主要以高分散隔离的形式存在于HZSM-5分子筛的表面,Fe改性提高了催化剂上的原料转化率以及乙烯和丙烯选择性,从而获得了较高的乙烯和丙烯总收率。在反应温度为550 ℃时,在Fe（Ⅲ）处理的HZSM-5分子筛上,乙烯和丙烯总收率最高可达42.1%,比未改性的HZSM-5提高了7％。     

C_4烯烃制丙烯催化剂

用超细氧化硅为载体、高硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛为活性组分,挤条成型制成催化剂。用氧化钙和氧化硼的前体化合物改性,在580℃、常压、水质量空速为1h-1的条件下进行预处理24h,在500℃、0.1MPa、水/C4质量比为0.2、C4质量空速为3h-1的条件下,C4烯烃制丙烯和乙烯的反应产物组成稳定,在连续25天的反应过程中,C4烯烃转化率大于68%,丙烯收率大于30%,乙烯收率大于6%,催化剂的积炭量为6.2%。对成型、改性、水蒸气预处理和再生后的催化剂用BET、NH3-TPD和Py-IR进行表征,分析催化剂活性与酸性的关系,认为催化剂表面质子酸(B酸)与催化剂的活性有关。     

CO+H2经F-T反应途径选择性合成汽油馏分异构烷烃

采用两段串联固定床反应器,以Co/SiO₂ 作为F-T合成催化剂,以β分子筛负载金属作为加氢裂解/异构化催化剂,研究了从合成气经F-T反应途径一步法选择性合成汽油馏分异构烷烃的反应性能。结果表明,两段固定床系统的F-T合成产物主要为C₁～C₁₀烃,而且异构烷烃的选择性较高（I/C⁺₄≈70%）。同时,钯盐前驱体对0.5%Pd/β的加氢裂解/异构化反应性能有很大影响。保持金属总负载质量分数为0.5%,在Pd/β中引入少量Pt或Ni,可以明显改善催化剂活性和稳定性。     

C4裂解制丙烯ZSM-5分子筛改性技术研究进展

综述了国内、外对ZSM-5分子筛改性的主要方法。指出ZSM-5分子筛由于其特殊的三维孔道结构和孔径尺寸、稳定的骨架结构和大范围可调的硅铝比,具有优异的催化性能,可满足多种反应过程。镧改性可使反应体系以生成丙烯的反应为主,显著提高丙烯收率。磷改性ZSM-5能改善催化裂化催化剂的水热稳定性和活性。SiO₂的修饰抑制了氢转移反应及液体产物中芳烃的生成。氟硅酸铵改性是一种疏通 HZSM-5催化剂孔道和调节其酸性的有效方法。     

Enhancing propylene production from catalytic cracking of Arabian Light VGO over novel zeolites as FCC catalyst additives

The catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil over fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst containing novel additives was investigated to enhance propylene yield. A conventional ZSM-5, mesoporous ZSM-5 (Meso-Z), TNU-9 and SSZ-33 zeolite were tested as additives to a commercial equilibrium USY FCC catalyst (E-Cat). Their catalytic performance was assessed in a fixed-bed micro-activity test unit (MAT) at 520 °C and various catalyst/oil ratios. The cracking activity of all E-Cat/additives did not decrease by using these additives. The highest propylene yield of 12.2 wt.% was achieved over E-Cat/Meso-Z compared with 9.0 wt.% each over E-Cat/ZSM-5 and E-Cat/TNU-9, at similar gasoline yield penalty. The enhanced production of propylene over Meso-Z is attributed to its mesopores that suppressed secondary and hydrogen transfer reactions and offered easier transport and accessibility to active sites. The lower enhancement of propylene over the large-pore SSZ-33 additive was due to its high-hydrogen transfer activity. Gasoline quality was improved by the use of all additives, as octane rating increased by 7-12 numbers for all E-Cat/additives.     

Utilization of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite as FCC catalyst additive for enhancing propylene yield from VGO cracking

A micro-mesoporous ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite molecular sieve (ZM13) was synthesized and tested as an FCC catalyst additive to enhance the yield of propylene from catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO). The catalytic performance of the additive was assessed using a commercial equilibrium USY FCC catalyst (E-Cat) in a fixed-bed micro-activity test unit (MAT) at 520?°C and various catalyst/oil ratios. MCM-41, ZSM-5 and two ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites were systematically characterized by complementary techniques such as XRD, BET, FTIR and SEM. The characterization results showed that the composites contained secondary building unit with different textural properties compared to pure ZSM-5 and MCM-41. MAT results showed that the VGO cracking activity of E-Cat did not decrease by using these additives. The highest propylene yield of 12.2 wt% was achieved over steamed ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite additive (ZM13) compared with 8.6 wt% over conventional ZSM-5 additive at similar gasoline yield penalty. The enhanced production of propylene over composite additive was attributed to its mesopores that suppressed secondary and hydrogen transfer reactions and offered easier transport and accessibility to active sites. Gasoline quality was improved by the use of all additives except MCM-41, as octane rating increased by 6?C12 numbers.     

全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂研究及工业应用

制备了全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、N2物理吸附-脱附及NH3-TPD等对催化剂进行表征,并考察其用于碳四烯烃催化裂解制丙烯(OCC)反应的催化性能。结果表明,制备的全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂比常规成型的催化剂具有更高的结晶度、更大的比表面积、更丰富的孔结构以及更多的活性中心。高空速有利于反应的进行,提高压力对反应不利,升高温度有利于提高产物丙烯收率。在实验室研究的基础上,将全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂用于OCC工业装置,取得良好的应用效果。     

磷改性ZSM-5分子筛催化裂解石脑油制丙烯的性能研究

以催化重整石脑油为原料,以水热处理磷改性HZSM-5为催化剂,在小型固定床反应装置上,考察了水热处理磷改性方法制备催化剂的催化裂解性能。结果表明,磷改性HZSM-5经水热处理后与未改性HZSM-5相比,水热稳定性明显改善,当磷负载量为3%wt时,PZSM-5具有较高的活性和丙烯选择性。催化裂解反应过程中选择适宜的工艺条件可有效的抑制副反应的发生。综合考虑丙烯及双烯收率,确定最佳的反应条件为:温度650℃,体积空速4h-1,水油体积比0.75,反应压力0.2MPa。     

催化裂化汽油裂解制丙烯

以催化裂化汽油为原料,水热处理后的HZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,催化裂解制丙烯。比较了水热处理后的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上负载镧和未负载镧的催化裂化性能,并考察了镧的最佳负载量。结果表明,水热处理后负载镧提高了催化剂活性、稳定性和丙烯选择性,负载镧质量分数为8%时,催化裂化性能最佳。当反应温度550 ℃和空速4 h-1时,丙烯收率12.51%。     

La改性ZSM-5分子筛及其在催化裂解反应中的应用

采用高温水热法和等体积浸渍法将La离子负载于ZSM-5分子筛上得到了改性ZSM-5分子筛材料。水热法La改性样品改变了ZSM-5的晶胞尺寸,提升了其强酸、弱酸及总酸量。浸渍法改性样品也提高了其酸量但是对晶胞参数没有影响。将改性样品应用于正己烷催化裂解反应中,两种方法均得到了较高的双烯收率,其中水热法改性样品在空速为6 h^-1时乙烯收率和丙烯收率分别为23.39%和25.17%,这与原样相同空速下的乙烯丙烯收率（乙烯为21.19%,丙烯为21.04%）相比分别提升了约2%和4%,略高于浸渍法改性样品。在长周期反应寿命方面也有了显著提高,在空速为4 h^-1时,水热法改性样品（2000 min）和浸渍法改性样品（1600 min）均显著优于原样（800 min）。这些结果表明采用水热法La改性可以更好地提升ZSM-5分子筛在正己烷催化裂解反应中的性能。     

Enhancing the Production of Light Olefins by Catalytic Cracking of FCC Naphtha over Mesoporous ZSM-5 Catalyst

The enhanced production of light olefins from the catalytic cracking of FCC naphtha was investigated over a mesoporous ZSM-5 (Meso-Z) catalyst. The effects of acidity and pore structure on conversion, yields and selectivity to light olefins were studied in microactivity test (MAT) unit at 600 °C and different catalyst-to-naphtha (C/N) ratios. The catalytic performance of Meso-Z catalyst was compared with three conventional ZSM-5 catalysts having different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ (Si/Al) ratios of 22 (Z-22), 27 (Z-27) and 150 (Z-150). The yields of propylene (16 wt%) and ethylene (10 wt%) were significantly higher for Meso-Z compared with the conventional ZSM-5 catalysts. Almost 90% of the olefins in the FCC naphtha feed were converted to lighter olefins, mostly propylene. The aromatics fraction in cracked naphtha almost doubled in all catalysts indicating some level of aromatization activity. The enhanced production of light olefins for Meso-Z is attributed to its small crystals that suppressed secondary and hydrogen transfer reactions and to its mesopores that offered easier transport and access to active sites.     

A novel FCC catalyst synthesized via in situ overgrowth of NaY zeolite on kaolin microspheres for maximizing propylene yield

NaY/kaolin composite microspheres were synthesized by an in situ method using calcined kaolin microspheres as raw material. By mixing the modified NaY/kaolin composite microspheres and additive microspheres containing ZSM-5, a novel fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst for maximizing propylene yield in FCC unit was prepared. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonium (NH₃-TPD), and N₂ adsorption–desorption techniques and tested in a bench FCC unit. The characterization results indicated that the catalyst has more meso- and macro-pores and more acid sites than the reference catalyst and thus can increase propylene yield by 1.27%.     

High performance phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 zeolite for butene catalytic cracking

Phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 zeolites were prepared with a novel method, hydrothermal dispersion. XRD showed that the catalysts prepared by the hydrothermal dispersion had better hydrothermal stability than that by impregnation. At the same time, more pronounced cracking activity and higher yield of ethylene plus propylene were obtained on the phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by hydrothermal dispersion. Highest yield of ethylene plus propylene was obtained when the loading of phosphorus was 0.68%. The higher amount of phosphorus fixed on the pores of zeolite, higher hydrothermal stability and appropriate acid amount were the possible reasons for obtaining higher yield of ethylene plus propylene.     

烯烃裂解增产丙烯催化剂再生性能

由于烯烃裂解技术反应自身的特点,催化剂容易积炭失活,需要进行多次再生,因此,催化剂的再生性能对烯烃裂解技术至关重要。在实验室对中国石化中原石油化工有限责任公司烯烃裂解工业装置的ZSM-5催化剂进行了多次反应和再生试验,考察其烯烃裂解反应性能,并运用TG、XRD、NH₃-TPD、氮气物理吸附以及SEM等对再生前后的催化剂样品进行表征。结果表明,开发的烯烃裂解催化剂经过13次的反应再生过程,新鲜催化剂与再生催化剂的比表面积和孔容基本相同,烯烃转化率、丙烯及乙烯收率无明显变化,烯烃转化率仍大于73%,丙烯和乙烯收率分别大于32%和10%。且催化剂骨架结构和酸中心稳定,在多次反应与再生过程中的酸量保持不变,具有良好的再生性能。