The influence of personality and situational cautiousness on conceptual behavior.

An assessment of the degree to which cautiousness ("the tendency to behave in a manner designed to avoid potential failure or disapproval experiences… often at the expense of other satisfactions") affected responsiveness to TAT cards and MAPS. Degree of cautiousness was assessed by performance on the Rotter Level of Aspiration Board (see 19: 2261). Ss were then administered a test of social acceptability of attitudes and were either told that they scored low (failure experience), scored high (success experience), or were given no feedback (neutral). Comparisons of cautious (C) and noncautious (NC) Ss revealed that degree of cautiousness distinguished C and NC Ss in the neutral situation only. The finding supported the assumption that cautiousness, as a personality trait, could also be used to describe conceptual behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Turning a deaf ear to fear: Impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals.

The processing of emotional expressions is fundamental for normal socialization and interaction. Reduced responsiveness to the expressions of sadness and fear has been implicated in the development of psychopathy (R. J. R. Blair, 1995). The current study investigates the ability of adult psychopathic individuals to process vocal affect. Psychopathic and nonpsychopathic adults, defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; R. D. Hare, 1991), were presented with neutral words spoken with intonations conveying happiness, disgust, anger, sadness, and fear and were asked to identify the emotion of the speaker on the basis of prosody. The results indicated that psychopathic inmates were particularly impaired in the recognition of fearful vocal affect. These results are interpreted with reference to the low-fear and violence inhibition mechanism models of psychopathy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Automatic social behavior as motivated preparation to interact.

The authors propose that automatic social behavior may result from perceivers preparing to interact with primed social group members. In Study 1, participants primed with a disliked outgroup (gay men) showed evidence of interaction preparation (aggression) rather than direct stereotypic trait expression (passivity). In Study 2, participants with implicit positive attitudes toward the elderly walked more slowly after "elderly" priming, but participants with negative attitudes walked more quickly, results consistent with a preparatory account; the reverse was found priming "youth." Study 3 demonstrated that the accessibility of a primed category follows a pattern more consistent with that of goal-related constructs (including post-goal-fulfillment inhibition) than that of semantically primed constructs. Implications for the function of stored knowledge are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A circumplex model for maternal behavior.

"The purpose… is to demonstrate the generality of a social interaction conceptualization of maternal behavior by ordering the intercorrelation matrices of three sets of data on maternal behavior. When ordered both with factor analysis and with Guttman's circumplex model, similar two-dimensional organizations of maternal behavior concepts were found for the three sets of data." The 2 major dimensions of maternal behavior that can be isolated from all the studies are: love vs. hostility and autonomy vs. control. 16 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior.

Lower social class (or socioeconomic status) is associated with fewer resources, greater exposure to threat, and a reduced sense of personal control. Given these life circumstances, one might expect lower class individuals to engage in less prosocial behavior, prioritizing self-interest over the welfare of others. The authors hypothesized, by contrast, that lower class individuals orient to the welfare of others as a means to adapt to their more hostile environments and that this orientation gives rise to greater prosocial behavior. Across 4 studies, lower class individuals proved to be more generous (Study 1), charitable (Study 2), trusting (Study 3), and helpful (Study 4) compared with their upper class counterparts. Mediator and moderator data showed that lower class individuals acted in a more prosocial fashion because of a greater commitment to egalitarian values and feelings of compassion. Implications for social class, prosocial behavior, and economic inequality are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Imitation and repetition of prosodic contour in vocal interaction at 3 months.

This study investigates vocal imitation of prosodic contour in ongoing spontaneous interaction with 10- to 13-week-old infants. Audio recordings from naturalistic interactions between 20 mothers and infants were analyzed using a vocalization coding system that extracted the pitch and duration of individual vocalizations. Using these data, the authors categorized a sample of 1,359 vocalizations on the basis of 7 predetermined contours. Pairs of identical successive vocalizations were considered to be imitations if they involved both partners or repetitions if they were produced by the same partner. Results show that not only do mothers and infants imitate and repeat prosodic contour types in the course of vocal interaction but they do so selectively. Indeed, different contours are imitated and repeated by each partner. These findings suggest that imitation and repetition of prosodic contours have specific functions for communication and vocal development in the 3rd month of life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

黄铁矿在拜耳法溶出过程中的反应行为研究

对铝土矿中含硫矿物黄铁矿在拜耳法溶出过程中的反应行为进行了研究.热力学分析表明：在373～573 K的温度范围内,黄铁矿分解反应的吉布斯自由能都为负值,且随着温度的升高而减小,说明黄铁矿容易与碱液反应.实验研究表明：在原矿浆预脱硅条件下（温度约为100℃,时间8~10 h）,黄铁矿中会有超过一半的硫反应进入溶液;而在铝土矿高温溶出过程中,绝大部分黄铁矿都将反应,硫会进入铝酸钠溶液中;黄铁矿经高温溶出后的溶液在降温静置后会析出墨绿色物质,该物质为氢氧基硫代铁酸钠（Na2[FeS2（OH）2].2H2O）,是一种羟基铁硫聚合物.     

Effects of caloric, protein, and sodium deprivation on the affiliative behavior of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus).

The tendency of food-deprived, protein-deprived, and sodium-deprived Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and their respective controls to affiliate with conspecifics deprived of either food, protein, or sodium was examined. We found that (a) independent of internal state, focal rats offered a forced choice between protein-deprived and protein-replete target rats spent more time near replete than deprived target rats; and (b) both food-deprived and sodium-deprived focal rats offered a forced choice between food-deprived and replete target rats spent less time near fasted rats than did well-fed and sodium-replete focal rats. The data indicate that (a) rats can distinguish both food-deprived and protein deprived rats from replete rats and (b) the deprivation states of rats can affect their willingness to affiliate with deprived conspecifics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Convergence of calls as animals form social bonds, active compensation for noisy communication channels, and the evolution of vocal learning in mammals.

The classic evidence for vocal production learning involves imitation of novel, often anthropogenic sounds. Among mammals, this has been reported for dolphins, elephants, harbor seals, and humans. A broader taxonomic distribution has been reported for vocal convergence, where the acoustic properties of calls from different individuals converge when they are housed together in captivity or form social bonds in the wild. Vocal convergence has been demonstrated for animals as diverse as songbirds, parakeets, hummingbirds, bats, elephants, cetaceans, and primates. For most species, call convergence is thought to reflect a group-distinctive identifier, with shared calls reflecting and strengthening social bonds. A ubiquitous function for vocal production learning that is starting to receive attention involves modifying signals to improve communication in a noisy channel. Pooling data on vocal imitation, vocal convergence, and compensation for noise suggests a wider taxonomic distribution of vocal production learning among mammals than has been generally appreciated. The wide taxonomic distribution of this evidence for vocal production learning suggests that perhaps more of the neural underpinnings for vocal production learning are in place in mammals than is usually recognized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A study of the additivity of variables affecting social interaction.

"Groups in which all three variables were predicted to affect interaction in the same direction (i.e., either in favor of or opposed to shift in judgment) showed the greatest consistency in response… . Those Ss for whom two variables pointed to convergence and one opposed it showed more social influence than the Ss for whom two variables opposed convergence. However, this difference was not significant… . Thus prediction of individual behavior in a social interaction situation is possible only when the factors affecting interaction point in the same direction." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of phonological processing and inattentive behavior on reading acquisition.

This article reports the findings from a longitudinal study investigating the influence of phonological processing and inattentive behavior on reading acquisition. Data from individually administered measures of phonological processing and reading, as well as teacher ratings of children's behavior, were collected from a cohort of 132 children at 12-month intervals, from kindergarten to 2nd grade. Results from multiple linear regression analyses employing latent constructs of phonological abilities and inattentive behavior provided support for the hypothesized model, with kindergarten measures of inattentiveness and phonological abilities predicting subsequent reading performance. An analysis of reciprocal relationships among these constructs revealed evidence that inattentiveness also interfered with the acquisition of phonological analysis skills. Implications for reading instruction and reading interventions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of attributed motive on the acceptance of statement.

The principles or conditions governing the manner in which attitude toward a given motive affects evaluations of behavior are here considered. Ss are presented a relatively homogeneous set of statements of social policy which are attributed to authors of different valence. In addition, the Es arbitrarily assigned a positive or negative motive to a different author. Analysis shows that there is a significantly higher acceptance of statements to which a positive motive is attributed. The mean acceptance of an author is higher if his statements are attributed a positive motive. In addition, an interaction effect between motive and author exists. The implications of these results on social behavior are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The voice conveys specific emotions: Evidence from vocal burst displays.

Studies of emotion signaling inform claims about the taxonomic structure, evolutionary origins, and physiological correlates of emotions. Emotion vocalization research has tended to focus on a limited set of emotions: anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, happiness, and for the voice, also tenderness. Here, we examine how well brief vocal bursts can communicate 22 different emotions: 9 negative (Study 1) and 13 positive (Study 2), and whether prototypical vocal bursts convey emotions more reliably than heterogeneous vocal bursts (Study 3). Results show that vocal bursts communicate emotions like anger, fear, and sadness, as well as seldom-studied states like awe, compassion, interest, and embarrassment. Ancillary analyses reveal family-wise patterns of vocal burst expression. Errors in classification were more common within emotion families (e.g., ’self-conscious,’ ’pro-social’) than between emotion families. The three studies reported highlight the voice as a rich modality for emotion display that can inform fundamental constructs about emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Categorical perception of vocal emotion expressions.

Continua of vocal emotion expressions, ranging from one expression to another, were created using speech synthesis. Each emotion continuum consisted of expressions differing by equal physical amounts. In 2 experiments, subjects identified the emotion of each expression and discriminated between pairs of expressions. Identification results show that the continua were perceived as 2 distinct sections separated by a sudden category boundary. Also, discrimination accuracy was generally higher for pairs of stimuli falling across category boundaries than for pairs belonging to the same category. These results suggest that vocal expressions are perceived categorically. Results are interpreted from an evolutionary perspective on the function of vocal expression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The conditioning of verbal behavior as a function of the need for social approval.

The hypothesis tested herein is that need for approval will facilitate learning. Need for approval was measured by the M-C Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960); the learning task employed the model of verbal conditioning as used by Greenspoon (1955); the Ss were undergraduate psychology students. The results supported the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maternal behavior of socially deprived Rhesus monkeys.

The maternal behavior of 4 monkeys separated from their mothers at birth and denied opportunity to interact with other monkeys during the first 18 mo. of life is described and compared with the maternal behavior of 4 normal feral monkeys. The 4 socially deprived monkeys were grossly inadequate mothers, but the social development of the infants of these inadequate mothers was apparently normal. The maternal behavior of 5 additional mother-deprived monkeys is also described; 3 of these animals were inadequate and 2 adequate mothers. The 2 adequate mother-deprived mothers had early social experience; the 7 inadequate mothers did not. 3 inadequate mothers gave birth to a 2nd infant and exhibited normal maternal care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The value of genuine and polite smiles.

Humans show remarkable ability to adapt their social behavior to suit the changing requirements of their interactions. An interaction partner's social cues, particularly facial expressions, likely play an important role in motivating and reinforcing this behavioral adaptation. Over three studies, we test a key aspect of this idea. Specifically, we ask how the reinforcement value of facial expressions compares to that of nonsocial feedback and to what degree two frequently occurring expressions (genuine and polite smiles) differ in reinforcement value. Our findings show that social feedback is preferred over nonsocial feedback and that genuine smiles are preferred over polite smiles. Based on a logistic model of our data, we show that both monetary and social values of stimuli contribute significantly to participants' decisions. Indeed, participants were willing to sacrifice the chance of a monetary reward to receive a genuine smile and produced inflated estimates of the value of genuinely smiling faces. These findings suggest that genuine smiles, and potentially other social cues, may be useful social reinforcers and therefore important in the control of social behavior on a moment-to-moment basis during interaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social behavior of young children in the Kibbutz.

The study was carried out in 2 settlements, the children ranged in age from 19-38 months. The daily routine in the houses is described, including also "emotional care," toilet training, sex training, control of aggression, and discipline within the group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Judging approachability on the face of it: The influence of face and body expressions on the perception of approachability.

The aim of the current study was to examine how emotional expressions displayed by the face and body influence the decision to approach or avoid another individual. In Experiment 1, we examined approachability judgments provided to faces and bodies presented in isolation that were displaying angry, happy, and neutral expressions. Results revealed that angry expressions were associated with the most negative approachability ratings, for both faces and bodies. The effect of happy expressions was shown to differ for faces and bodies, with happy faces judged more approachable than neutral faces, whereas neutral bodies were considered more approachable than happy bodies. In Experiment 2, we sought to examine how we integrate emotional expressions depicted in the face and body when judging the approachability of face-body composite images. Our results revealed that approachability judgments given to face-body composites were driven largely by the facial expression. In Experiment 3, we then aimed to determine how the categorization of body expression is affected by facial expressions. This experiment revealed that body expressions were less accurately recognized when the accompanying facial expression was incongruent than when neutral. These findings suggest that the meaning extracted from a body expression is critically dependent on the valence of the associated facial expression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Children's social behavior: Development, assessment, and modification.

Reviews the book, Children's social behavior: Development, assessment, and modification, edited by Phillip S. Strain, Michael M. Guralnick, and Hill M. Walker (1986). This book is an edited collection of 10 well-crafted chapters that review important research in the development, assessment, and modification of children's social behavior. Not only is the topic highly relevant to school psychology, but practitioners will appreciate the fact that the book is comprehensive, current, thoughtfully organized, and concisely written. The volume is organized into three areas of children's social behavior: development, assessment, and modification. Chapters in the first two sections tend to be written from the researcher's perspective, and readers should draw their own implications for practice in the schools. Potential applications are many though, and a careful study of these chapters will lead to a more productive and empirically defensible assessment of social skills in schools. Chapters in the modification section also review research studies but are more pragmatic and reflect the authors' clinical experiences. They provide excellent preparation for any practitioner intending to intervene in children's social development. The issues, resources, and procedures discussed in Children's social behavior can serve as a comprehensive reference for school psychologists whose practice includes the management of social behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)