What pathological dimensions lie beyond the normal dimensions of the 16 PF? A comparison of MMPI and 16 PF factor domains.

A set of mutually exclusive, exhaustive parcels of MMPI items and the 16 personality factor scales from the Cattell 16 PF were factored together on 217 normal and 40 abnormal adult Air Force men. The analysis of the resulting 64 variables (45 MMPI parcels and 19 16 PF scales) yielded 21 factors, of which 13 are clearly identifiable as factors in the 16 PF and 4 are clearly MMPI factors. MMPI data were scored also for the traditional 14 clinical scales, and their predictability from 16 PF source trials examined in terms of the squared multiple correlations. The 7-factor space typically represented by the MMPI clinical scales was found to lie within the dimensionality of the Cattell 16 PF. The total prediction of the set of MMPI clinical scales from a single form (A) of the 16 PF, uncorrected for attenuation, is represented by the canonical correlation of .8. (47 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychologic factors and oral lichen planus. A psychometric evaluation of 100 cases

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the importance of psychologic factors in patients with oral lichen planus, and attempts were made to identify possible personality features characteristic of patients with oral lichen planus. STUDY DESIGN: The study involved 100 patients with oral lichen planus (group 1) and 50 control subjects (group 2). We applied the following psychometric tests to both groups: Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Cattell Personality Questionnaire 16PF, Hassanyeh Rating of Anxiety-Depression-Vulnerability, Beck Depression Inventory, Raskin Depression Screen, and Covi Anxiety Screen. RESULTS: The patients with oral lichen planus were found to exhibit greater anxiety, as reflected by statistically significant scores with the anxiety tests that were used (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Cattell Personality Questionnaire 16PF, Hassanyeh Rating of Anxiety-Depression-Vulnerability, and Covi Anxiety Screen). The patients with oral lichen planus likewise exhibited greater depression than the controls in all 3 depression tests applied (Beck Depression Inventory, Hassanyeh Rating of Anxiety-Depression-Vulnerability, and Raskin Depression Screen) and were more vulnerable to psychic disorders on the basis of the PD subscales (vulnerability) of the Hassanyeh questionnaire. Three features (conformity to the group, astuteness, and rebelliousness) defined the personalities of our patients with oral lichen planus, according to the Cattell 16PF questionnaire. Finally, those patients with erosive lichen planus exhibited higher depression scores than patients with nonerosive lichen planus. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the higher anxiety scores observed in patients with oral lichen planus, it was not established that the observed psychologic alterations constitute a direct etiologic factor of oral lichen planus; nor was it established that such alterations are a consequence of oral lichen planus and its lesions.     

Cattell, Comrey, and Eysenck personality factors compared: More evidence for the five robust factors?

We administered the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) to a sample of 669 Australians that was controlled in composition for age, sex, and social class. Factor analyses derived from analyzing scales of the three inventories in the same matrix produced a group of factors that were similar to the five robust factors of personality found in studies that used ratings by others. Two of the factors were similar to the two EPI scales and five were similar to five of the eight CPS scales. One of these five factors was similar to a single 16PF scale. The 16PF scales were highly overlapping and factorially complex, an indication that fewer than 16 separate constructs are measured at the primary level. There were, however, clear relations between the five factors and the second-order factor structure of the 16PF, as Karson and O'Dell (1976) described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

College student personality correlates of early parent-child relationship.

Introversion-extroversion and anxiety characteristics reported by 54 male and 97 female undergraduate college students were compared to their recollections of loving-rejecting and casual-demanding parental behaviors. The Cattell 16 PF and a questionnaire concerning parental behavior were the principal instruments employed. Anxious and introverted males reported rejecting fathers and mothers. Extroverted females noted loving fathers. Socioeconomic background and tendencies to agree and give socially desirable responses were considered. Implications of results for reinforcement and modeling aspects of social-learning theory were also suggested. (28 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Standards of decision regarding personality factors in questionnaires.

In a previous study, E. Howarth and J. Browne (see record 1971-29076-001) factor analyzed personality questionnaire items and concluded that the primary personality structure found by J. Guilford and R. Cattell should be reevaluated according to independent item-factoring. DeYoung criticizes this study for not meeting adequate standards regarding (a) decision as to the number of factors, (b) choice of communalities, and (c) rotation. DeYoung supports the marker structure found by Cattell. In a separate article, Howarth and Browne justify their methodology and refute DeYoung's position. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire scores of homosexual men.

16 PF comparisons were made between 44 homosexual and 111 heterosexual males who were not involved with either psychotherapy or the law. Comparisons were also made with results presented by R. B. Cattell and I. N. Monrony (see 39:1) for 133 Australian homosexuals. A number of differences were found between all groups, but the Australians deviated much more than the American homosexuals from the test standardization population. It is concluded that: (a) American homosexuals, unlike the Australians, could be considered mildly neurotic at most; (b) homosexual behavior is not necessarily an indication of psychological disturbance; and (c) the major difference between the American homosexuals and heterosexuals was one of sexual orientation rather than psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on "Retrospect: Psychology as a profession" by J. McKeen Cattell (1937).

Offers commentary on the remarks made by J. M. Cattell (1937, 1992) concerning the future development of psychology as a profession. Cattell correctly predicted the future certification of psychologists, the growth of professional psychology, and the formation of professional schools. However, some of these developments have not occurred exactly as Cattell envisaged them. Cattell also did not foresee the current conflicts between professional psychologists and those interested in the science of psychology. These recent developments are discussed along with some speculations about possible developments in the future. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Item ambiguity in the 16 PF and MMPI: An assessment and comparison.

Presents a replication and extension of J. Harris and J. Baxter's (see record 1965-10119-001) study of MMPI ambiguity. Ss were asked to answer and then immediately rate the ambiguity in meaning of each item on the MMPI and/or 16 PF. Overall ambiguity value was significantly higher for the 16 PF. Ss who rated a higher proportion of items as ambiguous had higher guilt and tension and lower outgoing scores on the 16 PF. Results generally support Harris and Baxter's findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reliability and Technical Meaning of Personality Questionnaire Scales.

Comments on the article Comments on The Brain Watchers, written by K.S. Nickerson, that remarks on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (see record 2005-11489-001.) The author of this comment mentions several objections to the article written by Nickerson. First, since Nickeron's main theme is the recent attacks by laymen on psychological testing--such as those of Gross (1962), Hoffman (1962), and the popular weekly Life--his mentioning the 16 PF would naturally suggest to a reader that it was one of the tests under attack. The 16 PF, as far as anyone can ascertain, was not among the several tests pilloried by these gentlemen and Life. More seriously, when Nickeson flings the term "impossible" at a 16 PF item, he is simply pontificating, not responsibly bringing evidence as would be expected in a scientific journal. When, by the equally unconsidered term "esoteric," Nickerson objects to technical terms in psychology for precise research concepts, he is, again, scarcely on the side of progress. The author of this comment concludes a psychologist may actually be showing more psychometric wisdom in using, in many testing situations, the 16 PF Form C alone, contrary to Nickerson's dismissal of a six-item scale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Number of factors in the personality sphere: Does increase in factors increase predictability of real-life criteria?

Many researchers support a 5- to 8-factor personality theory; Cattell urges a 16-factor system. Factor analysis has been unable to resolve this controversy. Hence, the degree to which 6 and 16 factors related to a proposed new criterion (real-life data) was evaluated in 16 data sets. When factors were increased from 6 to 16, 88% of the studies showed a significant increase in R. The percentage of variance accounted for, after shrinking the Rs, was doubled. We concluded that the 5- to 8-factor position has limited usefulness; use of more factors is strongly supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Local humoral immunity in women with combined forms of infertility

An evaluation was done of the immunity status in 100 women presenting with infertility of associated genesis. An immunologic investigation into blood serum, follicular fluid (FF) and peritoneal fluid (PF) was carried out at day 14-16 and 18-23 of the menstrual cycle. The functional status of spermatozoa was characterized with the aid of the index of their survival in FF and PF. Local humoral immunity of FF and PF differs from the indices in blood serum, which fact was manifested by a striking reduction of Igs G, A, M. Sperm-immobilizing antibodies (SIAB) have been identified in blood serum, FF, and PF in 14, 4%, 22.4%, and 25% of women. SIAB production is associated with inadequacy of local immunity, such as low levels of SIgA, IgA, and lysozyme. Occurrence of SIAB in PF and FF worsens general motility of spermatozoa by agglutination of the latter, which fact undoubtedly affects conception.     

Enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus.

This theoretical note describes an expansion of the behavioral prediction equation, in line with the greater complexity encountered in models of structured learning theory (R. B. Cattell, 1996a). This presents learning theory with a vector substitute for the simpler scalar quantities by which traditional Pavlovian-Skinnerian models have hitherto been represented. Structured learning can be demonstrated by vector changes across a range of intrapersonal psychological variables (ability, personality, motivation, and state constructs). Its use with motivational dynamic trait measures (R. B. Cattell, 1985) should reveal new theoretical possibilities for scientifically monitoring change processes (dynamic calculus model; R. B. Cattell, 1996b), such as encountered within psychotherapeutic settings (R. B. Cattell, 1987). The enhanced behavioral prediction equation suggests that static conceptualizations of personality structure such as the Big Five model are less than optimal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

What is the source of the Fullerton-Cattell "principle"?

Points out that there is no basis for the common tendency of writers on psychophysics to attribute the statement "Equally often noticed differences are equal unless always or never noticed" to G. S. Fullerton and J. M. Cattell (1892). No such statement appears in their monograph and its spirit seems contrary to their work's goals. The 1st attribution of the statement to Fullerton and Cattell appears to have been made by L. L. Thurstone (1932). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Investigation of personality factors in a Canadian context. II. Standards of decision regarding personality factors in questionnaires.

Responds to commentary by DeYoung, writing from R. B. Cattell's laboratory, which criticized certain aspects of the methodology on which the current authors' substantive discoveries are based (see record 1971-29076-001). In this reply the authors not only have to defend their work on methodological grounds but must also indicate dissatisfaction with the methodology adopted by Cattell (1966). DeYoung points out, very properly, that factor analysts must give greater attention to precision of procedure and presentation. The current authors point out that they used widely accepted procedures, principal components followed by Varimax rotation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On balanced presentation of controversy.

Responds to L. J. Cronbach's article (see record 1976-03506-001) on controversies over mental testing, and specifically Cronbach's negative treatment of R. Rosenthal and L. Jacobson's book (1968) on the Pygmalion effect and the social psychology of the self-fulfilling prophecy. There is a discussion of an analysis by Cronbach's colleagues, who found more significant effects in support of the hypothesis than the authors had claimed in their book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERSONALITY INVENTORIES: THE 16 PF, THE MMPI, AND THE MPI.

ADMINISTERED THE 16 PF, THE MPI, AND THE MMPI TO 267 AIRMEN. A FACTOR ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE 16 PF SCALES, AND ESTIMATED CORRELATIONS OF MPI AND MMPI SCALES WITH THE 16 PF FACTORS WERE OBTAINED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE 16 PF EXTRAVERSION FACTOR AND THE MPI EXTRAVERSION SCALE WERE IDENTICAL FOR MOST PURPOSES, BUT THAT THE 16 PF ANXIETY FACTOR AND THE MPI NEUROTICISM SCALE SHOWED CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES. FINDINGS CONCERNING THE MMPI CLINICAL SCALES, THE 16 PF FACTORS, AND THE MPI SCALES ARE DISCUSSED. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cattell on science and truth.

Suggests that J. M. Cattell's bitterness, documented by M. M. Sokal (see record 1972-09942-001), should be viewed in political and social context. An anecdote tells how a committee compromised on President Wilson's request to expel Cattell because he approved of a fellow professor's sentiment that seemed to cast aspersions on lawyers, merchants, and soldiers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity of the 16 PF and the MMPI in a mental hospital setting.

Administered the MMPI and 16 PF to 201 15-60 yr. old new admissions to a state mental hospital. Correlations between the 2 sets of scale scores were examined directly and by factor analysis. 3 common factors appeared to be represented to some extent in both instruments. The 16 PF appeared weak in the measurement of the more serious kinds of psychopathology, and had strongest loadings in a common factor identified with the validity scales of the MMPI. The 16 PF was found to measure 3 higher-order factors of personality not represented in the MMPI, but they do not appear highly relevant for assessment in a disturbed mental hospital population. Numerous significant relationships to psychiatrically relevant background variables were identified in analyses of profiles derived from both instruments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing the diagnostic utility of MMPI and 16 PF indexes of homosexuality in a prison sample.

Administered the MMPI and the 16 PF to 21 homosexual and 72 heterosexual prison inmates. J. Panton's Hsx scale and the 16 PF I (tough- vs. tender-minded) scale did not differentiate between the sexual groups. The Mf scale, M. Manosevitz's abridged forms of the Mf scale, and the 16 PF C scale (affected by feelings vs. emotionally stable) did differentiate the groups. Misclassification rates were 35 and 39% for the Manosevitz scales, 39% for the Mf scale, and 40% for the 16 PF C scale. Age significantly correlated with the Hsx scale (p