大环呋咱化合物TATF与DOATF合成与性能研究

以3,4-二氨基呋咱为原料,合成得到呋咱基大环化合物3,4:7,8:11,12:15,16-四呋咱基-1,5,9,13-四偶氮环十六烷(TATF)和3,4:7,8:11,12:15,16-四呋咱-1,9-二氧化偶氮-5,13-二偶氮环十六烷(DOATF),以核磁、红外、质谱、元素分析鉴定了其结构.计算得出两个大环呋咱化合物的标准生成焓分别为4526.0 kJ·kg-1和4144.2 kJ·kg-1,计算爆速分别为8150 m·s-1和8180 m·s-1, 爆压分别为29.5 GPa和29.2 GPa.分别以TATF和DOATF取代NEPE复合固体推进剂中的20%HMX,计算得出推进剂的比冲分别为252.5 s和276.2 s.     

四氮杂大环含能化合物(TFFA)合成、表征与量子化学研究

以3,4-双(3'-氨基呋咱-4'-基)呋咱氧化呋咱(DATF)和三氯异氰脲酸为原料,通过氧化反应得到大环含能化合物四呋咱并[3,4-c:3',4'-g:3'',4''-k:3'',4''-o]双氧化呋咱并[3',4'-c:3',4'-m][1,2,9,10]四氮杂环十六辛烯(TFFA),产率为52.3%。采用核磁共振、红外光谱、质谱和元素分析等表征了结构,并探讨了三氯异氰脲酸氧化DATF的反应机理。利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重-微商热重法(TG-DTG)等研究了TFFA的热行为,分解峰温为215.2℃,表明其热稳定性较好。运用B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上对TFFA的结构进行了优化,在振动分析的基础上得到了温度对热力学性能影响的关系式;通过Kamlet-Jacobs公式计算并预估了TFFA的物化与爆轰性能,其密度1.86 g·cm-3、生成焓1905 kJ·mol-1、爆速8775 m·s-1、爆压38.92 GPa和爆热7015 k J·kg-1。     

双呋咱并[3,4-b:3',4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯及衍生物的合成和表征

以3,4-双(4'-硝基呋咱-3'-基)氧化呋咱(BNFF)为原料,合成9种不同取代基的双呋咱并[3,4-b:3',4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯(a~i),探究了成环反应的SN2机理,并采用核磁、红外、质谱等对其进行了表征。将7-(2-氨基-1-乙基)-双呋咱并[3,4-b':4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯(c)与2,4-二硝基氯苯、2,4,6-三硝基-3-氨基氯苯反应合成出两种未见文献报道的化合物,N-(2',4'-二硝基苯基)-和N-(3'-氨基-2',4',6'-三硝基苯基)-7-(2-氨基-1-乙基)-双呋咱并[3,4-b':4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯(j和k),通过差示扫描量热法研究这两种物质的热性能,结果表明,化合物j的第1、2阶段热分解放热峰分别为258.03℃和329.92℃,化合物k的第1、2阶段放热峰分别为275.35℃和360.24℃,表明多硝基苯基的引入可提高含能化合物的热稳定性。理论预测了其爆轰性能:j的理论密度、爆速、爆压分别为1.68 g·cm-3、6945 m·s-1、21 GPa,k为1.74 g·cm-3、6438 m·s-1、18 GPa。     

3, 3′-二（3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基）-4, 4′-偶氮呋咱的合成与表征

含呋咱(氧化呋咱)环的含能化合物具有许多优异的炸药性能: 标准生成焓高,富含氮氧,能量密度优异,分子稳定性好,熔点较低,是炸药界研究热点之一.3,4-二(氨基呋咱基)氧化呋咱(BAFF)爆速较高,热稳定性良好,机械感度低,是一种新型高能低感炸药.本课题组以其为基本结构单元通过偶氮、氧化偶氮等设计出了系列BAFF衍生物.本文首次报道了该类衍生物之一--3,3′-二(3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基)-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(BAFFaF)的合成与表征.     

3，3＇-二（3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基）-4，4＇-偶氮呋咱的合成与表征

含呋咱（氧化呋咱）环的含能化合物具有许多优异的炸药性能：标准生成焓高,富含氮氧,能量密度优异,分子稳定性好,熔点较低,是炸药界研究热点之一。3,4-二（氨基呋咱基）氧化呋咱（BAFF）爆速较高,热稳定性良好,机械感度低,是一种新型高能低感炸药。本课题组以其为基本结构单元通过偶氮、氧化偶氮等设计出了系列BAFF衍生物。本文首次报道了该类衍生物之一——3,3＇-二（3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基）-4,4＇-偶氮呋咱（BAFFaF）的合成与表征。     

二聚反应合成氧化呋咱衍生物

采用氧化氰二聚环化的合成方法,以偕氯肟基化合物为原料,设计并合成了3,4-二苯基氧化呋咱及四种未见文献报道的化合物3,4-二(吡啶-2′-基)氧化呋咱、3,4-二(吡啶-3′-基)氧化呋咱、3,4-二(吡啶-4′-基)氧化呋咱及3,4-二(吡嗪-2′-基)氧化呋咱,利用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱、元素分析等手段鉴定了目标化合物的结构;初步考察了不同取代基、不同催化剂、反应温度等对二聚反应合成氧化呋咱衍生物的影响。结果表明,取代基的吸电子能力越强,越有利于形成氧化氰结构,目标产物收率越高;催化剂通常选用无机弱碱(如Na2CO3、KHCO3);反应温度通常控制在2～10℃;在最佳实验条件下,目标化合物的收率分别为64.7%,71.3%,70.0%,71.1%,75.6%。     

六硝基六氮杂三环十四烷并双氧化呋咱的合成

以3,4-二氨基呋咱和1,4-二甲酰基-2,3,5,6-四羟基哌嗪为原料,在酸介质催化下缩合反应生成六氮杂三环十四烷并双呋咱二盐酸盐一水化合物,然后硝化反应得到题称化合物—-2,4,7,9,11,14-六硝基-2,4,7,9,11,14-六氮杂三环[8．4．0．0^3.8]十四烷-5,6,12,13-并双氧化呋咱(HHTID),并分别通过元素分析、红外光谱、质谱对其结构进行了鉴定,预估其爆速可高达9．5km／s以上。     

N,N′-双（间氯苯基）-3,4-二氨基呋咱的合成

介绍了新型炸药N,N'-双(2,4-二硝基苯并氧化呋咱基)-3,4-二氨基呋咱的重要中间体N,N'-双(间氯苯基)-3,4-二氨基呋咱的合成.即在碱性介质中,二氯乙二肟与间氯苯胺反应,生成化合物(Ⅲ).化合物(Ⅲ)在乙二醇的氢氧化钠溶液中高温脱水,制得化合物(Ⅳ).根据红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析、质谱等分析数据确定了它们的结构.     

3,4-二氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱的合成

以丙二腈为原料经三步反应合成出含能材料3,4-二氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DAFF).利用IR,MS,1H-NMR,13C-NMR和元素分析对其分子结构进行了鉴定,给出了DAFF及其两种中间体的紫外特征吸收波长.该物质是一种重要的前体化合物,由它可以衍生出系列重要的由呋咱环和氧化呋咱环共同构建的高能量密度化合物.     

DNTF、TNT和DNTF-TNT低共熔物在RDX中的结晶动力学研究

采用差示扫描量热技术研究了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)、2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)和DNTF-TNT低共熔物在1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三氮杂环辛烷(RDX)中的非等温结晶行为,结果显示RDX和六硝基芪、(HNS)加入到DNTF、TNT和DNTF-TNT低共熔物中能够降低其结晶过程中的过冷度,消除自加热.采用不同的动力学模型,处理了DNTF、TNT、DNTF-TNT低共熔物的结晶放热曲线,获得了Avrami指数n并表示出了结晶机理函数.用Avrami-Ozawa方程获得了该结晶过程的Ozawa指数m.另外,用Kissinger方法获得了DNTF、TNT和DNTF-TNT三种物质结晶的活化能Ea分别为-378.19,-260.70,-145.59kJ·mol-1.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.