Simulation of mold filling and solidification during centrifugal precision casting of Ti−6Al−4V alloy

A two-dimensional simulation model for melt flow and solidification in centrifugal precision casting has been developed based on experimental results on melt flow in a precision casting tree for Ti-6A1-4V alloy castparts. The amount of liquid alloy is intentionally adjusted to be less than that required for complete filling and is poured under a centrifugal force. The melt flows into mold cavities keeping contact with the vertical inside walls of the cavity in the anti-rotation side, and solidifies directionally by accumulating a solidified layer from the far end of the cavity to the gate according to the gradient of centrifugal force. The model reproduces melt flow observed in casting trials and directional solidification during centrifugal casting. In addition, it has been confirmed that the centrifugal force imposed on the melt enhances removal of defects caused by entrapment of gas bubbles or by solidification shrinkage and improves mechanical properties of the castparts. Formerly Graduate School of Iron and Steel Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology San 31 Hyoja-dong, Namku, Pohang 790-784, Korea     

Effects of hot isostatic pressing temperature on casting shrinkage densification and microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy

The Ti6Al4V alloy castings were produced by the investment casting process, and the hot isostatic pressing(HIP) was used to remove shrinkage from castings. The processing pressure and holding time for HIP were 150 MPa and 20 min, respectively. Four different HIP temperatures were tested, including 750 ℃, 850 ℃, 920 ℃ and 950 ℃. To evaluate the effects of temperature on densification and microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy treated by HIP, non-destructive testing and metallographic observation was performed. The experimental results show that the shrinkage was completely closed at 920 ℃ and 950 ℃. The densification of Ti6Al4V alloy increased as the HIP temperature increased below 920 ℃. The lamel ae were more uniform, the thickness of lamel ae was obviously broadened and the structure was coarsen. Besides, the Norton creep equation was used to simulate the effect of different temperatures on the densification of Ti6Al4V alloy during HIP. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. It was also found that 920 ℃ is a suitable temperature for HIP for Ti6Al4V alloy.     

Diffusional transformation in Ti6Al4V alloy during isothermal compression

Thermodynamic calculation of the two-phase Ti alloy was completed using CompuTherm Pandat™ and Ti data base, followed by isothermal compression of Ti6Al4V (Grade 5), with an initial colony lamellar structure that was performed in the (α+β) and β-phase field. Microstructural evolution and phase transformation were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of the Ti₃Al or α₂ (hcp), the phase stability and transition temperatures were predicted by the Gibbs free energy−temperature and phase fraction−temperature diagrams. The isothermal compression in the (α+β)-phase field is characterized by reorientation and localized kinking of α/β lamellae, and cracking at α/β interphase regions. While in the α→β-phase transformation area, deformation in β-phase and at α/β interphase boundaries, extensive transformation of α into β-phase, martensitic transformation and spheroidization of α-laths mainly characterize this isothermal compression. A complete transformation of α into β single phase occurs in the β-phase field. Ti₃Al or α₂ (hcp), β (bcc) and α (hcp)-phase, and additional hcp α' and orthorhombic α” phases in a deformed Ti6Al4V are revealed. The flow stress level, the dynamic recovery and dynamic globularization are affected by deformation temperature.     

Ti6Al4V合金显微组织对超声声速的影响

通过对Ti6Al4V合金棒材在β相区、α+β两相区热处理后的显微组织观察和纵向超声声速值测量、分析,研究了合金显微组织对超声声速的影响。结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金在相变点以上加热,随着冷速的降低,次生α析出长大为粗大片层状,声速值也随之提高;在相变点以下加热,组织中的初生α相含量对超声声速值的影响不明显,次生相的形貌对超声波声速起决定作用,其中规则片层次生α 相的析出有利于超声声速值的提高。     

Ti6Al4V钛合金的变形组织及织构

在温度850~930°C、应变速率0.01~1 s-1的条件下,对初始组织为等轴组织的Ti6Al4V钛合金进行变形程度为70%的热压缩变形实验,研究合金的变形组织及织构。结果表明,当温度低于900°C、应变速率高于0.1 s-1时,合金的组织主要是拉长的α晶粒;而在高于900°C以及低应变速率下,则会发生动态再结晶。电子背散射衍射（EBSD）结果显示,合金在再结晶过程中亚晶界吸收位错,最终形成大角晶界。在930°C时动态再结晶已基本完成,水冷至室温时形成针状α相。与原始组织相比,合金在930°C变形时织构得到增强,低于930°C变形时织构变弱。     

模拟体液中纯钛及Ti6A14V合金的腐蚀行为

采用电化学测试技术研究了人体医用金属材料工业纯钛和Ti6A14V合金在人工模拟体液中的腐蚀行为,结果表明,阳极极化后两种合金均未发现点蚀,工业纯钛的维钝电流密度小于于Ti6A14V合金,前者的阳极极化性能优于后者,Ti6A14V合金缝隙试样在阳极电位超过＋2000mV(vsSCE)后,电流开始急剧增大,发生了缝隙腐蚀;通过电子探针分析发现,在缝隙内Al和V两种元素发生活性溶解。工业纯钛在电位达到＋4000mV/(vsSCE）时仍没有发生缝隙腐蚀。     

外科植入物用Ti6Al4V(ELI)合金棒材的成分、组织和力学性能

对国内外外科植入物用Ti6Al4V(ELI)合金棒材的成分、组织和力学性能进行分析、比较,发现国内产品在一定程度上与国外产品相当,但存在成分、组织和性能等方面稳定性的差异.西安赛特金属材料开发有限公司通过近几年的生产实践,探索出有效控制该合金棒材成分、组织和性能的方法,为国内医疗器械行业提供一种高品质的棒材.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面热浸镀Ti-Al镀层相组成

采用热浸镀方法在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备Ti-Al镀层,并在1100 ℃高温下进行热扩散处理。结果表明,TC4合金热浸镀铝后在1100 ℃保温,形成了表面氧化层、过渡层及基体,表面氧化层和过渡层厚度随扩散时间延长而增加,表面氧化层主要由Al₂O₃和TiO₂构成,过渡层主要相为TiAl₃、Ti₂Al₅和Ti₁₉Al₆金属间化合物。     

电弧喷涂Ti6Al4V涂层组织与耐磨损性能

采用ZPGD-400型电弧喷涂机在Q235钢基体上喷涂Ti6Al4V涂层,并借助扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计及滑动磨损试验机对喷涂涂层的显微组织、结合状态、硬度以及磨损表面进行分析.结果表明,Ti6Al4V涂层组织呈典型的层状特征,孔隙少,涂层与基体结合紧密,涂层平均显微硬度1013 HV0.2其耐磨损性能为Q235钢的20倍,磨损机制主要为剥层磨损和粘着磨损.     

Ti6Al4V车削刀具磨损及切削力研究

Ti6Al4V是典型的难加工材料，切削效率低、刀具磨损严重严重，因此提高Ti6Al4V的加工效率和刀具寿命是急需解决的问题。作者对硬质合金刀具加工Ti6Al4V的切削力和磨损特性进行了实验研究。对三种不同刀具在干切削状态下车削Ti6Al4V切削力进行了试验，分析了切削力与切削速度、切削路程的关系，同时讨论了主偏角对TC4车削稳定性的影响。最后，对刀具的的磨损形态和磨损机理进行了研究。粘结、扩散、氧化是硬质合金刀具的主要磨损机理。     

氟化物ATIG焊接Ti6Al4V的焊缝成形和组织

试验选用MF型氟盐(LiF,NaF,KF)、MF2型氟盐(MgF2,CaF2,BaF2)和KN型钾盐(KF,KCl,KBr)对Ti6Al4V进行ATIG焊接,焊后研究了焊缝的成形、熔深和组织.结果表明,除MgF2焊道成形稍有曲折外,其它活性剂ATIG焊接接头均成形良好、无缺陷;氟化物能起到阻止熔池金属氧化的作用;KF和MF2型氟盐可显著减小焊缝熔宽;同阳离子的氟化物相比其氯化物和溴化物可显著增加Ti6Al4V焊缝熔深;MF型氟盐中KF活性剂获得的焊缝熔深最大,MF2型氟盐中MgF2活性剂获得的焊缝熔深最大,且熔深MgF2>KF;TIG和ATIG的焊缝组织均为粗大的柱状晶,活性剂ATIG焊可细化焊缝晶粒尺寸,但不会对焊缝的相结构组成造成影响.     

基于自洽模型的置氢Ti6Al4V合金流动应力预测

对不同置氢量Ti6Al4V合金在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上进行了等温压缩实验,实验温度为750、800、850、900、950和1000℃,应变速率为1 s^-1。结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金的流动应力随置氢量增加先减小后增大,变形温度为750、800和850℃时,置氢量0.31%(质量分数,下同)合金流动应力最低;变形温度为900、950、1000℃时,流动应力最小值对应的置氢量分别为0.17%、0.1%和未置氢。基于自洽模型建立了置氢Ti6Al4V合金高温变形本构模型,该模型通过调整氢对β相的强化作用和氢对β相转变温度的降低反映置氢对Ti6Al4V合金流动应力的影响。与实验结果对比表明,所建立的本构模型可以准确预测流动应力随置氢量和变形温度的变化。     

Characteristics and wear performance of borided Ti6Al4V alloy

In this study, a 10 µm thick uniform boride layer, composed of TiB₂ and TiB phases, was formed on the surface of a Ti6Al4V alloy using a pack boriding technique. The hardness of the boride layer was over 2000 HV. Beneath the boride layer, a boron diffusion zone (BDZ) appeared with a thickness of about 50 µm. The microstructure of the BDZ was composed of randomly oriented TiB whiskers mixed with the structure of the base metal. In the BDZ, hardness decreased gradually towards the base metal owing to the reduction of the TiB volume fraction. The borided alloy exhibited excellent wear resistance along with a lower coefficient of friction against sapphire ball under both dry and smear lubricated sliding conditions when compared to the as-received state.     

Ag离子注入Ti6Al4V合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能研究

采用注入不同剂量5×1016, 1×1017, 5×1017和9×1017ions/cm2,加速电压30 kV对Ti6Al4V合金进行Ag离子注入表面改性。使用动电位极化曲线研究Ag离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,利用小角掠射X射线衍射技术研究Ag离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面物相组成,用X射线光电子能谱技术分析离子注入合金表面和腐蚀样品表面元素存在的化合态。结果表明,Ag离子注入提高了合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,腐蚀电流密度随Ag离子注入剂量的增加稍有变化。离子注入Ti6Al4V合金表面的氧化物腐蚀阻挡层、离子注入表面合金层和表面生成的Ag和TiAg有利于合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能的改善     

离心铸造Al-Fe合金凝固过程中的固相迁移运动

离心铸造Ａｌ－Ｆｅ合金凝固过程中的先析出相与合金液之间具有较大的密度差,在离心力场作用下,先析出相将沿径向由内向外迁移,致使初生相沿铸件向呈梯分布,根据离心铸造Ａｌ－Ｆｅ合金过程中固相迁移运动的特点,建立了描述这一运动过程的数学模型,并提出采用求平均速度的方法对固相迁移速度进行数值求解,求出了凝固过程中时刻固相迁移运动速度的分布情况,揭示了离心铸造Ａｌ－Ｆｅ合金过程中的固相迁移运动规律 。     

钛合金表面脉冲电弧熔覆TiN组织与性能研究

以氮气作为保护气体和反应气体,利用脉冲电弧在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备TiN陶瓷涂层,借助SEM,XRD等分析手段研究TiN熔覆层的微观组织和物相组成,给出脉冲电流模式电弧制备TiN熔覆层特点。结果表明,相对于直流电弧而言,在相同焊接热输入下,脉冲氮气电弧能够有效地提高TiN熔覆层厚度和宽度,原因是脉冲电流提高了N离子浓度,有利于TiN熔覆层形成。TiN熔覆层具有明显的(200)择优取向,脉冲模式下TiN衍射强度增加。脉冲模式下TiN熔覆层的显微硬度高于直流模式,脉冲电流200 A时,TiN显微硬度达到2 600 HV,是Ti6Al4V合金的7.4倍。     

Ti6Al4V表面激光熔覆NiCrBSi+B4C涂层的组织结构

选用NiCrBSi及2％民C混粉在Ti6Al4V合金表面进行激光熔覆处理，使基体中的Ti和B4C发生化学反应原位生成TiC、TiB2硬质增强相，制备出TiC与TiB2等增强相增强钛基复合材料涂层。综合运用XRD、SEM、EPMA和TEM等分析手段研究了优化熔覆工艺条件下的NiCrBSi＋B4C激光熔覆层的组织结构与相组成，并对复合涂层进行了硬度测试，结果表明：NiCrBSi＋2％B4C熔覆层的微观组织是在γ—Ni和Ni3Ti＋Ni3B共晶的基体上均匀分布着TiB2、TiC、CrB等相的多元组织，激光熔覆层的硬度比Ti6Al4V基体硬度提高到3～4倍。     

温度对离子注入Ti6A14V表面改性影响

对Ti6Al4V 合金进行温度范围从100 ℃到600 ℃,注入剂量为:4×1017ions.cm-2氮离子等离子体源离子注入(N-PSII)。用俄歇电子能谱仪(AES)对注入样品进行元素深度分布剖面分析。用显微硬度及针盘磨损试验机测试表面改性的效果。利用X 射线衍射(XRD)分析表面改性层晶相的变化。用光学显微镜观察磨痕宽度。分析发现,当温度从 100 ℃升到600 ℃时,注入层厚度明显增加。其中,高温注入时获得较高的表面硬度和较好抗磨损性。XRD分析发现,随温度升高注入层表面形成TiN和Ti2N析出相。     

医用Ti6Al4V合金表面改性研究进展

Ti6Al4V合金因具有优异的力学性能和良好的生物相容性而被广泛应用于人体硬组织替代物和修复物领域。由于合金本身耐摩擦磨损性差,不具备生物活性等缺点,因此对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面改性具有重要意义。本文介绍对Ti6Al4V合金进行改性的有效方法,综述了其表面改性的研究进展,展望了表面改性的发展趋势。     

多束流电子束焊接对Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板变形的影响

多束流电子束焊是一种能够同时产生多个电子束流作为焊接热源的电子束焊接新技术,能够有效的减小焊接应力和变形。为了减小Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板焊接变形,本文提出了一种新型的多束流电子束焊接技术,除了熔化金属的主束流外,还包括两个对称分布的辅助束流用来焊后加热。分别用传统电子束焊和多束流电子束焊对1 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板进行焊接试验,试验表明,通过调节两个辅助束流的位置和能量分布,多束流电子束焊能够有效减小钛合金薄板的焊接变形。