A Multiuser Detection Receiver Using Blind Antenna Array and Adaptive Parallel Interference Cancellation

In this paper, the problem of multiuser detection for synchronous code division multiple access systems in both additive white Gaussian noise and multipath channels is addressed. A new multiuser detection receiver that uses an adaptive blind array along with an adaptive parallel interference canceler is proposed. The replacement of a conventional antenna array with a two-dimensional RAKE receiver is also considered for frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. By using a constrained optimization criterion along with the gradient-projection algorithm, a blind algorithm for the adaptation of the array response vector is proposed. The new algorithm is superior to a few typical blind algorithms in the literature in terms of both performance and computational complexity. The proposed receiver has the ability to cancel very strong multiple access interference coming from the same direction as the desired signal. Simulation results are presented to show the excellent performance of the proposed combination scheme in comparison to that of using either a multiuser detection or adaptive antenna arrays in a severe near-far situation.     

Iterative (?Turbo?) Multiuser Detectors for Impulse Radio Systems

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in multiple access communication systems that spread their transmitted energy over very large bandwidths. These systems, which are referred to as ultra wide-band (UWB) systems, have various advantages over narrow-band and conventional wide-band systems. The importance of multiuser detection for achieving high data or low bit error rates in these systems has already been established in several studies. This paper presents iterative (?turbo?) multiuser detection for impulse radio (IR) UWB systems over multipath channels. While this approach is demonstrated for UWB signals, it can also be used in other systems that use similar types of signaling. When applied to the type of signals used by UWB systems, the complexity of the proposed detector can be quite low. Also, two very low complexity implementations of the iterative multiuser detection scheme are proposed based on Gaussian approximation and soft interference cancellation. The performance of these detectors is assessed using simulations that demonstrate their favorable properties.     

Decision-feedback blind adaptive multiuser detector for synchronousCDMA system

We develop a blind adaptive multiuser detector for synchronous code-division multiple access (CDMA) with a noise-whitening filter. The triangular structure of the noise-whitened model ensures complete resolution of detection ambiguities. To further improve the symbol error probability performance, we introduce decision feedback in our detector similar to the decorrelating derision-feedback detector (DDFD), thus forming the decision-feedback blind adaptive multiuser detector (DFBD). Simulations indicate that the performance of the DFBD is very close to that of the DDFD in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. In Rician fading channels, the DFBD can track the slowly varying channels well and has a symbol error probability performance approaching that of the DDFD, which requires the knowledge of users' energies. The blind adaptive and decision-feedback blind adaptive multiuser detectors proposed here do not, however, require that knowledge     

Blind multiuser detection using linear prediction

We propose a blind multiuser detection technique for array processing and code division multiple access (CDMA) systems that does not require knowledge of the array geometry or transmitter signature sequences. The technique has two key elements: an adaptive algorithm for separating the signal subspace from the noise subspace and an adaptive whitener based on linear prediction. The proposed algorithm offers low complexity, fast convergence, compatibility with shaped signal constellations, near-Wiener steady-state performance, and optimal near-far resistance     

Blind adaptive joint multiuser detection and equalization in dispersive differentially encoded CDMA channels

The problem of blind adaptive joint multiuser detection and equalization in direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) systems operating over fading dispersive channels is considered. A blind and code-aided detection algorithm is proposed, i.e., the procedure requires knowledge of neither the interfering users' parameters (spreading codes, timing offsets, and propagation channels), nor the timing and channel impulse response of the user of interest but only of its spreading code. The proposed structure is a two-stage one: the first stage is aimed at suppressing the multiuser interference, whereas the second-stage performs channel estimation and data detection. Special attention is paid to theoretical issues concerning the design of the interference blocking stage and, in particular, to the development of general conditions to prevent signal cancellation under vanishingly small noise. A statistical analysis of the proposed system is also presented, showing that it incurs a very limited loss with respect to the nonblind minimum mean square error detector, outperforms other previously known blind systems, and is near-far resistant. A major advantage of the new structure is that it admits an adaptive implementation with quadratic (in the processing gain) computational complexity. This adaptive algorithm, which couples a recursive-least-squares estimation of the blocking matrix and subspace tracking techniques, achieves effective steady-state performance.     

Fixed-point blind adaptive multiuser detection algorithm for IR UWB systems in multipath channel

Using the hypothesis that data transmitted by different users are statistically independent of each other, this paper proposes a fixed-point blind adaptive multiuser detection algorithm for Time-Hopping (TH) Impulse Radio (IR) Ultra Wide Band (UWB) systems in multipath channel, which is based on Inde-pendent Component Analysis (ICA) idea. The proposed algorithm employs maximizing negentropy criterion to separate the data packets of different users. Then the user characteristic sequences are utilized to identify the data packet order of the desired user. This algorithm only needs the desired user’s characteristic se-quence instead of channel information, power information and time-hoping code of any user. Due to using hypothesis of statistical independence among users, the proposed algorithm has the outstanding Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and the excellent ability of near-far resistance. Simulation results demonstrate that this algorithm has the performance close to that of Maximum-Likelihood (ML) algorithm and is a subopti-mum blind adaptive multiuser detection algorithm of excellent near-far resistance and low complexity.     

Blind Multiuser Detection in Frequency Domain for MC-CDMA Systems Using Particle Swarm Optimization

In digital communication systems, the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) for blind multiuser detector has some disadvantage such as slow convergence speed and weight phase rotation. In this paper, we put forward a novel receiver, which combines CMA blind adaptive multiuser detection and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in frequency domain for multi-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC DS-CDMA) systems. By this approach we present an adaptive multistage structure based on PSO technique. In this structure, the weights are obtained by PSO technique between the received signal and its estimate through a CMA. The resulting weights contain reliability information for the hard decisions made in the previous stage. The simulation results show that BER performance of the PSO-based CMA blind multiuser detector is superior to that of steepest decreasing constant modulus algorithm (SDCMA), linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA), CMA based multiuser detection and is worthy due to its significant detection performance to achieve desirable improvement in convergence speed and tractability.     

一种粒子滤波的盲多用户检测快速算法

该文在时间观察状态空间模型基础上,针对粒子滤波计算复杂的问题,构造了一种在同步快变平衰落信道下计算复杂度低的粒子滤波的DS-CDMA盲多用户检测快速算法。该算法通过对超过门限数目的粒子分类,以不同类别粒子的概率差值作为粒子滤波所需粒子数目是否足够的判断准则,自动调节不同情况下所需的粒子数目,并对不同类别粒子概率差值下盲多用户检测性能进行分析。仿真结果表明,该文算法可以在保证盲多用户检测性能的前提下有效地降低运算复杂度,且检测性能与概率差值成正比。     

The LSCM_SUB algorithm for blind multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels

1 Introduction Multiuser detection (MUD) is applied mainly in CDMA to cancel the multiaccess interference. The single-user matched filter or RAKE receiver treats interference from other users as noise, but MUD takes advantage of other user’s interference…     

Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detection for the MC‐CDMA Systems Using Orthogonalized Subspace Tracking

In this paper, we study the performance of subspace‐based multiuser detection techniques for multicarrier code‐division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) systems. We propose an improvement in the PASTd algorithm by cascading it with the classical Gram‐Schmidt procedure to orthonormalize the eigenvectors after their sequential extraction. The tracking of signal subspace using this algorithm, which we call OPASTd, has a faster convergence as the eigenvectors are orthonormalized at each discrete time sample. This improved PASTd algorithm is then used to implement the subspace blind adaptive multiuser detection for MC‐CDMA. We also show that, for multiuser detection, the complexity of the proposed scheme is lower than that of many other orthogonalization schemes found in the literature. Extensive simulation results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.     

Electromagnetism‐like method tuned constant modulus algorithm for blind detector in multicarrier CDMA system

This paper presents an efficient meta‐heuristic algorithm based on electromagnetism‐like method, which has been successfully implemented in multiuser detection problems. The contribution revisits blind multiuser detection for multicarrier code division multiple access systems using a novel combined adaptive step‐size constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and electromagnetism‐like method scheme. To work around potentially computational intractability and improved the capability of suppressing multiple access interference (MAI) for Multicarrier CDMA System, the proposed scheme exploits heuristics in consideration of both global and local exploration of the step size of the CMA. Simulation results obtained confirm that faster convergence and desirable BER performance with low computational complexity can be achieved with electromagnetism‐like method based CMA scheme, compared with the previous step‐size CMA scheme, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization with CMA scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reduced-rank adaptive multiuser detection in hybrid direct-sequence time-hopping ultrawide bandwidth systems

In this paper a range of reduced-rank adaptive multiuser detectors (MUDs) are proposed and investigated for the hybrid direct-sequence time-hopping ultrawide bandwidth (DS-TH UWB) systems. The adaptive MUDs are operated based on the recursive least square (RLS) principles. Three types of reduced-rank techniques are investigated, which are the principal component (PC), cross-spectral metric (CSM) and Taylor polynomial approximation (TPA). These reduced-rank adaptive techniques are beneficial to achieving low-complexity, high spectral-efficiency and robust detection in hybrid DSTH UWB systems. In this contribution bit error rate (BER) performance of the hybrid DS-TH UWB systems using proposed reduced-rank adaptive MUDs is investigated by simulations, when communicating over UWB channels modelled by the Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) channel model. Our simulation results show that, given a sufficiently high rank of the detection subspace, the reduced-rank adaptive MUDs are capable of achieving a similar BER performance as that of the full-rank ideal minimum meansquare error MUD (MMSE-MUD) but with significantly lower detection complexity. Furthermore, the TPA-based reduced-rank adaptive MUD is capable of yielding a better BER performance than the PC- or CSM-based reduced-rank adaptive MUD, when the same but relatively low rank detection subspace is assumed.     

Adaptive DFE Multiuser Receiver for CDMA Systems using Two-Step LMS-Type Algorithm: An Equalization Approach

This paper presents an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) based multiuser receiver for code division multiple access (CDMA) systems over smoothly time-varying multipath fading channels using the two-step LMS-type algorithm. The frequency-selective fading channel is modeled as a tapped-delay-line filter with smoothly time-varying Rayleigh-distributed tap coefficients. The receiver uses an adaptive minimum mean square error (MMSE) multiuser channel estimator based on the reduced Kalman least mean square (RK-LMS) algorithm to predict these tap coefficients (Kohli and Mehra, Wireless Personal Communication 46:507–521, 2008). We propose the design of adaptive MMSE feedforward and feedback filters by using the estimated channel response. Unlike the previously available Kalman filtering algorithm based approach (Chen and Chen, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 49:1523–1532, 2001), the incorporation of RK-LMS algorithm reduces the computational complexity of multiuser receiver. The computer simulation results are presented to show the substantial improvement in its bit error rate performance over the conventional LMS algorithm based receiver. It can be inferred that the proposed multiuser receiver proves to be robust against the nonstationarity introduced due to channel variations, and it is also beneficial for the multiuser interference cancellation and data detection in CDMA systems.     

Improved Robust Techniques for Multiuser Detection in Non-Gaussian Channels

In many physical channels where multiuser detection techniques are to be applied, the ambient channel noise is known through experimental measurements to be decidedly non-Gaussian, due largely to impulsive phenomena. This is due to the impulsive nature of man-made electromagnetic interference and a great deal of natural noise. This paper presents a robust multiuser detector for combating multiple access interference and impulsive noise in code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems. A new M-estimator is proposed for "robustifying" the detector. The approach is corroborated with simulation results to evaluate the performance of the proposed robust multiuser detector compared with that of the linear decorrelating detector, and the Huber and the Hampel M-estimator based detectors. Simulation results show that the proposed detector with significant performance gain outperforms the linear decorrelating detector, and the Huber and the Hampel M-estimator based detectors. This paper also presents an improved robust blind multiuser detection technique based on a subspace approach, which requires only the signature waveform and the timing of the desired user to demodulate that user's signal. Finally, we show that the robust multiuser detection technique and its blind adaptive version can be applied to both synchronous and asynchronous CDMA channels.     

Group-blind multiuser detection for uplink CDMA

Previously developed blind techniques for multiuser detection in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems lead to several near-far resistant adaptive receivers for demodulating a given user's data with the prior knowledge of only the spreading sequence of that user. In the CDMA uplink, however, typically the base station receiver has the knowledge of the spreading sequences of all the users within the cell, but not that of the users from other cells. In this paper, group-blind techniques are developed for multiuser detection in such scenarios. These new techniques make use of the spreading sequences and the estimated multipath channels of all known users to suppress the intracell interference, while blindly suppressing the intercell interference. Several forms of group-blind linear detectors are developed based on different criteria. Moreover, group-blind multiuser detection in the presence of correlated noise is also considered. In this case, two receiving antennas are needed for channel estimation and signal separation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed group-blind linear multiuser detection techniques offer substantial performance gains over the blind linear multiuser detection methods in a CDMA uplink environment     

Modified linearly constrained CMA for blind adaptive multiuser detector in DS/CDMA systems

A modified linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm for blind adaptive multiuser detection in DS/CDMA systems is presented. By selecting a suitable linearly constrained cost function, the performance of the proposed algorithm is improved in terms of the capability of suppressing multiple access interference. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm provides a faster convergence and steady-state performance.     

Batch processing algorithms for blind equalization using higher-order statistics

Statistical signal processing has been one of the key technologies in the development of wireless communication systems, especially for broadband multiuser communication systems which severely suffer from intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI). This article reviews batch processing algorithms for blind equalization using higher-order statistics for mitigation of the ISI induced by single-input, single-output channels as well as of both the ISI and MAI induced by multiple-input, multiple-output channels. In particular, this article reviews the typical inverse filter criteria (IFC) based algorithm, super-exponential algorithm, and constant modulus algorithm along with their relations, performance, and improvements. Several advanced applications of these algorithms are illustrated, including blind channel estimation, simultaneous estimation of multiple time delays, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) boost by blind maximum ratio combining, blind beamforming for source separation in multipath, and multiuser detection for direct sequence/code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) systems in multipath.     

DS/CDMA多用户检测盲自适应梯度算法的改进

本文在直接序列/码分多址(DS/CDMA)系统盲检测自适应梯度算法(BAG)的基础上,提出了一种多用户检测盲自适应梯度算法的改进算法(IBAG).BAG算法包括自适应梯度算法(TBAG)和时变自适应梯度算法(TIBAG),TBAG算法的跟踪特性较好,但起始收敛特性不好;TIBAG算法的收敛特性较好,但跟踪特性较差,几乎不具备跟踪能力.本改进算法结合了这两种自适应梯度算法的优点,在不增加算法复杂度的前提下,使其收敛性和跟踪特性较BAG算法有所提高.     

多径衰落信道下的一种盲多用户检测方法

多径衰落信道下的盲自适应多用户检测算法的运算复杂度通常都比较大,提出了一种基于MSWF和CMA的盲自适应多用户检测方法,该方法避免了矩阵求逆和信道估计运算,具有相对较小的运算复杂度。通过模拟实验比较了几种算法的误码率性能,结果表明,所提方法具有明显的优势。     

一种新的适用于多径信道的基于LMK准则的盲自适应多用户检测及其收敛性分析

基于最小平均峰度(Least MeanKurtosis,LMK)准则],该文提出了一种适用于同步直扩码分多址(DS/CDMA)系统多径慢衰落信道中的线性盲自适应多用户检测算法。这种算法基于高阶统计量(High Order Statistics,HOS)特性,算法复杂度相对较低。文中分析了算法在多径信道中无噪声情况下的收敛特性,指出在这种情况下,算法具有全局最小点,此时算法满足解相关条件。仿真结果表明,文中给出的检测器具有较强的多址干扰抑制性能。