On the Enhanced Selectivity of HZSM-5 Modified by Chemical Liquid Deposition

The external surfaces and pore mouth regions of HZSM-5 samples with different crystal sizes were modified by chemical liquid deposition (CLD) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), which led to the passivation of unselective acid sites. The modification was found to be more effective for zeolite samples of larger crystal size. The diffusivity of o-xylene was substantially reduced after silylation, while the diffusivity of toluene hardly changed. Dealumination of the external surface of the zeolite crystals enhanced the silylation effects; this was related primarily to the removal of acid sites associated to extra-framework alumina. For the modified catalysts, a significant increase in the selectivity to p-xylene in the disproportionation of toluene was achieved.     

改性催化剂对甲苯烷基化反应的影响探讨

引入几种金属和非金属元素作为改性剂,发现采用硅铝比为400的含镧分子筛为最佳分子筛母体,能形成体积较大的镧氧四面体,与硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体共同形成沸石骨架,改变了分子筛的孔径结构,增大了邻、间、对二甲苯间扩散速率的差别,有利于对二甲苯选择性的提高。选择镁为改性元素,随着氧化镁含量的增加,甲苯对位选择性逐渐上升。当氧化镁计算含量为20%时,甲苯的转化率为19.7%,对位选择性为90.6%。该催化剂体系可以满足以甲苯和甲醇为原料直接合成高纯度对二甲苯的需要。     

甲苯甲醇烷基化合成对二甲苯催化剂研究进展

甲苯甲醇烷基化是新型高选择性合成对二甲苯的方法,可以解决石化行业甲苯和甲醇过剩问题,具有较高的工业开发价值。在具有B酸中心及特殊孔结构的分子筛催化下,甲苯甲醇发生苯环上亲电取代反应得到对二甲苯。甲苯甲醇烷基化催化剂主要有Y沸石催化剂、SAPO及MCM-22和ZSM-5分子筛催化剂等,研究较多的是ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。通过对ZSM-5分子筛进行金属、非金属或复合改性后,可以显著提高烷基化反应转化率和选择性。未来研究的主要目标是获得选择性高且稳定性好的催化剂。     

改性HZSM-5催化剂上甲苯-甲醇的烷基化反应的研究

采用浸渍法制得了P、B、Cu、Mg单组分及Mg、P、Si多组分复合改性的HZSM-5催化剂,通过XRD、BET、NH3-TPD等手段对改性前后催化剂的结晶度、孔结构及表面酸性进行了表征,在常压连续流动固定床反应装置上考察了改性HZSM-5在甲苯-甲醇烷基化制备对二甲苯反应中的催化性能,并对其微结构、表面酸性与择形选择性进行了关联。结果表明,P、B、Cu、Mg单组分改性的HZSM-5催化剂中,质量分数20%MgO改性使HZSM-5催化剂微孔面积和微孔容大幅下降,强酸显著降低,目标产物对二甲苯选择性明显提高(>60%);Mg、P、Si复合改性的HZSM-5催化剂中,改性剂之间的酸碱等相互作用对改性催化剂的开孔和表面酸性位的影响较大,与单组分改性相比复合改性效果不明显。     

硅油-硝酸镧复合改性ZSM-5催化剂上甲苯甲醇选择性烷基化反应性能

以HZSM-5为改性基体,甲基硅油为改性剂,采用浸渍法制备硅油改性催化剂SiHZ(3.0)和复合改性催化剂SiHZ(3.0)/La₂O₃,考察硅油-硝酸镧复合改性ZSM-5催化剂上甲苯甲醇选择性烷基化的反应性能,并与单纯硅油改性的ZSM-5催化剂进行比较,结合催化剂酸性和孔结构的表征,研究硅油-硝酸镧复合改性对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,在反应初期复合改性SiHZ(3.0)/La₂O₃催化剂上,甲苯转化率略低于单纯硅油改性的SiHZ(3.0)催化剂,对二甲苯选择性相近;反应100 h后,SiHZ(3.0)/La₂O₃催化剂活性和选择性均高于SiHZ(3.0)催化剂,说明复合改性催化剂中La₂O₃在硅油修饰外表面和孔口的基础上,进一步调变孔道内酸性质,降低强酸中心量和B酸酸量,从而显著提高催化剂稳定性。     

Influence of the exchanged cation in Pd/BEA and Pd/FAU zeolites for catalytic oxidation of VOCs

0.5 wt% palladium supported on exchanged BEA and FAU zeolites were prepared, characterized and tested in the total oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The BEA and FAU zeolites were exchanged with different cations to study the influence of alkali metal cations (Na⁺, Cs⁺) and H⁺ in Pd-based catalysts on propene and toluene total oxidation. The exchange with different cations (Na⁺, Cs⁺) and H⁺ led to a decrease of the surface area and the micropore volume. All Pd/BEA and Pd/FAU zeolites were found to be powerful catalysts for the total oxidation of VOCs. They were active at low temperature and totally selective for CO₂ and H₂O. However, their activity depends significantly on the type of zeolite and on the nature of the charge-compensating cation. The activity order for propene and toluene oxidation on FAU catalysts, Pd/CsFAU > Pd/NaFAU > Pd/HFAU, is the reverse of the activity order on BEA catalysts: Pd/HBEA > Pd/NaBEA > Pd/CsBEA. The catalytic activities can be rationalized in terms of the influence of the electronegativity of the charge-compensating cation on the Pd particles, the Pd dispersion, the PdO reducibility and the adsorption energies for VOCs.     

Selective synthesis of p-xylene by alkylation of toluene with dimethyl carbonate over magnesium acetate-modified ZSM-5

以乙酸镁为前体,采用等体积浸渍法制备不同负载量的MgO/ZSM-5催化剂,在气相连续流动固定床反应器上对甲苯与碳酸二甲酯（DMC）择形烷基化合成对二甲苯进行了研究。采用XRD、NH₃-TPD、吡啶吸附红外和2,4-二甲基喹啉吸附红外等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明：B酸中心是甲苯与DMC烷基化反应的活性中心;随着MgO负载量的增加,甲苯转化率下降,对二甲苯的选择性上升;当MgO负载量大于9%时,甲苯转化率和对二甲苯选择性基本保持不变。2,4-二甲基喹啉吸附红外表征结果表明,乙酸镁在改性过程中未进入ZSM-5孔道内,焙烧分解生成的MgO主要分布在分子筛的外表面,分子筛孔内酸位并未受到影响。随着MgO负载量的增加,催化剂外表面的B酸位数量下降,当负载量大于9%时,外表面的B酸位基本消失。     

硅改性HZSM-5沸石上甲苯与甲醇选择性甲基化的研究

采用硅油化学液相沉积法,焙烧后在HZSM-5沸石外表面上形成SiO2涂层,可有效地调控HZSM-5沸石的孔口尺寸。制备了一系列SiO2沉积量不同的Si/HZSM-5催化剂,并进行了甲苯与甲醇选择性甲基化反应。随着SiO2沉积量增加,沸石骨架结构和内表面性质变化不大,而孔口尺寸逐渐缩小,反应中产物对二甲苯的选择性明显提高。     

Ferromagnetically modified zeolite catalysts for liquid-phase High–Throughput Experimentation

A novel method for the separation of heterogeneous catalysts from liquid-phase reactions in High–Throughput Experimentation (HTE) libraries was developed based on a magnetic recuperation procedure. Ferromagnetic iron nanoparticles were introduced in a set of zeolite structures by means of aqueous impregnation of an iron precursor, followed by reduction in H₂. The obtained magnetic zeolites can be efficiently stirred in the catalytic reaction mixture using conventional magnetic stirring bars and they are automatically separated by depositing on the magnetic bar when the stirring is stopped. Characterization techniques demonstrated that the iron nanoparticles are distributed on the external surface of the zeolites, where the interference with the catalytic active sites is limited. Catalytic tests of a High-Throughput library of 10 wt. % Fe magnetic zeolites, performed using the liquid-phase benzylation of toluene with benzyl alcohol as test reaction, showed that the modified catalysts can be very easily and efficiently separated from the reaction mixture while they retain similar activity and selectivity to that of the unmodified samples.     

磷镁改性HZSM-5催化剂甲苯甲醇烷基化性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了系列磷镁改性ZSM-5催化剂，考察了磷镁改性对HZSM-5催化剂甲苯甲醇烷基化反应活性和选择性的影响。并对其进行了NH3-TPD，Py—IR，XRD等表征，研究了改性氧化物在ZSM-5分子筛表面的分布状态以及其对催化剂的酸性质的影响，结果表明磷元素改性有效降低了催化剂的酸强度，抑制了甲苯歧化反应；MgO质量含量低时，主要以无定形状态高度分散在分子筛外表面上，含量较高时形成结晶态MgO。MgO改性主要作用是覆盖了催化剂外表面酸性活性中心，堵塞了孔口，提高了反应产物的对位选择性。     

ZSM-22分子筛催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的研究

通过浸渍法对ZSM-22分子筛进行SiO₂和La₂O₃改性,制备了一系列催化剂。采用固定床微型连续流反应器对催化剂的反应性能进行了评价。考察了ZSM-22、SiO₂和La₂O₃改性ZSM-22对甲苯甲醇烷基化反应性能的影响。实验发现,ZSM-22催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的产物中,对二甲苯的选择性远高于间位和邻位异构体的选择性,而改性后的催化剂上目标产物对二甲苯的选择性得到提高,但反应活性下降。随SiO₂和La₂O₃负载量的增加,甲苯的转化率逐渐降低,对二甲苯选择性逐渐提高,其中,以La₂O₃改性后对二甲苯选择性提高较明显。SiO₂和La₂O₃复合改性后,甲苯的转化率高于La₂O₃单独改性的结果,而对二甲苯选择性与La₂O₃单独改性结果相近,并且,二甲苯的选择性略有提高。     

Selective toluene disproportionation over ZSM-5 zeolites

Selective toluene disproportionation to benzene and xylenes is investigated over HZSM-5 and modified HZSM-5 zeolites. The zeolites are modified with nickel, magnesium, phosphorus and boron, characterised by sorption, acidity measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their activity towards toluene disproportionation is discussed in the light of their physico-chemical properties. The two types of active sites have been identified; one promoting disproportionation and the other cracking and dealkylation of toluene. It is found that the latter sites are suppressed due to incorporation of the modifiers. The modified zeolites are found to be para-selective which appears to be consistent with the commonly accepted view that modifiers like magnesium, phosphorus and boron reside in the channels and react with Brønsted acid sites, leading to partial blockages and thus favouring the formation of p-xylene. The effect of poisoning the zeolite with 1-methylisoquinoline is also investigated. In the case of poisoned catalyst, p-xylene is produced at levels up to 99%. The total elimination of other isomers from the products is suggested due to the selective poisoning of the non-selective sites (on the external crystal surface) and to partial blocking of the pore openings.     

Aromatic Transformations Over Mesoporous ZSM-5: Advantages and Disadvantages

Catalytic behavior of mesoporous ZSM-5 was investigated in toluene disproportionation, toluene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol, and p-xylene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol to understand the effect of the presence of mesopores. Three ZSM-5 zeolites (conventional one and two mesoporous differing in the mesopore volume) having similar Si/Al ratio were synthesized and characterized as for their acidity (internal and external) as well as their micropore/mesopore volume. No substantial differences among three samples were observed as for the type and concentration of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites as well as their location in zeolite channels or on external surface of zeolite crystals. Conversions of toluene and p-xylene increased with increasing volume of mesopores in ZSM-5 zeolite while the selectivity to individual products depended on the type of reaction. In general, selectivity to sum of xylenes in toluene disproportionation, sum of isopropyltoluenes in toluene alkylation and to 1-isopropyl-2,5-dimethylbenzene in p-xylene alkylation increased due to a shorter contact time molecules spent in mesoporous ZSM-5 catalysts. In contrast, para-selectivity decreased as diffusion pathways were shorten due to the presence of mesopores.     

Microstructure of a Pd/ceria–zirconia catalyst after high-temperature aging

Ga/ZSM-5 is an effective catalyst for the conversion of dilute (3%) ethylene-in-methane reactant streams into aromatic hydrocarbons at 500–550°C. A Ga loading as low as 0.5 wt% is sufficient to obtain maximum yields of aromatic products. At 520°C, an ethylene conversion of 93%, with an aromatics selectivity of 81%, was obtained over a 5 wt% Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst. The conversion of ethylene into aromatics over Ga/ZSM-5 catalysts involves a complex sequence of oligomerization, isomerization, cracking, and cyclization reactions that occur on Brønsted acid zeolites in the zeolite. The role of the gallium, which exists as both Ga³⁺ at zeolitic exchange sites and as Ga₂O₃ within the channels and on the external surface of the calcined catalyst, is to promote dehydrogenation of the acid-catalyzed oligomerization and cyclization products.     

甲苯甲醇烷基化制对二甲苯技术研究进展

甲苯甲醇烷基化反应选择性合成高浓度对二甲苯技术可提高甲苯利用率,显著降低异构化和吸附分离装置负荷.综述了近年来国内外有关甲苯甲醇烷基化制备对二甲苯的研究进展,包括甲苯甲醇烷基化反应机理、催化剂活性组分、元素改性方法和现有工艺技术.沸石的孔口修饰和外表面酸性位的钝化是影响反应活性和对位选择性的主要因素,活性和选择性高、稳定性好的催化剂的开发是甲苯烷基化技术应用的关键.     

Synthesis of dimethyl acetal of ketones: design of solid acid catalysts for one-pot acetalization reaction

The synthesis of dimethyl acetals of carbonyl compounds such as cyclohexanone, acetophenone, and benzophenone has successfully been carried out by the reaction between ketones and methanol using different solid acid catalysts. The strong influence of the textural properties of the catalysts such as acid amount and adsorption properties (surface area and pore volume) determine the catalytic activity. The molecular size of the reactants and products determine the acetalization ability of a particular ketone. The hydrophobicity of the various rare earth exchanged Mg–Y zeolites, K-10 montmorillonite clay, and cerium exchanged montmorillonite (which shows maximum activity) is more determinant than the number of active sites present on the catalyst. The optimum number of acidic sites as well as dehydrating ability of Ce³⁺-montmorillonite and K-10 montmorillonite clays and various rare earth exchanged Mg–Y zeolites seem to work well in shifting the equilibrium to the product side.     

Cracking of n-heptane over Brønsted acid sites and Lewis acid Ga sites in ZSM-5 zeolite

A series of gallium-containing ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by wet impregnation, ion-exchange and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods are compared in the cracking of n-heptane. Impregnation results in the dispersion of some of the gallium oxide clusters into the zeolite pore network as charge-compensating Ga species after calcination. Reduction of impregnated Ga/HZSM-5 catalysts leads to complete transformation of the oxidic Ga precursors to charge-compensating Ga⁺ and GaH²⁺ species. A small amount of divalent GaH²⁺ species can be stabilized; however, with increasing Ga/Al ratio monovalent cations dominate. While a model Ga/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared by CVD of Ga(CH₃)₃ containing mainly charge-compensating Ga cations displays high selectivity to dehydrogenated products (olefins, toluene and coke), catalysts with a lower Ga/Al ratio display improved activity with a product mixture resulting from contributions of Ga sites (dehydrogenation, aromatization, olefin cracking) and of Brønsted acid sites (protolytic cracking, olefin cracking). The synergy between Ga dehydrogenation sites and Brønsted acid sites is proposed to improve the dehydrogenation rate: the high acidity of the zeolitic proton facilitates hydrogen recombination and concomitant removal of product olefin from the Ga active sites. Ion-exchanged Ga/HZSM-5 catalyst which combines a difficult to reduce gallium oxide phase and high Brønsted acidity has the highest activity with relatively weak coke formation.     

甲苯甲醇烷基化制对二甲苯催化剂中试反应性能研究

经过多步改性制备了负载二氧化硅（SiO₂）、氧化镁（MgO）、五氧化二磷（P₂O₅）、贵金属铂（Pt）的纳米ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,并在六段固定床反应器上分段装填该催化剂720 g进行甲苯、甲醇烷基化制对二甲苯反应活性评价。实验结果表明,通过调变甲醇和甲苯物质的量比可以使甲苯转化率在22%~30%可调,烷基化液相产物中二甲苯选择性保持在95%以上,二甲苯中对二甲苯选择性保持在95%以上;催化剂单程寿命达到1 300 h,随着反应时间延长催化剂的活性有所下降。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TG-DTG）和氮气吸附-脱附等手段对参加反应前后的催化剂进行了表征,结果表明反应中生成的积炭堵塞了分子筛的孔道或覆盖了催化剂的活性位;经过在反应器内原位再生,催化剂的反应活性基本恢复到新鲜催化剂水平。     

Efficient conversion of benzene and syngas to toluene and xylene over ZnO-ZrO2&H-ZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts

A series of ZnO-ZrO₂ solid solutions with different Zn contents were synthesized by the urea co-precipitation method, which were coupled with H-ZSM-5 zeolite to form bifunctional catalysts. As a new benzene alkylation reagent, syngas was used instead of methanol to realize the efficient conversion of syngas and benzene into toluene and xylene. A suitable ratio of ZnO-ZrO₂ led to the significant improvement in the catalytic performance, and a suitable amount of acid helped to increase the selectivity of toluene/xylene and reduce the selectivity of the by-products ethylbenzene and C₉⁺ aromatics. The highest benzene conversion of 89.2% and toluene/xylene selectivity of 88.7% were achieved over 10% ZnO-ZrO₂&H-ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 23) at a pressure of 3 MPa and a temperature of 450 ℃. In addition, the effect of the zeolite framework structure on product distribution was examined. Similar to the molecular dynamics of aromatic hydrocarbons, H-ZSM-5 zeolites comprise 10-membered-ring pores, which are beneficial to the activation of benzene; hence, the conversion of benzene is higher. H-ZSM-35 and H-MOR zeolites exhibited small eight-membered-ring channels, which were not conducive to the passage of benzene; hence, the by-product ethylbenzene exhibits a higher selectivity. The distance between the active centers of the bifunctional catalysts was the main factor affecting the catalytic performance, and the powder mixing method was more conducive to the conversion of syngas and benzene.     

Catalytic conversion of asphaltenes to BTXN using metal-loaded modified HZSM-5

HZSM-5 zeolites with Si/Al ratios of 20, 35, 50 and 65 were prepared by the directing crystallization process of silicalite-1 seeds. The influence of Si/Al ratios on the production of benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene(BTXN) originated from asphaltenes catalytic pyrolysis was explored by adopting Py-GC/MS.Modified Z5-50 zeolites were prepared by various metal ions(Ni²⁺, Mo⁶⁺, Fe³⁺, and Co²⁺) with different loading rates(3%(mass), 5%(mass), 7%(mas...