In Conversation: Peter Zumthor and Juhani Pallasmaa

The ‘New Nordic – Architecture & Identity’ exhibition (July–September 2012) at Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Denmark is significant for the way that it has defined architectural identity in a Northern European context. Here its co-curator, Michael Asgaard Andersen , provides an edited version of a conversation between Juhani Pallasmaa and Peter Zumthor that was featured on a large screen at the show and included at full length in the museum catalogue.     

Sediment and discharge yields within a minimally disturbed,headwater watershed in North Central Pennsylvania,USA, with an emphasis on Superstorm Sandy

We estimated discharge and suspended sediment (SS) yield in a minimally disturbed watershed in North Central Pennsylvania, USA, and compared a typical storm (September storm, 4.80 cm) to a large storm (Superstorm Sandy, 7.47 cm rainfall). Depending on branch, Sandy contributed 9.7–19.9 times more discharge and 11.5–37.4 times more SS than the September storm. During the September storm, the upper two branches accounted for 60.6% of discharge and 88.8% of SS at Lower Branch; during Sandy these percentages dropped to 36.1% for discharge and 30.1% for SS. The branch with close proximity roads had over two‐three times per area SS yield than the branch without such roads. Hysteresis loops showed typical clockwise patterns for the September storm and more complicated patterns for Sandy, reflecting the multipeak event. Estimates of SS and hysteresis in minimally disturbed watersheds provide useful information that can be compared spatially and temporally to facilitate management.     

何凤山

<正>Ho Feng Shan(also spelled"He Feng shan"),born on September 10,1901 in Yiyang,Hunan;died September 28,1997 in San Francisco at the age of 96,was a Chinese diplomat1in Vienna who risked his own life and career during World War II to save more than 3,000 Jews.何凤山,1901年9月10日出生于湖南     

BEYOND POLARISATION AND PLATITUDES - POLICIES FOR ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE PEACE: FINDING PATHS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PEACE-MAKING

Development minister, Hilary Benn spoke at the Wilton Park conference on 'Environment, Development and Sustainable Peace' on 16–19 September 2004. His presentation follows.
At the same conference, the head of the UN Environment Programme, Klaus Toepfer both described the programme's work and launched a new UNEP report, 'Understanding Environment, Conflict and Cooperation' co-authored by many of the speakers at the conference. The UNEP report is available at http://www.unep.org/PDF/ECC.pdf     

Investigation of a heat stress-related death of a fire fighter

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies (DSHEFS) conducts investigations of health hazards in the workplace under the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) program. In September 1990, the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) requested that NIOSH assess the health and safety practices used by fire personnel during a brush fire on September 6, 1990, in Sedgwick County, Kansas. A 25-year-old fire fighter died of heat stroke at the scene.The NIOSH site visit to Sedgwick County, Kansas included a tour of the fire scene, personal interviews with 25 fire fighters and support personnel, and a review of incident reports, incident command procedures and other documents. NIOSH investigators concluded that a preventable series of events preceded the fire fighter's death. Recommendations were made for incident command and safety procedures, as well as medical monitoring, rehabilitation of fire fighters at fire scenes, and rehydration schedules.     

A case study in energy efficiency: Sutton coldfield deanery first and middle schools

Two linked schools at Walmley in Birmingham are the subject of a Department of Energy “Energy Conservation Demonstration Project”. Designed for the Birmingham Diocesan Education Council to provide for approximately 500 children (ages 5–13) the schools are intended to be energy efficient within the constraints of traditional techniques and cost limits.The object of the case study is to demonstrate the viability of various energy conservation measures through the monitoring of the design, construction, use, and performance of the schools.Design work started in 1977, and partial occupancy in 1980 has been followed by full occupancy in September, 1981. This paper presents, in an anecdotal format, some of the observations by the monitoring team of the design, construction, and initial occupancy periods.     

Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China: 2001-2002

Weekly PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected at a semi-residential (Tsinghua University) and a downtown (Chegongzhuang) site in Beijing from August 2001 through September 2002. The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 were determined. Analyses including elemental composition, water-soluble ions, and organic and elemental carbon were performed. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 were 96.5 microg m(-3) and 106.9 microg m(-3) at CGZ and HU site, respectively. More than 80% of the PM2.5 mass concentrations were explained by carbonaceous species, secondary particles, crustal matters and trace elements at the two sites. Carbonaceous species were the most abundant components, constituting about 45% and 48% of the total PM2.5 mass concentrations at CGZ and THU site, respectively. SO4(2-), NO3- and NH4+ were three major ions, accounting for 37%, 23% and 20%, respectively, of the total mass of inorganic water-soluble ions.     

Reduction of coliform bacteria in two upland reservoirs: The significance of distance decay relationships

This paper reports on the coliform bacterial densities observed between September 1976 and September 1977 in two British upland reservoirs having multiple-use catchment areas. The level of catchment use is defined in terms of agricultural and recreational activity and the rate of bacterial reduction in the reservoir impoundments is investigated. The applicability of previous studies (which examined rates of coliform reduction in different situations) to the British upland reservoir is discussed and a set of calculated purification rates, observed during different limnological conditions, are presented.     

Ambient volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations around a petrochemical complex and a petroleum refinery

Air samples were collected between September 2000 and September 2001 in Izmir, Turkey at three sampling sites located around a petrochemical complex and an oil refinery to measure ambient volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations. VOC concentrations were 4-20-fold higher than those measured at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Ethylene dichloride, a leaded gasoline additive used in petroleum refining and an intermediate product of the vinyl chloride process in the petrochemical complex, was the most abundant volatile organic compound, followed by ethyl alcohol and acetone. Evaluations based on wind direction clearly indicated that ambient VOC concentrations measured were affected by the refinery and petrochemical complex emissions. VOC concentrations showed seasonal variations at all sampling sites. Concentrations were highest in summer, followed by autumn, probably due to increased evaporation of VOCs from fugitive sources as a result of higher temperatures. VOC concentrations generally increased with temperature and wind speed. Temperature and wind speed together explained 1-60% of the variability in VOC concentrations. The variability in ambient VOC concentrations that could not be explained by temperature and wind speed can be attributed to the effect of other factors (i.e. wind direction, other VOC sources).     

2: The University of Pennsylvania

Continuing the series of articles on graduate programs in American schools of architecture that began with a contribution from the University of California in the September 1963 issue, G. Holmes Perkins discusses the changing conditions in architectural practice which make for a lengthening of the architect's education at the undergraduate level and in graduate study a diversity of specializations undreamed of a few years ago; he then goes on to describe the measures with which the University of Pennsylvania is seeking to meet the challenge of the future. Professor Perkins, besides being Dean of the Graduate School of Fine Arts at Pennsylvania, is Chairman of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission and Chancellor of the College of Fellows, The American Institute of Architects.     

Lake restoration by dilution: Moses lake, Washington

Dilution water, low in macronutrients, was added to Moses Lake on three occasions in 1977 and once in 1978 during the spring-summer period. The addition resulted in reducing the annual average inflow concentration of phosphorus from about 130–140 μg l⁻¹ to 100 μg l⁻¹. The water exchange rate in Parker Horn, which is 8% of the lake volume, increased from about 1% day⁻¹ normally to 7 and 11% day⁻¹ for the May–September period in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Lake water was displaced at a predictable rate in the whole lake as well as the areas proximal to the input, as verified by specific conductance.Improvements in lake quality, compared to values from 1969–70, were rather good with greater reductions in algal biomass occurring than might have been expected to result from the less impressive reductions in total P content. Chlorophyll a decreased by about 60–80% and total P decreased by about 50–60%, depending on the area of the lake. However, Chl a averaged only 15 μg l⁻¹ during May–September 1978, while total P was rather high at 70–80 μg l⁻¹. The fraction of the phytoplankton composed by blue-green algae decreased from 96% in 1970 to 68% in 1977–78. The cause for the effect on biomass and species composition is unknown, but may be related to dilution of blue-green excretory products.A dilution water input of about 6 m³ s⁻¹ continuously during April–September would require 20% less total water and should provide adequate control of eutrophication in at least 30% of the lake volume proximal to the input and Parker Horn. That would provide an exchange rate of 5% day⁻¹ for Parker Horn and should achieve lake water residuals by midsummer of 50%. Two additional inputs to the lake are also proposed as two more phases in the restoration project.     

The First Home Owner Boost in Australia: A Case Study of Outcomes in the Sydney Housing Market

This article looks at the impact of the First Home Owner Grant (FHOG) ‘Boost’, a cash grant to first home buyers, which was introduced by the Australian Federal Government as part of the stimulus package in response to the global financial crisis (GFC) between October 2008 and September 2009. This policy initiative, based on a pre-existing FHOG, introduced in 2000 as a temporary support for the house building industry following the introduction of the Federal Goods and Services Tax, provided a major additional financial stimulus targeted at first home owners at a time when the GFC was threatening to destabilise the home purchase market. The policy was also promoted as a way of stimulating demand for new residential property to support jobs retention in the residential development industry. New South Wales, and in particular Sydney, provides a lens through which we explore the outcomes of the stimulus in terms of the geography of FHOG take-up and the types of property bought. It also assesses the impact of the Boost on first home owner purchase rates and the impact this had on post-stimulus housing demand.     

Phytoplankton,pelagic community and nutrients in a deep oligotrophic alpine lake: ratios as sensitive indicators of the use of P-resources (DRP:DOP:PP and TN:TP:SRSi)

The different use of P-resources between two sites in the deep oligotrophic Traunsee was studied by seasonal and vertical patterns of phytoplankton and nutrients from 12/1997 to 10/1998. The P-resources were evaluated from the proportion between the P-fractions, the dissolved reactive P (DRP), dissolved non-reactive P (DOP) and particulate organic P (PP) and from the stoichiometry between nutrients, the total N (TN), the total P (TP) and soluble reactive Si (SRSi). Significant differences between an inshore site impacted by industrial tailings (Ebensee Bay, EB) and an open water reference site (Viechtau, VI) were evident from vertical profiles of both the P-accumulation (%PP of TP) evaluated by DRP:DOP:PP and the distribution of phytoplankton assessed by Si-exhaustion (TN:TP:SRSi), but not from the seasonal patterns of phytoplankton composition, S:V ratios of the algal community or surface layer nutrient dynamics. Low TP and the stable stratification from May to September triggered the relative accumulation of epilimnetic P at VI as it was evident from both the higher portion of particulate P within TP (%PP of TP) and from the shift towards P-enrichment in nutrient stoichiometry of TN:TP:SRSi. The predominance of around 55-52% algal carbon over bacteria at the surface layer to 20m coincided spatially with the lowest Si content relative to N and P. The disturbances at the impacted site was summarised by: up to 11% less P accumulation by organisms at the surface, no stoichiometric shift towards TP in the epilimnion when compared with deeper layers and a reduction of the trophogenic zone to the top 10m. Reasons for this disturbance are seen in the unstable stratification, turbidity, higher TP and the metazoan dominated food chain. Both triple ratios, DRP:DOP:PP and TN:TP:SRSi, were sensitive indicators of the use of P-resources by plankton communities, while inorganic dissolved fractions (DIN:DRP:SRSi, DIN = dissolved inorganic N) provided only insufficient information on nutrient resources in Traunsee.     

Effects of sediment addition on macrobenthic invertebrates in a Northern Canadian River

Two channels built into the Harris River, Northwest Territories were used to study responses of invertebrates to sediment addition. Sediment was added to one channel continuously for approximately 5 h. The other channel was used as a control. In August, 28.27 kg of sediment or 1.38 kg m⁻² of channel bottom were added. Values for September were 35.88 kg or 1.53 kg m⁻².As a result of sediment addition, numbers of macrobenthos drifting from the sediment addition channel (S) increased significantly over those drifting in the control (C) in August (= summer) and September (= fall). Total drift from S was > 3 times higher in August and > 2 times higher in September than from C. Significantly higher numbers of macrobenthos drifted in fall than summer. Numbers of macrobenthos drifting during sediment addition were significantly related to time in September but not in August, indicating a seasonal difference in temporal response to sediment addition. Two explanations are proposed for the response of the September community, as indicated by shape of a polynomial regression curve, to sediment addition. No significant difference existed in standing crops of macrobenthos in the substrate in C and S after sediment addition.Sediment addition caused (1) higher numbers of Oligochaeta and Simuliidae to drift in August and September; (2) higher numbers of Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera to drift in September but not in August; and (3) higher numbers of Hydracarina and Chironomidae to drift in August but not September.We suggest that future work try to relate amounts of settled rather than suspended sediments to quantitative responses of stream macrobenthos. We recommend that highway and pipeline construction undertaken in watersheds of Mackenzie Valley streams during the open-water period, resulting in sediment addition to these streams, should be done during summer rather than spring or fall, providing river discharge is adequate to transport the added sediment.     

Thrust SSC: Britain challenges the world. 1

September 1997 sees a unique competition shaping up for a showdown in the Black Rock Desert in Nevada as Britain's Andy Green faces America's Craig Breedlove in a bid to be the first man to go supersonic in a land vehicle. This contest is more than just a test of speed as the rival designs represent opposing technical, financial and organisational solutions to an immense challenge. The first article in this two-part series looks at the technical aspects and the design of Britain's contender-Thrust SSC. The aerodynamic fundamentals, the Rolls Royce Spey 205 jet engines used to power the vehicle, vehicle layout, and modelling and testing are discussed     

Seasonal occurrence and toxicity of Microcystis spp. and Oscillatoria tenuis in the Lebna Dam, Tunisia

Physicochemical and biological water quality, including the total microcystin concentrations, was investigated for the first time from January to December 2005 in the Lebna Dam, Tunisia. Microcystin levels and characterization of the different microcystin variants present were measured by protein phosphatase (PP2A) inhibition assays and by LC/MS/MS, respectively. Nutrient values were high, with total inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 8.4 mg L(-1) and from 0.03 to 1.37 mg L(-1), respectively. However, the chlorophyll-a concentrations were very low with a peak (5.32 microg L(-1)) on 20 September 2005 at 9 m depth water samples. Microscopic examination of the phytoplankton samples showed the dominance in the autumn of three morphospecies of the genus Microcystis and the species Oscillatoria tenuis. The total (particulate and dissolved) microcystin concentrations at the surface and at 9 m depth water samples ranged between 0.008 and 1.73, and 0.005 and 5.57 microg microcystin (MC)-LR equivalent L(-1), respectively, with a peak on 20 September. The presence of the microcystin synthetase genes (mcyA, -B, and -C) in the lysates of the three morphospecies of the genus Microcystis and the species O. tenuis indicated that these species were responsible for the microcystin production in this system. The analysis of the field cyanobacterial sample extract containing these species by LC/MS/MS revealed the presence of two microcystin variants: microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and microcystin-YR (MC-YR).     

On shaky grounds: The case for the privatization of the public housing sector in the Netherlands

The research reported on is Project 44 of the STEPRO research program of the Institute of Geographical Research IRO of the University of Utrecht. The project was supported by grant SRO 530-242-016 from the Dutch National Science Foundation ZWO. We want to thank the provincial directorate of the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environmental Protection in Noord-Brabant for his help. A first draft of this article was discussed at the conference ‘Housing between State and Market’ in Dubrovnik in September 1988.     

五角大楼纪念公园

2008年9月11日．斥资2000万美圆的五角大楼纪念公园开始对公众开放。为了纪念2001年9月11日五角大楼遭遇的恐怖袭击事件以及五角大楼和美国航空公司Flight 77航班中的184位遇难者．将纪念公园建在了五角大楼西南面的一块占地8093m^2的土地上。纪念公园没有给参观者灌输固定的思维或感受．而是鼓励参观者自己进行思考,用他们自己的方式去铭记和回忆那天的事件。     

The persistence of ecological-economic systems: Alternate measures and their properties

A number of ecologists and some economists have commented on the significance of persistence as a stability concept for jointly determined ecological-economic systems. This notwithstanding, the economics and the regional science literatures have paid scant attention to the problem of computing an ecological-economic system's persistence. As such, this paper has two objectives. First, we derive three measures of the persistence of a jointly determined ecological-economic system whose temporal behavior is governed by the presence of thresholds. Next, we compare and contrast these three measures. Finally, we discuss their theoretical properties and their practical uses. Received: March 2002/Accepted: September 2002 We thank T. John Kim and anonymous reviewers for their comments on a previous version of this paper. As well, we acknowledge financial support from the Gosnell endowment at RIT. This paper is dedicated to the memory of A.N. Batabyal (1937–2002). The usual disclaimer applies.     

ITA recommendations on contractual sharing of risks/AITES recommandations sur le partage contractuel des risques

This report summarizes two recommendations prepared by the International Tunnelling Association Working Group on Contractual Sharing of Risks. The recommendations were officially approved by the International Tunnelling Association at its annual meeting in Toronto, Canada, in September 1989.