29—PHOTOSTABILIZING EFFECTS OF SOME NICKEL CHELATES ON BLEACHED JUTE FABRIC

An examination of the photostabilizing effects of twelve nickel chelates on bleached jute is reported. Outstanding photostabilizing effects were obtained with nickel chelates of diethyldithiocarbamate (chelate 2) and benzothiazole-azo phenol derivatives (chelates 5,6, and 7) and bisdithioketone (chelate 8). The chelates are known to be stabilizers of the excited-state-quencher type for polyolefins.     

5—THE EFFECTS OF SOME PRE-CARDING CONDITIONS ON WOOL-COMBING

Combing performance, as assessed by the percentage of noil and the fibre length and nep count of the top, is better for alkaline than for neutral wool, and worse for wool stored in bales before being carded. These results are at variance with some previously reported by other workers.     

8—SOME EFFECTS OF THE COMPOSITION OF WASH LIQUORS ON THE SHRINKAGE-RESISTANCE OF POLYMER-TREATED WOOL

Some effects of the composition of wash liquors in laundering on the shrink-resist effectiveness of polymer treatments on wool are described. In addition to the known effects of the surface tension of the wash liquor, the foaming properties of the liquor are shown to be important. The effect of foam on the shrink-resist effectiveness of polymer-treated wool fabrics is greater than would be expected from previous studies on untreated and oxidatively shrink-resist-treated wool. In machines where agitation is achieved by rotation of a drum or cube, low concentrations of foam-producing surfactants inhibit felting shrinkage. In machines with submerged agitators, the presence of foaming surfactants in the liquor has little effect on felting shrinkage.     

63—THE EFFECT OF FABRIC PARAMETERS ON SOUND-TRANSMISSION LOSS

The dependence of acoustic-transmission loss on the weight, thickness, and cover of woven fabrics is investigated over a broad range of frequencies. In actual fabrics, these variables are seldom independent of each other, so that their composite effect, in which cover has been shown to predominate, must be considered. In simulated models, in which these parameters are isolated, fabric weight and cover are shown theoretically to have a direct influence on transmission loss, whereas thickness appears to influence sound reduction inversely. These effects are especially evident at higher frequencies.     

29—THE EFFECT OF FIBRE CRIMP ON FABRIC QUALITY

The relation between fibre crimp and fabric quality is investigated for various fabrics of different grades. It is found that fibres taken from fabrics of good quality have a high crimp level and that fibre crimp plays an important role in yarn extensibility, compressibility, and fabric extensibility and improves fabric quality. Correlation between fibre crimp and primary handle is also surveyed, and it is shown that NUMERI (smoothness) and FUKURAMI (fullness and softness) are strongly correlated with the fibre crimp.     

41—SOME EFFECTS OF THE SORPTION OF CATIONIC SURFACTANTS BY WOOL

Analytical methods developed for determining cationic surfactants in solution and in wool are described. These methods were used to study the sorption of representative cationic surfactants on wool and the stability of these finishes to rinsing. The effects of these sorbed surfactants on dyeing and as insectproofing treatments for wool were examined.     

72—THE EFFECT OF PROCESSING OILS ON THE SHRINKAGE OF HERCOSETT-TREATED KNITTED WOOL FABRIC

An account is given of an investigation of the shrinkage on washing of knitted wool fabrics produced from chlorine–Hercosett-treated tops to which a range of additives had been applied. It is shown that the range of effects of the various additives is very wide and that about half of those tested had no effect on the shrinkage rate. Four increased the shrinkage rate by a factor of more than ten and thus would be clearly unsuitable for industrial use. Additives of all the types studied (mineral-oil-based, synthetic lubricants, and softeners) were capable of causing a marked increase in the shrinkage rate, but other additives of each general type had no significant effect, so that it was not possible to make a clear distinction on the basis of a general classification. It is suggested that one component, or group of components, in the additives had affected the Hercosett resin, but no firm conclusions could be drawn about the exact mechanisms.     

50—SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE FRICTION OF COTTON FIBRES

Some experiments on various aspects of the friction of cotton fibres are discussed in the light of their relevance to the processing of cotton. The topics covered include the friction of raw cotton, friction in fibre blends, fibre friction during twisiting, and friction in chemically treated fibres.     

21—THE MEASUREMENT OF FABRIC DRAPE

It is shown how the method of measuring fabric drape by supporting a circular specimen of fabric between smaller horizontal circular plates has been modified to allow a more sensitive test to be made on very stiff and very limp fabrics. The use of diverging light instead of parallel light is described, and the correction of the results for this change is calculated. A method of determining the drape coefficient by a paper-weighing method is also described.     

71—THE INFLUENCE OF FINISHING AND WET TREATMENT ON THE MECHANISMS GOVERNING FABRIC FLAT-SET

The influence of finishing and wet treatment on the mechanisms governing fabric flat-set is discussed. The flexural rigidities, frictional restraints, and residual curvatures of the fabrics and component yarns are measured before and after wet treatments with and without agitation.     

20—THE INFLUENCE OF SOME PRODUCTION PARAMETERS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEEDLEFELTS FOR GAS FILTRATION

An investigation is described in which needlefelt fabrics were designed and constructed. The effect of fibre fineness on filtration characteristics is demonstrated.     

45—OBSERVATIONS ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ULTIMATE CELLS OF SOME PLANT FIBRES

The tensile stress-strain relations for nine types of vegetable fibre have been measured, with the fibres in the form of (a) the commercial fibres and (b) the ultimate cells extracted from the fibres. Spiral angles were obtained by an X-ray diffraction method. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions.     

42—THE EFFECT OF DEAGEING ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOL OUTERWEAR FABRICS

This paper describes an experimental investigation of fabric-wrinkling behaviour as measured on a Thermobench, fabric stress-relaxation measured under both constant and varying ambient conditions, and inter-fibre friction of a series of three wool fabrics tested in both their ‘aged’ and ‘deaged’ states. Deaging of these fabrics was achieved by four different methods. It is shown that simply soaking in water at room temperature is an effective and practical deageing procedure for wool fabrics.     

23—THE MULTIPLE CALENDERING OF NYLON 6.6 FABRIC

In the multiple calendering of textile fabrics, the decrease in fabric thickness may be related to the number of passes through the calender by using an empirical hyperbolic equation. Evidence from other studies suggests that this equation can be applied to other fabrics and also to paper. Calendering conditions that promote fibre plasticization lead to increased consolidation of the fabric structure, and the rate of fabric consolidation is limited by both the fabric structure and the amount of densification that has taken place.     

16—THE EFFECTS OF HEAT-SETTING ON THE GEOMETRY AND SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF DACRON POLYESTER-FIBRE AND NYLON FABRICS

An account is given of an investigation of the effects of temperature and tension during heat-treatment on the geometrical configuration and shear behaviour of spun-Dacron polyester-fibre and spun-nylon fabrics. The shear curve is analysed at various stages of deformation, and the jamming effect resulting from heat-setting is demonstrated. The contribution of fabric geometry to shear behaviour is discussed.     

40—SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DETECTION OF DIVERGENT LABORATORIES IN ROUND TESTS

A statistical procedure is outlined for the detection of divergent laboratories in round tests, and data obtained in such tests for the air-flow diameter of wool tops are analysed. It is shown that the detection of divergent laboratories on the basis of the separate consideration of individual results is not efficient, and an explanation is given for this lack of efficiency. The adoption of the regression model proposed in the paper appears generally to overcome the defects in the detection of divergent laboratories.     

33—SHRINKPROOFING WOOLLEN FABRIC BY THE APPLICATION OF POLYACRYLATES

Woollen fabric can be shrinkproofed by the application of a polyacrylate and a cross-linking agent, provided that the fabric is first given a reductive pre-treatment and then rinsed with water. The main function of the reductive pre-treatment, including the rinsing step, is to degrade and clean the surface of the fibres in preparation for polymer deposition. If the rinsing step is omitted, the pre-treatment is ineffective. The pre-treatment also inhibits felting by setting the fibres.     

31—THE HANDLE AND BENDING BEHAVIOUR OF FABRIC LAMINATES

Certain aspects of the handle of fabric laminates are related to properties of the component fabrics. Particular attention is paid to a theoretical prediction of the bending stiffness of a laminate from the bending and tensile properties of its components. This theoretical stiffness is a minimum value; if, in practice, the observed stiffness is much greater than this, it may generally be assumed that excess of adhesive or of melted foam is the cause. The paper also reports work on other features of the bending behaviour, such as the degree of recovery from bending, and on the shearing behaviour. The work is concluded by a brief study of some faulty laminates.     

36—THE ASSESSMENT OF THE APPEARANCE RETENTION OF CARPETS

Experiments are reported in which changes in the appearance of carpet samples after treatment ranging from 2 × 10⁴ to 20 × 10⁴ revolutions in a Tetrapod Walker were assessed with the aid of photographs of the new and treated samples. It was found that photographs, taken under controlled conditions, can be used as a record and basis for the assessment of changes in appearance resulting mainly from changes in texture, without much disturbing effect from colour and pattern. The ranking of carpets, based on changes in their appearance, did not alter significantly after 5 × 10⁴ revolutions in the Tetrapod Walker. Results from the Tetrapod Walker are compared with those from a floor trial, where the effects of soiling caused further interference with the assessment.     

10—THE INFLUENCE OF GRINDING ON THE STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE

On grinding cotton, its degree of polymerization may be reduced to less than 200 with a very great increase in copper number but little increase in methylene blue absorption. It is suggested that, in addition to the production of reducing groups by hydrolytic fission between glucose residues, the large values of the copper number arise from the oxidation of glucose rings to produce aldehyde groups.