MoO2-4抑制AISI304不锈钢局部腐蚀的机理

采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了AISI34不锈钢在含（MoO^2-4 Cl^-1）的模拟闭塞电池中形成钝化膜的组成与结构及MoO^2-4、CrO3、CrCl3、CrOOH、Fe2O3、γ-FeOOH、Fe(OH)3、CrO^2-4、Cr(OH）3、NiCl2、FeCl2和FeCl3；溅射5min时膜内层主要有MoCl3、CrO2、FeCl2、FeCl3以及少量的FeO，MoO^2-4对钝化膜的影响在于；MoO^2-4迁入闭塞区后吸附在金属表面上，可取代或部分取代吸附在钢表面的Cl^-，并与Fe^2 在蚀孔内反应生成不容性的FeMoO4而沉积到蚀孔壁上，有助于蚀孔的再钝化，从而抑制腐蚀的进一步扩展；MoO^2-4的吸附能使水合氧化亚铁沉淀膜由阴离子选择性变为阳离子选择性，使H^ 可以从膜下扩散出去，而Cl^-1难以扩散到膜下富集，从而使MoO^2-4具有缓蚀作用。     

高耐蚀性低铬钝化工艺的应用

分析了低铬钝化膜不及高铬钝化膜的原因，提出控制钝化液成分来提高低铬钝化质量的方法，介绍了一种高．耐蚀低铬彩钝化溶液配方。     

磷酸铬铝粘结剂的制备及其热处理中的相变

以Al(OH)3、H3PO4、CrO3和CH3OH为原料制备磷酸铬铝,通过对反应体系粘度及其吸潮率、热失重率的监测,确定反应的物质的量比、温度及反应时间。采用DTA-TG、IR和XRD分析研究了体系的固化特性和耐热性能。结果表明,反应的最佳条件为:反应温度80℃,n(Al(OH)3)∶n(H3PO4)∶n(CrO3)=3∶9∶1,反应时间为1h。磷酸铬铝粘结剂在300～1000℃时是非晶相,1100℃时是Cr(PO3)3和AlPO4两种晶型,1200℃时是Cr4(P2O7)3和AlPO4两种晶型。     

钨酸根抑制不锈钢局部腐蚀的机理

用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了AISI304不锈钢在含WO^2 4 Cl^-的模拟闭塞电池中形成钝化膜的组成与结构及WO^2-4抑制其局部腐蚀的机理。研究表明，闭塞区内，AIS304不锈钢表面的钝化膜的外层主要为WO^2-4,CrO3,CrCl3,FeCl2和FeCl3，此外，还有少量的Ni2O3,Fe2O3,CrO^2-4，γ-FeOOH以及Fe(OH)3；溅射5min时膜内层主要为Cr2O3,CrOOH,Cr(OH)3,FeCl3,FeCl3和WO3，还有少量的WO2和WO^2-4对钝化膜的影响在于WO^2-4迁入闭塞区后吸附在金属表面，可全部或部分了以代吸附在钢表面的Cl^-，并与腐蚀产物Fe^2 发生氧化还原反应生成Fe^3 和WO2，WO^2-4，与Fe^2＋,Fe^3＋反应生成难溶化合物FeWO4和Fe2(WO4)3覆盖在阳极上，形成较耐蚀的保护膜，降低闭塞区内自催化效应速度，从而抑制局部腐蚀的进一步发展。     

新型奥氏体耐热钢钝化膜的XPS谱研究

为了比较新型耐热钢CHDG-A钝化处理前后的耐腐蚀性能,以及研究钝化膜的组成,采用6％FeCl3溶液浸泡法研究了3种不同表面粗糙度的CHDG-A合金试样的抗点蚀能力,并用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了经硝酸钝化后合金表面钝化膜的主要成分.结果表明:表面粗糙度越大,合金的抗点蚀性能越差,而经过硝酸钝化后耐蚀性能大幅提高;钝化膜表面的主要成分是CrO3、Cr2O3、Fe2O3等氧化物,钝化膜内部主要为Cr2O3 Fe3O4、Cr单质、Fe单质、Ni单质等,Cr、Ni单质的存在有利于提高钝化膜的稳定性.     

钨酸根抑制不绣刚局部腐蚀的机理

用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了AISI304不锈钢在含WO2-4+Cl-的模拟闭塞电池中形成钝化膜的组成与结构及WO2-4抑制其局部腐蚀的机理.研究表明,闭塞区内AISI304不锈钢表面的钝化膜的外层主要为WO2-4、CrO3、CrCl3、FeCl2和FeCl3,此外,还有少量的Ni2O3、Fe2O3、CrO2-4、γ-FeOOH以及Fe(OH)3;溅射5 min时膜内层主要为Cr2O3、CrOOH、Cr(OH)3、FeCl2、FeCl3和WO3,还有少量的WO2和WO2-4.WO2-4对钝化膜的影响在于WO2-4迁入闭塞区后吸附在金属表面,可全部或部分取代吸附在钢表面的Cl-,并与腐蚀产物Fe2+发生氧化还原反应生成Fe3+和WO2,WO2-4与Fe2+、Fe3+反应生成难溶化合物FeWO4和Fe2(WO4)3覆盖在阳极上,形成较耐蚀的保护膜,降低闭塞区内自催化效应速度,从而抑制局部腐蚀的进一步发展.     

镀锌层二合一钝化新工艺

1　存在的问题低铬钝化工艺中铬酐含量仅为传统高铬钝化的 2 %左右 ,而所获得的膜层质量与高铬钝化的膜层质量相当 ,其环境效益和经济效益较为突出。就军绿色、橄榄及黑色钝化工艺而言 ,虽然铬酐含量高于低铬钝化 ,但比传统的高铬钝化低得多 ,而且膜层的耐蚀性有明显提高。因此 ,应广泛推广低铬钝化工艺。但是 ,低铬钝化工艺在生产实践中体现诸多优越性的同时 ,也存在不足。(1)酸度问题。如蓝白色钝化 ,虽然铬酐的含量低 ,但其他酸的浓度并不低 (ＨＮＯ3 2 0～ 4 0ｍｌ/Ｌ ,Ｈ2 ＳＯ410～ 15ｍｌ/Ｌ ,ＨＣｌ 5～ 10ｍｌ/Ｌ ,ｐＨ值 0 .5左右…     

解决锌镀层低铬钝化发雾，脱膜的方法

锌镀层低铬钝化具有钝化膜光亮美观．抗蚀性好．价格低廉等优点。但是．掌握低铬钝化工艺难度较大．常出现膜层发雾、脱落等疵病。我厂在采用无铵氯化钾镀锌低铬钝化工艺中．经过改进工序和加强钝化液管理．顺利地解决了锌镀层低铬钝化发雾和脱膜问题。具体做法如下：     

无机为主无铬复合钝化的综合对比研究与展望

基于镀锌层表面无铬钝化技术,从钝化膜性质、钝化液稳定性和成膜耐蚀机理3大方面,总结了以硅酸盐、钼酸盐、钛盐以及稀土金属盐为主要成膜物质的4种复合钝化体系的优缺点,认为耐蚀性最优的体系为硅酸盐体系;对比了各体系钝化液稳定性的差异及不同影响因素,总结了不同体系的相应改善方法,认为硅酸盐体系稳定性最好.阐明了硅酸盐、钼酸盐和...     

锌表面混合稀土转化膜的阻抗研究

稀土转化能有效地改善镀锌层的耐蚀性能,某些条件下比低铬钝化效果更好,是代铬钝化的重要研究方向.为此,对镀锌件分别进行了低铬钝化和混合稀土转化处理.通过电化学测试,对比了镀锌层表面2种钝化膜的交流阻抗谱,比较分析了其腐蚀前后的交流阻抗谱及外观的变化,并考察了温度和处理时间对稀土转化膜阻抗的影响.结果表明,混合稀土能够在镀锌层表面形成耐蚀性优良的转化膜,此膜层受处理时间和温度的影响明显.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...