Food legislation and its harmonization in Russia

Bringing Russian legislation into compliance with international norms and standards is necessary after its accession to the World Trade Organization. Harmonization of food legislation and of sanitary and phytosanitary measures are among the problems that had to be solved first. Many Russian food and trade regulations had been changed or are still in the process of being reformed, largely owing to a policy of integration pursued by the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. However, as a member of the Eurasian Economic Community, Russia is also engaged not only in harmonization throughout the Customs Union but also Kirgizstan and Tajikistan, and Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine as observer countries. Russia also continues to coordinate policy reforms closely with the European Union, its primary trade partner, ultimately bringing Russian food and sanitary norms closer to international standards (e.g. Codex). Today, all participants in the Russian food production chain, processing and sale of foods have to deal with growing numbers of security standards. Many organizations are certified under several schemes, which leads to unnecessary costs. Harmonization of standards has helped promote solutions in the domestic market as well as import–export of foods and raw materials for production. Priorities have included food safety for human health, consumer protection, removal of hazardous and/or adulterated products and increased competition within the domestic food market as well as mutual recognition of certification in bilateral and multilateral (inter)national agreements. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Plenary Lecture 7: One World For All: International Harmonization of Food Regulations

ABSTRACT: Although the Codex Alimentarius Commission has functioned as part of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization since 1962, its activities have been of little more than occasional interest until recent years. However, with the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and other trading blocs, the deliberations of Codex have become significantly more important to the international trade interests of government and industry groups alike. Increased interest in the elaboration of Codex standards, guidelines, and recommendations may be attributed to increased international awareness of 2 very practical functions of the Commission and its numerous committees. First, some countries have become aware that the guidance and information needed to fill in their own regulatory gaps are often made available in the Codex. Second, multinational corporations and trade associations have become aware of the role that Codex has been given in the WTO agreements as the means by which disputes over trade in food products may be resolved. Increased awareness of the practical functions of Codex activities in shaping national legislation and establishing international trade standards appears to have strengthened Codex's role as the focal point of efforts to achieve internationally harmonized food standards. However, many international regulatory gaps show signs of being filled by legislation that imposes burdens on industry without demonstrable benefits to public welfare. In their most troublesome manifestations, some of these measures, especially recent regulations concerning biotech food labeling, could be viewed as technical barriers to trade.     

Risk analysis and the law: international law, the World Trade Organization, Codex Alimentarius and national legislation

This paper discusses the place of risk analysis in international trade from a US perspective, through looking at the activities of the World Trade Organization and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. After examining what the trade agreements say about risk analysis and how international bodies are advancing and using risk analysis, the paper goes on to assess how risk analysis is used at a national level. Finally, recommendations are made for strengthening international food safety initiatives.     

International Risk Assessment Leading to Development of Food Safety Standards

The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) provides the right to member countries trading in food commodities to take measures to protect plant, animal and human health. However, these measures cannot be arbitrary, but should be based on scientific risk assessments performed according to international standards. The agreement also requires countries to adopt international standards such as those developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for food safety and by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) for animal health. Scientific risk assessments required for development of food safety standards are performed by FAO/WHO. Some examples of food safety standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission based on risk assessments are microbiological criteria for Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat foods and Guidelines for control of pathogenic Vibrio spp in sea foods.     

欧盟、国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较研究(Ⅱ)

本文通过对欧盟食品标签标准的主要法规、立法程序和立法原则进行介绍、将其与国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较,得出欧盟食品标签标准比国际食品法典(Codex)和中国的标准复杂、完备的结论。进而结合国际贸易中技术性贸易壁垒的背景,指出在欧盟等国家复杂详尽的食品标签标准背后是这些国家的标准对本国消费者的更好保护和对中国出口食品产业的技术优势。     

欧盟、国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较研究(Ⅰ)

本文通过对欧盟食品标签标准的主要法规、立法程序和立法原则进行介绍、将其与国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较,得出欧盟食品标签标准比国际食品法典(Codex)和中国的标准复杂、完备的结论。进而结合国际贸易中技术性贸易壁垒的背景,指出在欧盟等国家复杂详尽的食品标签标准背后是这些国家的标准对本国消费者的更好保护和对中国出口食品产业的技术优势。     

我国加入CAC后引发的思考和启迪

<正>全球食品安全形势相当令人担忧,主 要表现在食源性疾病不断上升,恶 性食品污染事件接二连三,世界经贸也 不断因食品安全问题引发纠纷,有鉴于 此,FAO和WHO以及世界各国均加强了 食品安全工作。 2000年,WHO第53届世界卫生大会 首次通过了“有关加强食品安全的决 议”。美国于1997年决定增拨一亿美元预 算,设立总统食品安全启动计划,1998年 组成了多部门的总统食品安全委员会。     

技术性贸易壁垒对我国纺织外贸企业的影响及对策

随着世界经济全球化的不断加强 ,技术性贸易壁垒 (TBT)作为非关税壁垒由于其自身的特点 ,日益成为国际贸易发展的新的障碍。我国入世后 ,随着纺织配额和关税壁垒的减少 ,技术性贸易壁垒必然成为影响我国纺织服装出口的主要障碍。本文介绍了技术性贸易壁垒协议的主要内容 ,分析其对中国纺织外贸企业的影响 ,并提出了应对建议。     

贸易技术壁垒与我国食品产业安全法律规制问题研究进展

本文从国际法和国内法食品安全法律制度解析出发,指出贸易技术壁垒（technical barrier to trade,TBT）/《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协议》（agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures,SPS）与食品安全内在逻辑关系,辩证分析国际和国内食品法律制度特点,对我国法律制度的规制提出完善建议。我国只有客观对待国际贸易技术型壁垒,才能有效保护我国食品产业安全。     

谈企业应对贸易技术壁垒的几点措施

我国作为最大的发展中国家,近几年来对外贸易快速发展,我国出口产品所遭受到的技术壁垒不断增加,研究表明,国外设置的技术壁垒对我国出口的直接和间接影响超过450亿美元,占全年出口总额的25%以上,使国内工业的生产也遭受到了严重的冲击。当然,另一方面,贸易技术壁垒（TBT）也体现了消费者对产品安全和质量有了更高的要求,对环保的重视程度也越来越高,这对我们国家同时也是一个机遇。因此,加强对技术性贸易壁垒的研究,采取相应的对策,对突破技术壁垒,促进我国对外贸易和国内工业的发展,具有重要意义。     

全球经济政策不确定性对中国粮食价格波动影响的实证分析（网络首发、推荐阅读）

不断调整的国内外经济政策,不仅对我国利用国际市场资源带来挑战,还可能通过价格传导的形式影响国内粮食价格,甚至粮食生产。在广泛搜集影响粮食价格波动相关因素的基础上,采用主成分分析和时变参数因子增强向量自回归模型（TVP-FAVAR）相结合的方法,分析了供求因素、金融及能源因素以及全球经济政策不稳定性对我国粮食价格的影响。主要研究发现如下：全球经济政策不确定性对国内粮食价格有显著的负向冲击;不同种类粮食价格对不确定性冲击的响应是有差异的。针对模型结果,提出如下政策建议：在中美贸易战愈演愈烈的今天,面对来自国际市场的不确定性冲击,政策制定者应该采取组合策略平抑国际市场的冲击;政策制定者应针对不同粮食品种实施有差别的价格政策和调节手段;加强粮食市场信息监测系统建设,提高根据价格监测信息准确解读市场行情的能力,制定多样化价格调整政策来抵消外部市场的不确定性冲击;我国可以通过与更多具有粮食出口潜力的国家实施更多的贸易自由协定,为国民寻求更加稳定的外部供给渠道,减缓主要国家贸易政策不稳定性带来的不利影响。     

食品添加剂法典体系概况

世贸组织(WTO)的卫生与植物卫生措施应用协定(SPS协定)及贸易技术壁垒协定(TBT协定)均规定食品法典标准(CAC标准)为协调各国食品标准的基准,换言之,WTO在解决国际食品贸易争端中是以CAC标准为仲裁标准的。我国已经加入世贸组织,这就要求我们必须尽快调整修订我国的法规标准,使之与CAC标准一致,即“与国际标准接轨”,否则就可能在贸易争端中处于劣势。而且,随着食品工业的发展,食品添加剂的品种和使用范围(量)不断扩大,社会各界对现有标准进行修订的要求变得越来越迫切,卫生部门也表示,修订标准时将以CAC的标准作为重要参考依据。因此,为了使广大生产、使用、销售企业以及相关单位更加清晰地了解CAC中涉及食品添加剂的法规框架,本文进行了简要介绍。     

我国出口无蔗糖芒果蜜饯国内外食品安全标准限量分析

随着生活水平的提高和人们健康意识的增强,人们会更加注意摄入低糖低热的食品,无糖食品逐渐得到尤其女士、肥胖人士等人群喜爱。无蔗糖蜜饯不采用传统蜜饯糖渍加工工艺,不添加蔗糖,是一种新兴健康高品质的蜜饯食品。由于不含蔗糖,满足了人们特别是特殊人群对无糖蜜饯产品的需求,逐渐得到国际市场上消费者的喜爱。随着环保、健康意识的不断增强,国外"绿色技术性贸易壁垒"越来越严格,如日本的"肯定列表制度"对于蜜饯等食品的农残要求达到近乎苛求的地步,美国、欧盟等发达国家对于农药限量等食品安全限量的要求同样日趋严格,我国出口蜜饯产品因为农药残留、添加剂等食品安全不达标而被退货的例子屡见不鲜,已成为制约出口的重大质量隐患。本文通过对无蔗糖芒果蜜饯国内外食品安全标准限量比对,分析出主要贸易国家限量与我国标准的差异,指导我国出口生产企业及时作出应对措施,提升产品质量安全水平,生产出符合国际标准的无蔗糖芒果蜜饯,提高我国无蔗糖芒果蜜饯的竞争力,促进企业经济效益和社会效益增长。     

A perspective of food safety laws in Mexico

Mexico, with a population of 112 million, is one of the most interesting countries in the world with regard to food, hunger, domestic food consumption, tourism and international trade, and it deserves an in‐depth study to explain the status of its food safety laws. Mexico has a strong and stable emerging economy and is the second country worldwide with regard to the number of free‐trade agreements. Nevertheless, more than half the population lives in poverty. However, Mexico is a huge market for food consumption because, in addition to its own population, it receives 20 million international tourists per year. So, multi‐national food companies have representatives and facilities throughout the country. This scenario may explain the evolution of food safety laws in Mexico, as well as the challenges that must be faced in order to achieve food safety. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

食品安全与WTO/SPS原则

回顾国际社会为食品安全所做的工作,分析各种食品安全壁垒对国际食品贸易的影响,论述WTO/SPS协定关于食品安全措施的原则,并进而得出结论:风险分析(评估)已在国际食品贸易中成为整个食品监管体系的极为重要的前提,并被公认为是制订食品安全标准的基础。     

1995-2010年SPS委员会与食品安全相关特别贸易关注的研究

对1995-2010年间SPS委员会上讨论的与食品安全相关的特别贸易关注内容进行汇总分析,从特别贸易关注的数量、成员国构成、特别贸易关注的主题、特别贸易关注的解决情况4个方面对特别贸易关注进行研究,提出与食品安全相关的特别贸易关注具有涉及领域广泛、农药残留成为重点竞争领域及科学依据是基础等特点并分析出现这些特点的原因.特别贸易关注已成为各成员国表达关注和解决贸易纷争的一个平台,应充分了解其特点,为我国SPS工作提供借鉴.     

2种常见浆果及其果酱制品的国内外食品安全标准限量分析

近年来,随着环保和健康意识的不断增强,国外技术性贸易壁垒越来越严格,发达国家对于进口产品的食品添加剂、农药残留等食品安全限量的要求也日趋严苛。为了打破我国浆果及其果酱制品出口的贸易壁垒,提高我国产品质量水平,亟需对国内外相关食品安全标准进行对比分析。本文通过将2种常见浆果及其果酱制品的国内外食品安全标准限量进行对比,发现我国食品安全标准与国际食品法典委员会标准、欧盟标准在对2种浆果的农药残留限量以及果酱制品的添加剂限量上存在的差异,以期为我国提升产品质量和安全水平提供参考,为我国出口企业的产品提供技术支撑和法律依据。     

水产品中兽药残留限量标准的对比分析

近5年来, 农产品质量安全例行监测中水产品的合格率为96.3%~94.4%, 兽药残留是影响我国水产品质量安全最重要的因素之一, 并多次导致食品安全事件并遭受国际技术性贸易壁垒。限量标准作为水产食品安全国家标准的重要组成部分, 关乎人民群众身体健康和生命安全, 是各国保护自身产业安全及制定技术性贸易壁垒的重要手段。比较而言, 我国现有水产品兽药残留限量标准体系建设仍然存在系统性、完整性及合理性不足等缺点, 不利于渔业生产和国际贸易健康发展。因此, 本研究以我国《动物性食品中兽药最大残留限量》公告与最新报批稿为基础, 与国际食品法典委员会、美国、欧盟等国际组织和国家(地区)的兽药残留限量标准进行对比分析。以期为完善中国水产品药物残留限量标准体系, 提高水产品质量安全水平与国际竞争力提供数据支撑。     

2002—2010年我国面临食品安全WTO/SPS特别贸易关注分析

研究我国在WTO/SPS例会的特别贸易关注议题下面临的与食品安全有关的贸易纠纷现状,提出完善机制的建议.利用WTO/SPS委员会秘书处散发的G/SPS/GEN/204/Rev.11、Rev.11A1、Rev.11A2和Rev.11A3号4份文件中与我国食品安全相关的特别贸易关注资料,运用Excel软件进行统计分析,并深入研究.2002-2010年间,SPS例会中与我国直接相关的食品安全特别贸易关注共有17项,其中我国向其他成员提出11项,其他成员向我国提出关注6项.另有5项我国作为支持方参与其他成员间的特别贸易关注.我国提出关注与被关注的WTO成员主要集中在欧盟、日本、美国等发达成员.农药残留限量是我国食品出口贸易中遇到的主要技术壁垒,食品中微生物限量、酒类产品标准等食品安全各领域逐渐成为我国受关注的主题.我国应建立和完善特别贸易关注的应对机制,完善WTO/SPS通报评议机制,加强与国内食品国际法典工作的沟通,提高我国在WTO/SPS例会中应对和提出特别贸易关注的能力.     

不同国家和组织食品标签技术法规的比较

食品标签已成为发达国家重要的技术贸易措施之一,各个国家纷纷加强了对食品标签的管理,食品标签问题已对我国食品出口贸易产生重要影响。本文概述了食品法典委员会和我国食品出口主要贸易国家美国、欧盟、日本、韩国、澳大利亚和新西兰、加拿大以及中国的食品标签技术法规,比较不同国家食品标签相关技术法规的差异,着重比较食品标签中过敏原、转基因及营养标签等内容的差异,以期为我国食品出口企业、相关协会提供帮助,也为相关食品标签管理部门制定食品标签标准及相关政策等提供参考。