纸浆黑液对福建无烟煤水蒸气催化气化的动力学和补偿效应

在常压热分析仪上,采用纸浆黑液催化剂对福建无烟粉煤的水蒸气气化反应动力学进行了研究,在850～950℃温度范围内测定了催化剂浓度由0增至10％时的碳转化率随气化时间的变化。结果表明,纸浆黑液具有显著提高碳转化率和气化速率的作用,进而确定了实验条件下的纸浆黑液催化剂加载饱和浓度;在此基础上采用缩芯模型关联出无烟粉煤水蒸气催化气化反应动力学参数,分析表明,该催化气化过程存在明显的补偿效应,最后给出纸浆黑液对无烟粉煤水蒸气催化气化包括补偿效应的动力学方程。     

电站煤流化床混合气催化气化工艺条件的研究

在一小型流化床中,对阳泉电站无烟粉煤Ⅰ、Ⅱ在工业固碱与黏胶废碱液2种催化剂作用下进行混合气催化气化,指出适宜的催化气化温度均为900℃,2种催化剂对无烟粉煤Ⅰ、Ⅱ的适宜添加质量分数分别为8%与6%.无烟煤Ⅱ比无烟煤Ⅰ有更好的反应活性,工业黏胶纤维废碱液比工业固碱的催化效果更好,使产气率与煤转气热值明显增高,并降低了催化剂成本,防止了环境排放污染.     

恩德炉与两段炉煤气化技术的选择与应用

通过对恩德炉与两段炉煤气化技术进行的分析和比较,论述了两种炉的不同气化方式。由于两项技术的气化方法和气化原理不同,因此在气化条件、气化过程、气化产品及煤气应用等方面都有所不同。恩德炉粉煤气化技术用煤范围广,单炉生产能力大,煤气生产成本低,是未来煤气化技术的发展趋势。     

兰炭制备新工艺流程模拟

针对工业化兰炭生产中存在的粉煤资源利用率低和煤气热值低的问题,提出一种全粒径煤制备兰炭新工艺。其由干燥与分级、粉煤气化和块煤热解等单元构成。原料煤以烟气为干燥和分级介质,粉煤气化采用H_2O和O_2为气化剂,气化半焦为循环热载体;块煤热解以气化煤气为热载体。同时,块煤和兰炭作颗粒层除尘的滤料原位捕集煤气携带的粉尘。利用AspenPlus模拟软件构建了工艺流程模型,通过灵敏度分析确定了热解温度为600℃的兰炭制备工艺实现能量自平衡的工艺参数范围。在粉煤与块煤质量比4,气化温度800℃,H_2O/C 0.83,O_2/C 0.44,燃烧温度1 000℃和循环比3.89的条件下,能量自平衡工艺中粉煤气化所需热量的80.5%由循环半焦提供,块煤热解所需热量的77.0%由气化煤气提供。     

灰融聚流化床粉煤气化技术应用及节能减排措施

介绍了灰融聚流化床粉煤气化技术的特点、工艺流程及采取的节能减排措施和效果.对常压和加压1.0 MPa灰融聚流化床粉煤气化炉生产1 000m3煤气的能耗分别与UGI富氧气化炉进行比较,结果表明:常压灰融聚流化床粉煤气化技术的能耗略低于UGI富氧气化技术,而加压1.0 MPa灰融聚流化床粉煤气化技术比常压灰融聚流化床粉煤气...     

劣质粉煤循环流化床煤气炉专利技术

以劣质粉煤替代无烟块煤用于合成氨和甲醇生产的新技术———循环流化床煤气炉(FBG炉)专利技术和“3E”煤气化技术(即环境经济工程),由宁波远东化工科技集团与江苏大学合作开发成功。该技术不仅使劣质粉煤有了新的利用价值,可降低氮肥企业的生产成本,而且还具有节能降耗、减少环境污染等综合优势。国内外合成氨造气的气化技术主要有固定床气化和流化床两种。目前,我国大多数小氮肥采用的固定层间歇气化技术气化效率低,环境污染严重。流化床技术中的灰熔聚技术无废气排放,但合成气成分较低,气化压力和单炉产气量小。壳牌公司开发的粉煤加压…     

无烟块煤在碎煤加压气化工艺中的应用

UGI作为国家限制类气化技术已无法满足现代大型工业化的要求,碎煤加压连续气化技术可作为无烟块煤气化技术的未来发展方向。实践运行结果表明使用无烟块煤气化具有气化温度高、气化效率高、蒸汽消耗量少及煤气水易处理等优点。同时根据无烟块煤气化特性,应对碎煤加压气化技术进行优化升级。本文介绍了无烟煤在碎煤加压气化炉上的运行情况,无烟块煤气化的发展方向。     

采用Prenflo气化技术的IGCC流程

Prenflo气化属于粉煤气化技术 ,与Shell的粉煤气化技术相似 ,同属气流床气化工艺 ;整体煤气化燃气 蒸汽联合循环(IGCC)是先进的洁净煤技术 ,具有广阔的应用前景。介绍了IGCC技术的起源、进展、特色 ,重点介绍采用Prenflo煤气化工艺的IGCC流程。     

钢铁企业燃料供给方案的一种最佳选择

恩德粉煤气化技术对煤种适应性宽、三废处理简单、技术成熟可靠,选用劣质褐煤生产的工业煤气成本低、综合效益好。所生产的煤气热值适宜,对用气量的波动调节灵活,适用于较大规模钢铁企业的煤气生产。文中还对恩德粉煤气化技术在应用过程中应注意的问题进行了详述。     

大型氧化铝企业燃气供给方案的新选择

恩德粉煤气化技术对煤种适应性宽、三废处理简单、技术成熟可靠，选用劣质褐煤或长焰煤生产的工业煤气成本低、综合效益好。所生产的煤气热值适宜，对用气量的波动调节灵活，适用于大型氧化铝企业的煤气生产。对恩德粉煤气化技术在应用过程中应注意的问题进行了详述。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。