Antistatic Wool Part I: Polyethylene Oxides and Polyethoxylated Amines as Antistatic Agents for Wool

An investigation is reported that describes the effect of polyethylene oxides and polyethoxylated amines on the antistatic properties of wool. Polyethylene oxides were found to lower the electrical resistance of wool, with a maximum reduction occurring for a polyethylene oxide molecular weight of 600. However, as the time after treatment increases, the electrical resistance of wool treated with polyethylene oxide also increases.

Several primary amines were ethoxylated, and the products were found to be effective in reducing the electrical resistance of wool. Alkyl chain length and the degree of the ethoxylation had little effect on the performance of these ethoxylated amines. The antistatic effect observed for the ethoxylated amines was not dependent on time.     

多巴胺-碳纳米管对羊毛织物复合抗静电整理

文中分析了羊毛织物的静电问题,并采用多巴胺原位聚合使纤维表面覆盖一层亲水性的多巴胺薄膜,通过多巴胺负载碳纳米管使毛织物达到抗静电效果。并对整理前后羊毛织物的结构和抗静电性能进行表征。结果表明,在含水率低于6%时毛织物存在静电问题,通过多巴胺-碳纳米管复合整理能够达到抗静电目标,多巴胺整理的毛织物使摩擦电压降低,最大降低4000.0 V,碳纳米管浓度增加抗静电性能逐渐提高,其中5 g/L多巴胺负载15 g/L碳纳米管时抗静电性能最好,摩擦电压和静电压衰减时间分别为91.0 V和1.86 s;多巴胺-碳纳米管复合整理毛织物有较好的耐水洗牢度,毛织物经过12次水洗后,摩擦电压和静电压半衰期趋于稳定。     

Antistatic finishing of plastics from food hygiene and toxicological viewpoints]

The authors investigated experimentally the migration behaviour of formed plastics with antistatic finish. The degree of molecular coating on the surface and the rate of diffusion of the antistatics used (ethoxylated amines and alkyl sulphonate) were calculated from the results of washing-off and continuous extraction experiments. The findings are indicative of a good depot effect, i.e. the antistatic action is steadily regenerated by secondary migration. Certain agents such as polyethylene glycol enhance diffusion whereby the values for the migration in normal polystyrene are increased; but this increase is acceptable from the viewpoint of safety. In impact polystyrene, the limiting value for total migration is largely exceeded so that considerable contamination may be expected when it comes in contact with foods. From the viewpoint of food-toxicology, there are concerns about the high specific migration values of alkyl sulphonate. For this reason, its use in the food sector should be limited to such cases where direct contact with foods is excluded.     

毛织物抗静电整理及其影响因素

为了提高毛织物的抗静电性能,采用不同抗静电剂对其进行整理,比较不同类型整理剂的抗静电效果,筛选了三种适用于毛织物的抗静电剂,并研究了整理剂的浓度、抗静电整理工艺条件及环境湿度对毛织物抗静电性能的影响。结果表明：整理剂应在适当的浓度下使用,以达到良好的效果,同时避免影响手感;最佳焙烘温度因整理剂的不同而不同;环境湿度增加时,织物的静电半衰期明显减小,抗静电效果明显增强;两性抗静电剂的抗静电效果对环境湿度有较好的适应性。     

抗静电毛涤加厚缎背哔叽的设计与生产

介绍利用导电纤维生产抗静电毛涤加厚缎背哔叽的情况。从生产规格设计,产品生产工艺流程及生产中采取的措施等方面进行探讨,并对导电性能进行分析及总结。     

The Felting Shrinkage of Knitted Wool Fabrics: The Mixing of Undertreated Fibres with Shrinkproofed Wool

An investigation is reported in which the natural flame-resistance of wool is improved by treatment with various mono-organotin salts. Treatments based on mono-organochloro- and bromostannates confer an adequate flame-resistance at tin levels of less than 1%. The active species present in the wool is likely to be a halogen-containing mono-organotin oligomer. On washing, hydrolysis of the tin-halogen bonds occurs, the treatment being rendered ineffective in all cases. Two of the compounds investigated showed negligible water-repellent properties on a wool gaberdine fabric.

For the fluorostannates, which did not give satisfactory flame-resistance on wool, the tin appears to be taken up onto the fabric as an anion of the type [RSnF_n(OH)_5-n]^2-. This closely resembles the mode of action of commercial inorganic fluorostannate formulations.

A sample of wool that had been treated with a mothproofing formulation based on triphenyltin chloride was shown by ^119mSn Mössbauer spectroscopy to contain triphenyltin hydroxide, Ph₃SnOH, as the active species.     

抗静电仿毛面料的开发与生产

本文根据抗静电仿毛织物的特性 ,叙述了抗静电仿毛织物的工艺参数的确定原则和生产要点     

抗静电低比例毛织物的开发

采用常温常压阳离子改性涤纶ECDP、粘胶、毛混纺纱线为原料,并嵌以抗静电丝生产低比例毛系列机织抗静电面料,产品手感丰满,弹性好,低静电,低成本,克服了常规T／R产品手感差、弹性回复不好、起静电等缺点。文章以抗静电涤毛嵌条呢为例,介绍了产品的原料组成、坯布规格、各工序的最佳生产工艺及生产要点,并对设计理念、关键技术作了阐述。     

Enzymatic Finishing of Wool Fabrics

SUMMARY

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the action of a protease when applied on a high quality wool fabric to obtain an improved touch and drape on the fabric as well as to decrease its shrinkage and pilling propensity.

The effectiveness of the enzymatic treatment as well as the intensity of the attack to the wool fibre are evaluated by determining several mechanical and chemical parameters.     

Wool fabric having thermal comfort management function via shape memory polyurethane finishing

Abstract

In this study, wool fabrics were treated with shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) at different concentrations (5–20?wt%) by using pad-dry-cure process. Transition temperature (T_g) of the SMPU was suitable for body temperature so as to create a fabric having smart breathability and insulation. FT-IR and SEM analyses were conducted for assessing polymer and wool fabric interactions. Air, water vapor permeability (WVP), and water absorption capacity tests of raw and SMPU treated fabrics were carried out within temperature range covering points lower and above T_g of the polymer (20–65?°C). Effects of relative humidity (RH) on WVP were also investigated with the tests carried out under differing RH values (20–80%). According to the results, wool fabrics treated with 10?wt% SMPU had the best smart transfer capability changing according to temperature and relative humidity. Its absorption capacity was also superior with its acceptable hand values according to bending rigidity results.     

Low Temperature Chrome Dyeing of Wool

Abstract

This work reports an attempt to promote wool dyeing with chrome dyes at low temperature (90°C), using glucose in the chroming stage to minimize wool damage and save energy without any adverse effect on the fastness properties of the dyed wool.

The benefits of this new process are to obtain satisfactory tensile strength and less solubility properties than those obtained through the conventional dyeing method at the boil. There is a slight decrease in the cystine content of the dyed wool whereas the basic and aromatic amino acids are not affected. Glucose, being a reducing agent, competes with cystine in the overall reduction process of dichromate.     

Influence of Sheep Wool on Slope Greening

ABSTRACT

Positive influence of wool mixed with soil on slope stability and its greening were examined. Mixtures of poor quality wool as well as polyester and polypropylene fibers with soil were obtained. The mixture was used to cover meandrically arranged ropes installed on the slope. After several weeks, intense greening of the slope was observed. Grass cover grown from seeds sown on the slope was very diverse, depending on types of fibers used for soil reinforcements. In places covered with soil mixed with wool, intense and dark green grass tillers were observed. In order to determine influence of wool on intense grass growth, progress of wool biodegradation was studied. Additionally, the content of different forms of nitrogen in soil during slope exploitation was analyzed. Wool biodegradation was investigated during observations with electron scanning microscope. It was revealed that biological damage of wool was accelerated by mechanical damage of fibers, that took place during bale opening and mixing wool with soil. As a result of biodegradation of wool keratin organic nitrogen was released. Due to ammonification process, it was converted into ammonium and later, via nitrification, into nitrate form. Both forms were available for growing grass and promoted its quick development.     

表面活性剂及抗静电剂对干洗剂去污力的影响

试验表而活性剂在干洗剂中的去污作用以及抗静电剂加入后对洗涤效果的影响.以纯棉、涤纶、全毛白色织物为实验主体,模仿沾染天然纤维污垢,对几种表面活性剂进行配比与筛选,采用系统实验和测试方法,获得干洗助剂及抗静电剂的较好配方.试验证明:洗涤过程中,在干洗剂中加入表面活性剂后,不仅能有效防止污垢再沉淀,也有助于水溶性污垢的去除;抗静电剂的加入对织物的洗涤效果影响很小.     

Biodegradation of Wool by Bacteria and Fungi and Enhancement of Wool Quality by Biosurfactant Washing

Biodegradation of Ryeland and Shetland wool by Bacillus subtilis W3 and Streptomyces albidoflavus were investigated. The effect of treating raw wool with Rhamnolipid was also studied. It is shown that the wool surface morphology is improved with effective displacement of surface contaminants revealing a smooth outer cuticle layer after just 2 days. These results have important practical implications for the establishment of a quick and easy biodegradable process for wool scouring finishing in textile industry or for the pre-treatment of keratinous waste materials before degradation by bacteria or fungi. This methodology provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical pre-treatments.     

Electrical Characteristics Based on Resistance and Impedance of Polish Olkuska Sheep Lambs Wool

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to determine the electrical characteristics of wool derived from Polish Olkuska breed lambs. The comparison involved the features of wool both in its natural state and washed. The lambs were bathed on the 1st and 14th days of life. Electrical features were determined on the basis of impedance (Ω) and resistance (Ω) for wool samples from 16 lambs from twin litters. The wool samples were collected from the lambs on the 14th and 35th days of life. The results of blood morphology (RBC, WBC, HGB, HCT, PLT, MCV, MCH, MCHC) were used in order to evaluate the health status of both lambs subjected to bathing and control ones. The level of resistance and impedance at low frequencies in both cases demonstrated the step changes from 0 Ω to over 100 MΩ. This shows that wool has the features of a dielectric (insulator) in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 64 kHz. At a frequency of > 64 kHz, there was a linear trend of decline in the value from about 30 kΩ to the lowest values of resistance and impedance at a frequency of 1 MHz, and these values amounted to > 7.3 kΩ and > 4 kΩ, respectively. The effect of lamb bathing on the electrical properties of wool was demonstrated. These treatments resulted in an increase in resistance of wool from 35-day-old lambs bathed on the 14th day of life compared to the control group (maximum differences at the level of 40–50%). In turn, wool of lambs bathed on the 1st day of life had lower resistance than wool from lambs in the control group, on average 10–20% lower. No significant correlations were demonstrated between bathing treatment and lamb health status, except for higher levels of leukocytes in the 14-day-old lambs subject to bathing on the 1st day of life compared to the control, which amounted to 8.76 x 10⁹/L, and 6.38 x 10⁹/L (P ≤ 0.05), respectively.     

New Young Writers on Wool

Abstract

I am fascinated by performance architecture. My particular interest is in theatrical qualities of spaces and the beauty of the processes happening within the space. I felt that the wool manufacturing process is a spectacular performance of sound, texture, and density of light—hence it could be reinterpreted through architecture. The essay was written to celebrate the theatricality of the wool manufacturing process.     

Effect of Transglutaminase Enzyme on Physico-mechanical Properties of Rambouillet Wool Fiber

ABSTRACT

Rambouillet wool fiber was scoured and treated with transglutaminase (TG) enzyme for different concentrations and duration at neutral pH at 45°C. The physical, mechanical, dyeing, and antimicrobial properties of the wool fiber before and after enzymatic treatment were evaluated as per standard methods. Results inferred that TG enzyme-treated wool fiber sample showed improvement in softness, luster, and tensile strength in comparison with scoured wool fiber. It is found that 0.5% TG enzyme treatment at 45°C for 60 min at pH 7 was an optimum condition. Scanning electron microscope images also confirmed the flattened and smooth scales of wool fiber after enzymatic treatment.     

Process Optimization and Industrial Scale-Up of Chitosan Based Anti-Felting Treatments of Wool

Abstract

Anti-felting properties of knitted wool fabrics treated with chitosan were investigated, by both a laboratory scale treatment and a semi-industrial application. The influence of oxidative wool pre-treatments was analysed. The distribution of chitosan on treated wool fibres was also assessed using both qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods. The study provided shrinkage data perfectly comparable with those obtained by the currently used shrinkproofing processes, but with two important advantages: the total absence of chlorine in the process and the complete biodegradability of chitosan. The semi-industrial treatment showed the complete reproducibility of the laboratory scale results, giving rise to the possibility of an industrial adaptation of the process.     

56—THE WRINKLING BEHAVIOUR OF WOOL FABRICS: THE EFFECT OF THE STRUCTURE OF FORMALDEHYDE CONDENSATION POLYMERS ON THE STABILIZATION OF ANNEALED WOOL

An investigation is reported of the use of formaldehyde condensation polymers of aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, and phenols to stabilize the improved wrinkle-recovery of annealed wool. These polymers were formed in situ during the annealing process.

The most effective polymer networks were those obtained from the reaction of formaldehyde with multifunctional compounds such as (i) 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, (ii) 2,6-diaminopyridine, (iii) 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, (iv) 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, (v) 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, and (vi) 2,4,6-triamino-s-triazine.     

Effect of Lipase Pretreatment on the Dyeability of Wool Fabric

Abstract

The effect of lipase pretreatment on the dyeability of wool fabric with reactive dyes is thoroughly investigated. Two enzymes are applied, lipase type II and lipolase 100 L, type EX. The effect of treatment conditions such as temperature, time, and concentration of enzyme on the dyeability of wool fabric is studied. A comparative study between exhaustion and padding techniques of treatment is investigated. Kinetic investigations are also given on the dyeing process of wool fabric with reactive dyes. The treatments revealed improvement in the dyeability of wool with reactive dyes. The use of the enzyme pretreatment enables wool dyeing under mild temperature conditions with increasing dye consumption and an increase of the rate of dyeing. This is reflected as energy saving and reduction of pollution impact.