溶剂性质对六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷晶型的作用

研究稳定地得到e型六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷( HNIW)的结晶工艺条件,并寻求多晶转变的理论解释。研究发现,非溶剂的物理性质,如偶极矩、分子极性,在结晶过程中对于HNIW的晶型起重要作用。常温下在无晶种时,当利用乙酸乙酯、丙酮作为溶剂,采用偶极矩值小的非溶剂,如环己烷、石油醚、甲苯、异辛烷等均可使HNIW以ε型晶型结晶出来,反之,采用偶极矩值大的非溶剂,如三甘醇则使HNIW以其它晶型结晶出来。在较高温度下,s型HNIW在极性与非极性溶剂中稳定存在时间明显不同。     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷酸值测定

运用酸碱滴定法测定了硝酸直接转晶、乙酸乙酯-氯仿转晶得到的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)的酸值。通过对比发现,对于硝酸直接转晶得到的HNIW的酸值测定,可采用80 mL丙酮作溶剂,以中性红-亚甲基兰作酸碱指示剂;对于乙酸乙酯-氯仿转晶得到的HNIW,可采用50 mL丙酮作溶剂,以树脂酚兰作酸碱指示剂。     

HNIW在乙酸乙酯-正庚烷溶剂体系中的结晶机制研究

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW,CL-20)具有α-、β-、γ-、ε-等多种晶型,常压下,在不同溶剂系统中,晶型之间会相互转化.采用溶剂/反溶剂法,研究了正庚烷以不同速度加入到HNIW的乙酸乙酯饱和溶液中HNIW的结晶过程,采用红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了结晶过程中HNIW的晶型和形貌.结果显示:当正庚烷的加料速度大于100 mL·s-1时,HNIW的结晶机理主要受动力学控制,先是亚稳相β-HNIW晶核的形成和生长,随后由亚稳相β-HNIW向稳定相ε-HNIW转变,最终全部变为ε-HNIW.当正庚烷的加料速度小于20 mL·s-1时,HNIW的结晶机理主要受热力学控制,不存在相转移,只有ε-HNIW的成核和随后生长.在结晶过程中如有水存在,则会生成水合α-HNIW.因此,制备ε-HNIW的溶剂一般采用非极性或极性小的溶剂,而不用极性大的溶剂.     

HNIW在乙酸乙酯-正庚烷溶剂体系中的结晶机制研究

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW,CL-20)具有α-、β-、γ-、ε-等多种晶型,常压下,在不同溶剂系统中,晶型之间会相互转化。采用溶剂/反溶剂法,研究了正庚烷以不同速度加入到HNIW的乙酸乙酯饱和溶液中HNIW的结晶过程,采用红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了结晶过程中HNIW的晶型和形貌。结果显示:当正庚烷的加料速度大于100 mL.s-1时,HNIW的结晶机理主要受动力学控制,先是亚稳相β-HNIW晶核的形成和生长,随后由亚稳相β-HNIW向稳定相ε-HNIW转变,最终全部变为ε-HNIW。当正庚烷的加料速度小于20 mL.s-1时,HNIW的结晶机理主要受热力学控制,不存在相转移,只有ε-HNIW的成核和随后生长。在结晶过程中如有水存在,则会生成水合α-HNIW。因此,制备ε-HNIW的溶剂一般采用非极性或极性小的溶剂,而不用极性大的溶剂。     

转晶对降低六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷中主要杂质五硝基一乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷含量的研究

制备了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW),对其主要杂质五硝基一乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(PNMAIW)进行了分离鉴定。以乙酸乙酯/氯仿溶剂体系对所得HNIW进行了转晶。结果表明,转晶操作可降低HNIW中PNMAIW的含量,但降幅不大于1%,且转晶完成时间受PNMAIW含量的影响。     

六硝基六氮杂异全兹烷四种晶型的Fourier变换红外光谱

给出了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HNIW）的α，β，γ和ε4种晶型在1650－700cm^-1范围内的Fourier变换红外（FTIR）光谱。除了可利用1200－700cm^-1指纹区特征峰外，还可利用硝胺NNO2在1650－1200cm^-1范围内强吸收频率差异区分HNIW4种不同的晶型。     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷多晶型物的远红外及激光拉曼光谱

测得了一种高张力多环笼形化合物——六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)四种晶型(α、β、γ和ε)的远红外(FIR)及激光拉曼(LR)光谱。对各光谱的特征峰进行了分析比较。这些光谱为HNIW多晶型物的定性鉴别与定量分析、为HNIW的晶型控制提供了有用的数据。     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷的制备工艺及性能研究

研究了以四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADFIW)和四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADB IW)为硝解基质,经过硝解和转晶得到-εHNIW的热分解动力学参量和撞击感度,用电子扫描显微镜拍摄了ε-HNIW的晶体外貌。结果表明,两种-εHNIW的晶体外形相近,热分解动力学参量和撞击感度相同。这说明,两种-εHNIW样品的化学物理性质相同,虽然两种样品所含杂质不同,但对-εHNIW的热分解和撞击感度没有影响。     

HNIW在硝酸中的转晶技术研究

测定了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)在不同浓度硝酸中的溶解度及其随温度的变化。研究了将α、γ-HNIW在硝酸中转晶为ε-HNIW的工艺。结果表明,通过改变硝酸浓度、加晶种温度、搅拌速率可制备出具有不同结晶特性的HNIW。采用90%的硝酸进行HNIW的转晶,将加晶种温度控制在34～40℃,可以得到ε-HNIW,得率为98%以上,纯度为99%以上,酸值低于2‰。     

蜜胺甲醛树脂原位聚合法包覆六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷

通过原位聚合法用蜜胺甲醛树脂包覆六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)。以三聚氰胺、甲醛为原料,聚乙烯醇为增韧剂,碳酸钠为催化剂,制成预聚物溶液,与-εHNIW共混滴加氯化铵溶液使预聚物固化成壳包覆HNIW。用FTIR、光学显微镜及机械撞击感度验证了钝感包覆效果。结果表明包覆较好,特性落高H50比原料提高了10.3 cm。根据-εHNIW的晶型热稳定性及蜜胺甲醛树脂的制备方法,讨论了包覆的最佳工艺条件。在蜜胺和甲醛之比是1∶2.5,预聚体形成阶段反应pH值为8~9,原位聚合包覆阶段pH值为4~5,反应温度为70℃时可使-εHNIW得到较好的包覆。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.