Numerical analysis of weld pool geometry in pulsed current plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of weld pool shape and size is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in pulsed current plasma arc welding (PAW). In this paper, a mathematical model and relevant algorithm are developed to determine the temperature profiles and weld pool geometry in pulsed current PAW through employing an adaptive heat source model. The volumetric heat source consists of semi-ellipsoid at upper part and a conic body at lower part along the workpiece thickness direction. The dynamic variation features of weld pool shape during a pulse cycle are numerically simulated. The calculated weld cross-section is consistent with the measure one.     

Simultaneous observation of keyhole and weld pool in plasma arc welding with a single cost-effective sensor

The dynamic behaviors of the keyhole and weld pool are coupled together in plasma arc welding, and the geometric variations of both the keyhole and the weld pool determine the weld quality. It is of great significance to simultaneously sense and monitor the keyhole and the weld pool behaviors by using a single low-cost vision sensor in plasma arc welding process. In this study, the keyhole and weld pool were observed and measured under different levels of welding current by using the near infrared sensing technology and the charge coupled device （CCD） sensing system. The shapes and relative position of weld pool and keyhole under different conditions were compared and analyzed. The observation results lay solid foundation for controlling weld quality and understanding the underlying process mechanisms.     

Experimental determination of the weld penetration evolution in keyhole plasma arc welding

Keyhole plasma arc welding experiments are conducted to measure the weld geometry and penetration at different moments during the initial phase from igniting arc to quasi-steady state. Indirect information on keyhole formation and evolution in plasma arc welding can be extracted based on the weld macrophotograph at cross section. It has laid foundation to verify the mathematical models of keyhole plasma arc welding.     

GMAW短路过渡焊接熔池的视觉检测

针对GMAW短路过渡焊接过程的熔池视觉检测,采用普通工业CCD摄像机,通过光谱分析选择窄带复合滤光器。设置了CCD摄像机曝光时间,分析短路过渡电压波形,确定了CCD摄像机采集时刻并设计了短路检测及CCD摄像机外触发电路,准确地将CCD摄像机的曝光时刻定位于短路过渡阶段。提出了正前方小角度和正后方大角度的图像采集方式。结果表明,采用以上图像采集方案,利用普通工业CCD摄像机可拍摄到连续清晰且不失真的熔池图像。并设计了图像处理算法,提取出完整的熔池边缘。     

熔池表面变形对电弧行为特征的影响

在电弧与熔池统一模型的基础上研究熔池上表面变形对电弧行为特征的影响。用本模型计算出的平坦熔池表面电流密度和热流密度的分布与试验结果显示了很好的一致性。而变形熔池表面的电流密度和热流密度分布则不再符合近似的高斯分布。这就为下一步研究电弧和熔池的工作提供了基础。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

机械产品焊接过程中受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接小孔动态行为分析

将视觉传感器应用于受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接技术,检测小孔的动态行为,为调整机械产品的焊接工艺参数提供依据。结果表明:一个脉冲周期会对应产生一个小孔,每个小孔都依次经历了出现、长大、缩小和闭合,且小孔位置偏移量由刚穿孔时的最大逐渐变为闭合时的最小。     

活性MAG焊电弧特征及熔池流动分析

提出了活性熔化极气体保护焊新方法,可增加焊接熔深,改善难熔焊接结构的熔合不良,获得高质量的焊接接头.对活性熔化极气体保护焊电弧状态和熔池表面形态进行了采集和分析,用钨粒子示踪法进行试验,分析了电弧形态和熔池流动.结果表明,活性熔化极气体保护焊电弧收缩显著,电弧形态更加集中,熔池内部液态金属的流动方向为从熔池周边向中心流动,熔池流动更为有序.对于钢的活性熔化极气体保护焊方法,熔池流动行为改变是增加焊接熔深的主要因素.     

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊熔池图像的检测与处理

利用CCD摄像机和复合滤光技术建立了一套熔池图像实时采集系统。利用光谱分析,提出了适合于脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(P-GMAW)熔池成像的滤光光谱窗口,并对中心波长分别为665nm和1064nm滤光系统的成像质量进行了分析。分析了P-GMAW单个脉冲内的不同时刻的熔池图像,研究表明脉冲基值结束期间为最佳的取像时刻。使用中心波长为665nm的滤光系统,从熔池正后方取像,获取了清晰的熔池图像。针对所获取的典型的P-GMAW熔池图像,详细研究了其成像机理。开发了一套熔池图像处理程序,利用该程序提取了完整的熔池轮廓。     

脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的等离子云传感

在探针法检测等离子云理论基础上,研制了实用化的多探针等离子云传感器,并利用尾焰传感器对比检验了所设计传感器的可靠性和检测精度.将等离子云传感器应用于脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池小孔状态检测,并对检测信号的波形特征做了深入研究.分析表明,等离子云检测信号中负脉冲信号可以作为脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的状态变化的特征判据,负脉冲信号的频率则可以作为脉冲焊接是否保持"一脉一孔"焊接的特征判据.等离子云电压信号可以很好的反映穿孔熔池的状态.     

基于电弧声信号特征分析MAG焊熔透状态在线监测

提出一种基于MAG焊过程可闻电弧声信号采集和处理的熔透状态在线监测方法.通过对平板拼焊射流过渡过程中典型状态下的电弧声信号的实时采集与分析,采用小波去噪和短时加窗等预处理手段,提取了11个可表征焊缝熔透状态的特征参数.通过对构造的高维联合特征向量进行基于特征级的PCA参数融合,重新合成并选取了携带最多熔透状态信息量的8维特征向量,并以此为输入和四种熔透状态为输出,建立了BP和RBF熔透状态辨识网络模型.监测模型的应用例证表明,所建立的两种网络均可实现对熔透状态的在线识别,RBF网络的识别准确率高于BP网络6.25个百分点之多,其熔透状态整体辨识准确率达到91.25%.     

VPPA焊接的焊缝成形稳定性控制的研究现状

变极性等离子孤焊的优点在于能够灵活调节特征工艺参数,如电流频率、正负半波电流幅值及时间比,以满足铝合金焊接时的阴极清理和实现小孔焊接的要求.因此,在航空航天铝合金结构的焊接中获得了广泛的应用.主要介绍了该焊接方法在焊缝成形稳定性控制方面的研究现状,主要分为预置参数开环控制方式、实时检测闭环控制方式和多参数信息融合反馈控...     

Effects of bypass current on the stability of weld pool during double sided arc welding

The arc behaviour and flow patterns in the weld pool were monitored with a high speed camera and the pressure distribution of the MIG–TIG coupling arc was measured through a specially devised method involving a micro-orifice for quick ignition. The bypass current changed the geometry of the weld pool in such a way that the acting forces remained in equilibrium stabilising the pool, the weld depression was eliminated and the pressure at the arc centre decreased by a factor 4. The overall welding efficiency increased as much as the quality of the welds.     

Effect of arc distance on temperature field and weld shape during double-sided arc welding

A new high efficiency welding method, double-sided double arc welding with double powers (DSAW-D), is developed for thick plate of low alloy high strength steel in this study. It is well known that the thermal cycles have an important influence on the microstructure, shape, stress, distortion and mechanical property. The DSA W-D method can control the tempernture field on a wide range by regulating the distance between two arcs, improve the rnicrostructure and prevent hot and cold cracking of high strength steel. But at present, the effect of arc distance on the temperature field and shape is not clear. Therefore, the paper researches the effect of arc distance on the temperature field and weld pool during DSA W-D using finite element method. The transient temperature field of different arc distance in DSAW-D is calculated.To verify the numerical results, the temperature is measured by the thermo-couple and the calculated results agree approximately with experimental data. Farther, the thermal property and mutual effect of double-sided arcs are investigated. The temperature distributions and weld pool profile at different arc distances are obtained. The results show that arc distance is a very important factor to affect the heat process.     

Closed-loop control of weld penetration in keyhole plasma arc welding

To improve the penetrating ability and the welding quality of keyhole plasma arc welding, a novel penetration closed-loop control system was established. In the system, welding current and plasma gas flow rate were selected as adjusting variables. The wavelet method was used to detect penetration status from welding arc voltage in real-time. The control strategy of one-keyhole-per-pulse was adapted to fulfill stable and high quality welding process. Experimental results show that the developed system can apparently increase the penetrating force of plasma arc and keyhole plasma arc welding is realized successfully in stainless steel with 10 mm in thickness. Moreover,the disturbances of gradual change and break change from 3mm to 6mm in thickness are come over due to the good response property of the developed system.     

Arc behaviour and weld formation in gas focusing plasma arc welding

ABSTRACT

Improving penetrability is a key issue in plasma arc welding (PAW). Increasing plasma energy is one way to improve arc penetrability. Gas focusing plasma arc welding (GF-PAW) platform is self-designed and developed. Role and action mechanism of focusing gas is initially studied. Focusing gas makes no obvious effects on arc pressure distribution and value. Focusing gas changes arc temperature distribution outer orifice, while focusing gas does not affect arc temperature distribution inner orifice. Focusing gas can constrict arc and arc energy increases 210?W with an increase in arc voltage of 1.4?V. GF-PAW can fully penetrate the whole work-piece while PAW can only partially penetrate the work-piece under welding current 150?A. GF-PAW can improve penetrability, and may increase welding speed, and has a potential application in manufacturing.     

基于线性预测分析MIG焊电弧声信号特征提取

以不同焊接状态电弧声信号识别为目的,从MIG焊平板对接射流过渡电弧声信号入手,探寻了电弧声的产生机理和传播特性.提出电弧声是气体放电的伴生物,是等离子体集体振荡以波形方式传播的结果,也是声源和声道共同作用的产物,其频谱特性主要取决于声道的频率响应.在此基础上,建立了电弧声线性产生模型,采用Levin-son-Durbin递推算法提取了电弧声信号的线性预测系数(LPC)、反射系数和对数面积比系数,并构建了电弧声信号的联合特征向量.     

Numerical analysis of transient keyhole shape in pulsed current plasma arc welding

Based on the characteristics of ＂one keyhole in a pulse＂ in pulsed current plasma arc welding （PAW） , the transient variation process of weld pool in a pulse cycle is simulated through the establishment of corresponding heat source model. And considering the effects of gravitational force, plasma arc pressure and surface tension on the weld pool surface, the dynamic change features of the keyhole shape in a pulse cycle are calculated by using surface deformation equation. Experiments are conducted and validate that the calctdated weld fusion line is in good agreement with the experimental results.     

基于视觉的MAG焊接熔池的标定

焊接熔池几何尺寸能够在一定程度上反映熔透信息,准确可靠的检测出熔池几何尺寸,对于实现熔透控制具有重要的意义.在MAC(metal active gas)焊中,由于熔敷金属在试件表面堆积,使熔池表面与试件上表面形成一定的倾角,导致基于视觉传感器检测到的熔池长度尺寸出现了误差.文中分析了产生误差的原因,给出了修正误差的方法,并从熔池侧面测量了熔池表面的倾角.根据测量得到的数据,对从熔池正前方检测到的熔池长度尺寸进行了修正,得到了较准确的熔池长度.     

焊枪行走角变化对等离子弧穿孔立焊焊缝成形的影响规律

以5 mm厚的5A06铝镁合金板材为主要研究对象,焊缝的正面熔宽和背面熔宽为成形特征参数,通过正交试验确定焊枪行走角变化对焊缝成形影响的显著性,从能量传递的角度研究了焊枪行走角的变化对等离子弧穿孔立焊焊缝成形产生影响的机理.结果表明,焊枪行走角对焊缝成形的影响在焊接电流和离子气体流量之间;焊枪与试板垂直时正面熔宽最大,而随着行走角的减小,焊缝背面熔宽逐渐增大.焊枪行走角的改变使熔池正面的能量密度以及背面最高温度截面和最大熔宽截面的相对位置发生变化,对焊缝背面熔宽的影响可归结于厚度方向不同截面热源位置的偏离与工件厚度导致的传热滞后之间相互作用的结果.