Application of the Andrade equation to creep data for ice and frozen soil

The validity and reliability of the Andrade $\text{t}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}$ equation as a predictive tool for the determination of the secondary strain rate has been examined. Creep data for ice and frozen soil where creep progressed well into the tertiary stage were used, so that an experimental minimum strain rate was available. The andrade equation fitted the strain-time curve in the primary and secondary stages very well when the initial slope of log ? vs. log t was 0.7 or less, as required by the Andrade equation. Even in the most favorable cases, the calculated value of secondary strain rate was a function of the time for which data were used to calculate the secondary strain rate. Therefore, the Andrade equation is unreliable as a predictive tool for determination of secondary strain rate.     

Three-dimensional measurement of ice crystals in frozen dilute solution

A Micro-Slicer Image Processing System (MSIPS) has been applied to observe the ice crystal structures formed in frozen dilute solutions. Several characteristic parameters were also proposed to investigate the three-dimensional (3-D) morphology and distribution of ice crystals, based on their reconstructed images obtained by multi-slicing a frozen sample with the thickness of 5 μm. The values of characteristic parameters were determined for the sample images with the dimension of 530×700×1000 μm. The 3-D morphology of ice crystals was found to be a bundle of continuous or dendrite columns at any freezing condition. The equivalent diameter of ice crystals were in the range of 73–169 μm, and decreased exponentially with increasing freezing rate at the copper cooling plate temperature of −20 to −80 °C. At the T_cp −40 °C, the volumes of ice crystals were in the range of 4.6×10⁴ μm³ to 3.3×10⁷ μm³, and 36 ice columns were counted in the 3-D image.     

Modeling of cohesive crack growth in partially saturated porous media; a study on the permeability of cohesive fracture

Modeling the water flow in cohesive fracture is a fundamental issue in the crack growth simulation of cracked concrete gravity dams and hydraulic fracture problems. In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for the analysis of fracture propagation in the semi-saturated porous media. The solid behavior incorporates a discrete cohesive fracture model, coupled with the flow in porous media through the fracture network. The double-nodded zero-thickness cohesive interface element is employed for the mixed mode fracture behavior in tension and contact behavior in compression. The modified crack permeability is applied in fracture propagation based on the data obtained from experimental results to implement the roughness of fracture walls.     

Measurement of the Kossovich number for thawing frozen soil

Successive approximation has been used to consider the thawing (freezing) of moist soil in an unbounded cylinder. A solution has been used in a method for determining the Kossovich number. The measurements agree with calculations.     

A mesh-independent finite element formulation for modeling crack growth in saturated porous media based on an enriched-FEM technique

In this paper, the crack growth simulation is presented in saturated porous media using the extended finite element method. The mass balance equation of fluid phase and the momentum balance of bulk and fluid phases are employed to obtain the fully coupled set of equations in the framework of \(u{-}p\) formulation. The fluid flow within the fracture is modeled using the Darcy law, in which the fracture permeability is assumed according to the well-known cubic law. The spatial discritization is performed using the extended finite element method, the time domain discritization is performed based on the generalized Newmark scheme, and the non-linear system of equations is solved using the Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. In the context of the X-FEM, the discontinuity in the displacement field is modeled by enhancing the standard piecewise polynomial basis with the Heaviside and crack-tip asymptotic functions, and the discontinuity in the fluid flow normal to the fracture is modeled by enhancing the pressure approximation field with the modified level-set function, which is commonly used for weak discontinuities. Two alternative computational algorithms are employed to compute the interfacial forces due to fluid pressure exerted on the fracture faces based on a ‘partitioned solution algorithm’ and a ‘time-dependent constant pressure algorithm’ that are mostly applicable to impermeable media, and the results are compared with the coupling X-FEM model. Finally, several benchmark problems are solved numerically to illustrate the performance of the X-FEM method for hydraulic fracture propagation in saturated porous media.     

应用chirp声呐探测海冰的试验研究

应用声呐技术可以实现在水下连续监测海冰的厚度和速度等参数,为海洋研究和工程提供重要的数据.采用chirp 信号的声呐能有效探测冰水界面,试验表明声呐测距的精度优于1cm,能够满足探测渤海海冰的指标要求.     

饱和土中大直径嵌岩桩纵向振动特性研究

根据B iot饱和土理论和R ay le igh-Love杆理论,计及土层及桩的径向运动影响,导出了考虑横向惯性效应的端承桩与饱和土的纵向耦合振动频域的解析解和时域半解析解,对比了考虑与不考虑横向惯性效应时,大直径嵌岩桩纵向振动引起的土层复阻抗的异同以及桩顶导纳和时域反射的特征。研究表明:长径比越小,横向惯性效应越明显,而泊松比和激振频率对饱和土层阻抗及桩顶响应也有重要影响。通过工程实例对比表明,当桩的长径比较小时,用考虑横向惯性效应的计算方法可以得到更好的拟合效果。     

饱和黏弹性土中圆柱形隧洞的振动特性

基于流体不可压缩饱和多孔介质理论,将衬砌视为具有分数导数本构关系的多孔黏弹性体,在频率域内研究了在内水压力作用下饱和黏弹性土和衬砌系统的振动特性。通过引入与孔隙流体体积分数有关的应力系数,合理地确定了隧洞边界衬砌和孔隙水共同承担的内水压力值。利用衬砌内边界上的边界条件以及衬砌和土体界面处应力和位移的连续性条件,给出了隧洞边界部分透水条件下饱和黏弹性土和分数导数型黏弹性衬砌系统简谐耦合振动时系统动力响应的解析解。结果表明:饱和黏弹土和衬砌结构的动力响应与衬砌材料的黏性有关;应力系数合理地确定了衬砌和孔隙水共同承担的内水压力值。     

Influence of moisture condition on chloride diffusion in partially saturated ordinary Portland cement mortar

Experiments have been carried out to study the influence of moisture condition, including moisture content and its distribution, on the chloride diffusion in partially saturated ordinary Portland cement mortar. The mortar samples with water-to-cement (w/c) ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6, cured for 1 year, were preconditioned to uniform water saturations ranging from 18 to 100%. The interior relative humidities of these partially saturated cement mortars, i.e. water vapour desorption isotherm (WVDI), were measured. The WVDI results in relation to the pore structures obtained from the mercury intrusion porosimetry tests of paste samples with the same w/c ratios were analyzed, which provided a basic insight into the moisture distribution in the non-saturated cement mortars. The relative chloride diffusion coefficients of cement mortars at various water saturations were determined based on the Nernst-Einstein equation and conductivity technique. It is found that the relative chloride diffusion coefficient D_rc depends on the degree of water saturation S_w and WVDI. At a given S_w level, the D_rc is larger for a higher w/c ratio. The role of the w/c ratio in the D_rc–S_w relation, however, becomes less pronounced with increasing w/c ratio. There exists a critical saturation, below which the water-filled capillary pores are discontinuous and the D_rc-value tends towards infinitely small. An increase of the w/c ratio results in a decrease of the critical saturation level.     

Features of a technique for investigation of partially stabilized zirconia crystals

The structure of partially stabilized zirconia crystals is investigated by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the combination of structural methods allowed one to reveal features of the structure and phase composition of these materials. Partially stabilized zirconia has a complex twin-domain structure. X-ray diffractometry with the use of K _β radiation shows the presence of two phases of the tetragonal modification of zirconia with different tetragonality in all investigated samples independently of the content of the stabilizing impurity. The combination of the locality of transmission microscopy with the integral nature of X-ray diffractometry allowed one to reveal the dependence of the dispersion of twin domains on the concentration of the stabilizing impurity. The use of transmission microscopy with high resolution demonstrates the hierarchy of twinning and the presence of twin domains ～10 nm in width.     

A new efficient technique for harmonic-balance finite-element analysis of saturated electromagnetic devices

The paper presents a new efficient technique for the harmonic-balance finite-element modeling of magnetically saturated electromagnetic devices. It is based upon the transmission-line modeling method that leads to a numerical scheme where the field-circuit coupled problem harmonic solutions are obtained iteratively. A superposition principle applies due to the substitution of a fictitious linear material to the nonlinear one. This amounts to significant savings both in computation time and storage requirements. The method is validated by applying it to a two-dimensional voltage-driven model of a three-phase inductor.     

Three-dimensional measurement of ice crystals in frozen beef with a micro-slicer image processing system

A novel technique has been developed for measuring the three-dimensional (3-D) structure and distribution of ice crystals formed in frozen beef by using a micro-slicer image processing system (MSIPS). The system has functions to reconstruct the 3-D image based on the image data of exposed cross-sections obtained by multi-slicing of a frozen sample with the minimum thickness of 1 μm and to display the internal structure as well as an arbitrary cross-section of the sample choosing observation angles. The size and distribution of ice crystals can be determined from the 2-D quantitative information, such as the periphery and area of the crystals. The effects of freezing conditions on the morphology and distribution of the ice crystals were demonstrated quantitatively from the observations of raw beef stained by fluorescent indicator. For the samples frozen at −15 °C, the network structure of ice crystals were observed mainly at intercellular space, having approximately 100 μm in cross-sectional size, while that prepared at −120 °C showed the spherical crystals of 10–20 μm in diameter within the cells. The 3-D image of the sample demonstrated that the growth of ice columns was restricted by the intrinsic structure of muscle fibers. The proposed method provided a new tool to investigate the effects of freezing conditions on the size, morphology and distribution of ice crystals.     

低温冻土导热系数测定仪的设计与研制

低温冻土导热系数测定仪的设计与研究，为冻土导热系数的测定、冻土热物性的研究提供了重要的前提和条件，包括低温冷水域系统、制冷系统、温控系统的设计与研究。本测定仪设计的关键在于保证被测土块两侧的温度精度。设计结果满足待测试块两侧温差为15℃，其中一侧达到-10℃，另一侧达到-25℃，精度为±0．5℃。     

Blast response of a lined cavity in a porous saturated soil

The paper proposes a comprehensive approach to simulate the blast response of a lined cavity in a porous soil. To calculate the soil–structure contact pressure, the coupled Godunov-variational-difference approach was developed. The lining is modeled by a Timoshenko elastic–plastic shell with kinematic linear hardening. To solve the problem in the lining domain, the variational-difference method is applied. The soil is modeled by the Lyakhov three-phase model that takes into account both bulk and shear elastic–plastic behavior, including the effect of soil pressure on the yield strength for the stress tensor deviator. The problem of blast wave propagation within the soil medium is solved by the Godunov method. The coupled approach to calculate the soil–lining contact pressure is based on the relationships on the shock and rarefaction waves with finite-difference equations of the shell motion using a simple iteration method. It allows the reduction of the contact problem to the self-similar symmetric Riemann problem. Solution of the problem of an explosion in a porous medium, and analysis of the soil–obstacle interaction under the blast action using the proposed method show good correspondence with available experimental results. Also, the plane problem of blast response of the circular cavity lined by a thin steel lining was solved. The effect of the gas volumetric content in the soil on the incident shock wave pressure as well as on the contact pressure and lining meridian strain was studied.     

A novel X-ray technique for inspection of steel pipes

The corrosion-induced material loss in crude oil carrying steel pipelines was originally studied by making use of the backscatter X-ray technique. The steel thickness can be determined by studying the density profile of the backscatter intensity vs. the depth location of a voxel. There are, however, some practical limitations to the above method, and a new method for evaluating steel thickness, namely, the transcatter technique is described. This technique uses the intensity of the beam which is transmitted by the pipe wall and subsequently scattered by the hydrocarbon inside the pipeline. The thickness is evaluated using three techniques, namely, the sequential technique, the dual angle technique, and the reference technique. Of the three techniques, the sequential technique has been studied in detail. The mathematical equations and experimental results related to the transcatter technique show that the thickness can be measured with an accuracy of better than 10% for a nominal steel thickness of 8 mm with a measurement time of several minutes.     

Use of calcium peroxide to provide oxygen for contaminant biodegradation in a saturated soil.

Laboratory studies were conducted in solid-phase reactors on a silty loam contaminated with bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) to determine the conditions under which calcium peroxide (CaO(2)) would promote the aerobic bioremediation of water-saturated soil. Closed 500 ml solid-phase reactors were operated to determine whether CaO(2) stimulated the biodegradation of BEHP in saturated soil. Ex situ bioremediation conditions were then simulated by mixing water-saturated soil for 6 h before placing the soil in three vented, 2 l solid-phase reactors for 50 days. Biodegradation of BEHP was quantified using four different measurements of microbial activity: (1) oxygen concentrations in the reactor gas; (2) bacterial colony-forming units (CFU); (3) fungal CFU; and (4) 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride dehydrogenase activity (INT-DHA). CaO(2) released molecular O(2), which retarded dewatering but substantially enhanced BEHP biodegradation. After 20 days, BEHP in the amended reactor was reduced from 20.3 to roughly 5 g kg(-1) vs. 15 g kg(-1) in the reactor without CaO(2). Bacterial growth was favored over fungal growth at elevated moisture and BEHP levels.     

Freezing of water in vertical channels formed in a frozen soil layer

A determination is made of the maximum possible pressure in a water bubble located in the nonuniform temperature field of surrounding frozen soil which becomes permeable as it melts. The principles found are used to explain a number of natural processes.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 290–296, August, 1987.