Degradation of azo dye C.I. Acid Red 18 using an eco-friendly and continuous electrochemical process

Continuous anodic oxidation of azo dye C.I. Acid Red 18 by using PbO₂ electrode in aqueous solution was studied. To reach the best conditions of the process, the influence of various operating parameters such as pH, current density, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and dye concentration on the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, as indexes showing the amount of efficiency, was investigated. The findings showed that, respectively, 99.9% and 80.0% of the dye and COD were removed (at optimized conditions). Mineralization current efficiency results indicated that at the beginning of the reaction mineralization occurred quickly at a low current density, whereas at high amounts the rate of mineralization the efficiency decreased. At the optimum conditions, the majority of COD was removed only with 38.2 kWh/kg COD of energy consumption in 120 min. By controlling HO?/dye concentration ratio via the parameters adjustment, particularly HRT and current density, this system can treat Acid Red 18 well even at high concentrations. Furthermore, the voltammetry study illustrated that electroactive intermediates created during the process were mineralized at current density of 8.6mA/cm².     

Degradation of C.I. Acid Red 88 aqueous solution by combination of Fenton's reagent and ultrasound irradiation

BACKGROUND: Pollution caused by industrial wastewater has become a common problem for many countries. In particular, dye pollutions from industrial effluents disturb human health and ecological equilibrium. The discharge of highly colored synthetic dye effluents is aesthetically displeasing and can damage the receiving water body by impeding penetration of light. Azo dyes can be reduced to more hazardous intermediates on anaerobic conditions. Therefore, an effective and economic treatment of effluents containing a diversity of textile dyes has become a necessity for clean production technology for textile industries. Herein we wish to report the degradation of Acid Red 88 by the combination of Fenton's reagent and ultrasound irradiation. RESULTS: The results show that the combination of ultrasonic irradiation and Fenton's reagent is effective for the degradation of Acid Red 88 aqueous solution. Furthermore, it can achieve better results than either Fenton's reagent or ultrasound alone. The optimum conditions for the degradation of Acid Red 88 aqueous solution were 1.96 mmol L^?1 H₂O₂, 0.108 mmol L^?1 Fe²⁺, pH 3.0, and ultrasonic irradiation frequency of 40 kHz. A degradation efficiency of 98.6% was achieved within 135 min. CONCLUSION: We have provided an efficient and convenient procedure for the degradation of Acid Red 88 aqueous solution. In the present procedure, the azo linkage of Acid Red 88 is broken and some carbonyl compounds are formed, but the complete mineralization of dye cannot be achieved. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mineralization of an azo dye Acid Red 14 by photoelectro-Fenton process using an activated carbon fiber cathode

The mineralization of an azo dye Acid Red 14 (AR14) by the photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) process was studied in an undivided electrochemical reactor with a RuO₂/Ti anode and an activated carbon fiber (ACF) cathode able to electrochemically generate H₂O₂. Anodic oxidation and UV irradiation of AR14 were also examined as comparative experiments. Results indicate that the electro-Fenton process yielded about 60–70% mineralization of AR14, while the photoelectro-Fenton could mineralize AR14 more effectively (more than 94% total organic carbon (TOC) removal) even at low current densities assisted with UV irradiation after 6 h electrolysis. The mineralization current efficiency (MCE) of the PEF process increased with the increasing AR14 concentrations. In addition, the initial solution pH ranging from 1.49 to 6.72 had little influence on the TOC removal probably due to the formation of organic carboxylic acids which balanced the pH increase caused by the cathodic generation of hydrogen gas. The ACF cathode showed a long-term stability during multiple experimental runs for degradation of AR14, indicating its good potential for practical application in treating refractory organic pollutants in aqueous solutions.     

分子识别作用下光催化降解偶氮染料酸性红B

以250 W金属卤化物灯(λ365 nm)为光源,二氧化钛为催化剂,研究了经分子识别作用后的酸性红B光催化降解行为,考察了影响光催化降解的条件因素。研究结果表明:对于20 mg/L的酸性红B,经β-环糊精分子识别后酸性红B的光催化降解效率可以提高24%;β-环糊精浓度、pH值和TiO2剂量对酸性红B的光催化降解速率有明显的影响。分子识别作用下酸性红B光催化降解的增强效应主要源于β-环糊精能有效促进酸性红B在TiO2表面的吸附。     

臭氧强化电絮凝处理直接耐晒大红4BS模拟染料废水

采用臭氧强化电絮凝法处理直接耐晒大红4BS模拟染料废水,研究了染料脱色的影响因素及其COD_Cr去除动力学。考察了电流密度、溶液初始pH 值、染料初始浓度、支持电解质浓度、反应温度和臭氧流量对臭氧强化电絮凝法处理4BS染料脱色效率的影响。结果表明,电流密度15 mA·cm^-2,pH值10.0,4BS染料初始浓度100 mg·L^-1,支持电解质浓度3000 mg·L^-1,臭氧流量06 L·h^-1,20 ℃下反应50 min后4BS脱色率达94％以上。COD_Cr去除符合拟二级动力学。     

离子液中制备颜料红177的方法

用离子液体([BSMIm]HSO4、[BSMIm]OTF)代替硫酸进行4,4'-二氨基-1,1'-二蒽醌-3,3'-二磺酸钠(简称DAS)脱磺酸基反应制备颜料红177,考察了离子液体的酸度、离子液体的加入量、反应时间、反应温度及离子液体的循环套用对颜料红177收率的影响。离子液体的酸度可以满足DAS脱磺酸基的酸度要求,且离子液体循环套用方便,并且减少工业废水的排放,是一种环境友好的合成工艺。较适宜的工艺条件为:2.0 g DAS,10 g[BSMIm]OTF,反应温度150℃,反应时间5 h,[BSMIm]OTF经二氯甲烷萃取提纯后可至少循环利用6次,颜料红177平均收率为92.3%。     

TiO_2光催化分解酸性红G和活性艳红K—2G的研究

研究了在紫外光的照射下 ,由TiO2 催化分解染料酸性红G和活性艳红K— 2G的行为 ,并且探讨了TiO2 的添加量、染料结构、染料的初始浓度以及溶液pH值等因素对上述两种染料光催化分解的影响。实验结果表明 ,当TiO2 的添加量为 3g/L时 ,两种染料的催化分解率最大 ;在碱性条件下 (pH =8.5 )的分解效果好于酸性条件 (pH =5 .5 )。     

Photoelectro-peroxone process for the degradation of reactive azo dye in aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the degradation of reactive yellow F3R (RY F3R) dye by photoelectro-peroxone (PEP) process. The study showed that the PEP gave 97.66% colour and 84.64% TOC removals at 1.176 h^?1 which were 14 and 1.4 times greater than photolysis and electro-peroxone processes, respectively. Quenching experiment showed that hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were predominant oxidizing species in RY F3R degradation. In addition, results of the colour and TOC removal by the application of PEP to real field textile wastewater showed that PEP offer an efficient and propitious technology for organic pollutant degradation.     

Kinetics and equilibrium studies of removal of an azo dye from aqueous solution by adsorption onto scallop

In the present work removal of an azo dye (Reactive Black 5) was investigated from aqueous solution by adsorption onto scallop as a low-cost and widely available adsorbent. The effect of various operational parameters, such as contact time, pH, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage on the removal efficiency of dye was studied. Removal efficiency declined with the increase in solution pH and initial dye concentration but with the decrease in adsorbent dosage. Experimental equilibrium and kinetics data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively.     

The mechanism and application of the electro‐Fenton process for azo dye Acid Red 14 degradation using an activated carbon fibre felt cathode

BACKGROUND: The discharge of azo dyes into the environment poses concerns due to their limited biodegradability. The electro‐Fenton process (EF) is a good method to effectively degrade these dyes. The aim of this work was to study the mechanism and the feasibility of the EF reaction using an activated carbon fibre (ACF) cathode. In this study, two methods were used to measure the reactive species generated in anodic oxidation (AO), anodic oxidation with electrogenerated H₂O₂ (AO‐H₂O₂) and the EF process. Acid Red 14 (AR14) was chosen as a model pollutant. The effects of the operational parameters, pH and initial concentrations were investigated. A short‐term biodegradability test was also carried out to evaluate the EF process from a biological point of view. RESULTS: After 2 h EF reaction 118.7 µmol L^?1?OH were produced, which was much higher than that of the AO‐H₂O₂ (63.2 µmol L^?1) process. H₂O₂ is largely generated and Fe³⁺ efficiently reduced on the high surface area of the ACF cathode. The EF process provides more effective degradation of AR14 than the conventional Fenton process, and its current efficiency is significantly affected by the initial pH and the initial AR14 concentration. Following EF treatment, the biodegradability of AR14 is significantly increased. CONCLUSION: The higher formation of ^?OH in the EF process suggests it is an effective method for pollutant removal. This process also leads to increased biodegradability, which is expected to facilitate subsequent biological treatment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Degradation of azo dye from aqueous solutions using nano-SnO2/Ti electrode prepared by electrophoretic deposition method: Experimental Design

In this work, degradation of C.I. Acid Red 33 (AR33) in aqueous solutions was investigated. The combined electrolysis–ozone (ECO) process optimized based on SnO₂ nanoparticles electrode (nano-SnO₂/Ti) as anode using response surface methodology (RSM) involving a five-level central composite design (CCD). The nano-SnO₂/Ti electrode was prepared using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. The electrode was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The initial pH, current density, reaction time and electrolyte concentration were selected as independent variables in central composite design while color removal efficiency was considered as the response function. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination value (R² = 0.981) was high. In optimum conditions, maximum color removal efficiency (93.2%) was obtained after 16 min; and the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced to 57.1% after 60 min.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution by sono-Fenton method

This study presents the results of the Sono-Fenton process for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). The influential parameters such as H₂O₂, Fe²⁺ and pH for the Sono-Fenton process were investigated. Sono-Fenton method was found to be the best one for degradation efficiency of DCP when compared with that of the Fenton process. The optimum concentrations for the degradation of DCP using conventional Fenton’s method were found to be 20 mg/L of Fe²⁺ and 580 mg/L of H₂O₂ at pH 2.5. In the case of Sono-Fenton, the optimal concentrations were found to be 10 mg/L of Fe²⁺ and 400 mg/L of H₂O₂ at pH 2.5. Sono-Fenton method resulted in the reduction of required Fe²⁺ concentration (50%) and H₂O₂ concentration (31%). In addition, this method could be applicable even at pH 5.0 and a degradation efficiency of DCP was 77.6%. Kinetic studies for the degradation of DCP proved that the degradation of DCP tends to follow pseudo first order reaction and the rate constant was found to be 7 × 10⁻⁴ min⁻¹.     

Electrochemical degradation of azo dye C.I. Reactive Red 195 by anodic oxidation on Ti/SnO2-Sb/PbO2 electrodes

This study investigated the electrochemical degradation of C.I. Reactive Red 195 (RR195) in aqueous solution on a Ti/SnO₂-Sb/PbO₂ electrode. The influence of operating variables on the mineralization efficiency was studied as a function of the current density, the initial pH, the initial concentration of the dye and the addition of NaCl. The efficiency of RR195 mineralization decreased with increased initial concentration, from 100 mg L⁻¹ to 400 mg L⁻¹. The current density had both a positive and a negative effect on degradation rates, and no significant effect of initial pH on RR195 mineralization was observed. Measurement of absorbance was used to discriminate the effect of NaCl in the electro-oxidation process. We found that the decolouring efficiency increased whereas the mineralization efficiency decreased with the increasing concentration of NaCl. The intermediates formed during the degradation were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the major aromatic intermediates identified were 1-(3,6,8-trihydroxy-1-naphthyl)urea, nitrobenzene, benzo-1,4-quinone, (3,6,8-trihydroxy-1-naphthyl)carbamic acid and phthalic acid. Quantitative measurement of organic and inorganic ions was done by ion chromatography. On the basis of the reaction products identified, a possible degradation pathway for the anodic oxidation of RR195 in aqueous solution is proposed.     

调控因子对酸性红B降解效果影响的研究

研究以酸性类染料酸性红B模拟废水为对象,通过循环伏安法与整体电解获得其电化学反应特性,通过调控溶液的性质考察了不同电解质体系对其降解效果的影响。实验结果表明,通过对液相组分的调控,能产生加速电化学反应,较彻底降解底物的效果。为电化学法处理难降解有机污染物的技术改善提供参考。     

Anodic oxidation of azo dye C.I. Acid Red 73 by the yttrium-doped Ti/SnO2-Sb electrodes

This work was conducted to study the ability of anodic oxidation of azo dye C.I. Acid Red 73 (AR73) using the yttrium-doped Ti/SnO₂-Sb electrodes. The effects of Sb doping level, yttrium doping level, thermal decomposition temperature and cycle times of dip-coating thermal decomposition on the properties of the electrodes were investigated. The results showed that the excellent electrochemical activity of Ti/SnO₂-Sb-Y electrode can be achieved at a 7∶1 molar ratio of Sn∶Sb and thermal decomposition temperature of 550°C. Moreover when the cycle times of dip-coating and thermal decomposition were up to 10 times, the performance of the electrode tends to be stable. The Ti/SnO₂-Sb electrodes doped with yttrium (0.5 mol-%) showed the most excellent electrochemical activity. In addition, the influences of operating variables, including current density, initial pH, dye concentration and support electrolyte, on the colour removal, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and current efficiency were also investigated. Our results confirmed that the current efficiency increased with the concentrations of dye and sodium chloride. Moreover, increasing the current density and the initial pH would reduce the current efficiency.     

纳米二氧化钛光催化降解染料酸性红B的实验研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法自制TiO2光催化剂,采用悬浮体系,研究偶氮染料酸性红B的光催化降解过程,考察了活化温度、活化时间、溶液初始pH值、催化剂投加量、染料浓度等因素对光催化降解效率的影响。实验表明:自制的二氧化钛具有良好的光催化性。当催化剂用量为1.0g/L、pH值为3、酸性红B染料初始浓度20mg/L时,120分钟降解率可达85%,180分钟基本降解完全。     

Hydroxyapatite photocatalytic degradation of calmagite (an azo dye) in aqueous suspension

The hydroxyapatite (HAP) is prepared by precipitation method and examined for the photocatalytic degradation of calmagite, a toxic and non-biodegradable azo-dye compound. The physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite material were characterized using BET surface area, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analysis. The FT-IR analysis of the hydroxyapatite revealed that the peak intensity due to absorbance of surface PO₄³⁻ group centered at wave number 1030 cm⁻¹ is drastically decreased upon exposure to UV for 1 h. The study includes dark adsorption experiments at different pH conditions, influence of the amount of catalyst, and effect of pH on photocatalytic degradation of dye, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) increase and SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ ions evolution during the degradation. At optimum photocatalytic experimental conditions the same is compared with commercial degussa P-25 TiO₂. The photocatalytic treatment significantly reduced the COD (92% removal) and increased the BOD₅/COD ratio to 0.78. Considerable evolution of SO₄²⁻ (8.5 mg L⁻¹) and NO₃⁻ (12.2 mg L⁻¹) ions are achieved during the degradation process, thus reflecting the usefulness of the hydroxyapatite photocatalytic treatment in calmagite removal in wastewater.     

氮掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及其光催化降解酸性红B的研究

以钛酸丁酯和氨水为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,硝酸为抑制剂,采用湿法水解制备氮掺杂TiO2纳米微粒,并用XRD、TEM对其进行了表征。在紫外光照射下,考察了氮掺杂催化剂光催化降解酸性红B的催化性能。以高压汞灯为光源对有机染料酸性红B进行了光催化降解实验,并研究了催化剂的类型、催化剂的用量、溶液初始浓度对酸性红B降解的影响。研究结果表明：氮掺杂纳米TiO2的光催化性能明显优于纯纳米TiO2的光催化性能。     

Impact of ozonation on subsequent treatment of azo dye solutions

BACKGROUND: Aqueous solutions of four azo‐dyes, Acid Red 14 (AR14), Congo Red (CR), Reactive Black 5 (RB5), and Reactive Violet 5 (RV5) were treated with ozone, and the impact of ozonation on their subsequent treatability by aerobic biodegradation processes was investigated. RESULTS: In all cases, ozonation at the highest ozone doses investigated could remove more than 96% of the original dye, and the corresponding residual colour of the azo dye solutions declined to less than 20 on the Pt‐Co scale. Ozonation also resulted in reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) the COD/TOC ratio and pH, while in all cases electrical conductivity of the dye solutions increased. Activity of the microbial colonies present in domestic wastewater was not inhibited when un‐ozonized solutions of these dyes were mixed in a 1:1 volumetric ratio with domestic wastewater, although the dyes themselves were not degraded. Also, no significant inhibition of microbial activity was observed in 1:1 mixtures of ozonized dye solutions and domestic wastewater, especially when the initial dye concentration was low and the applied ozone dose was high. In almost all cases, progressively enhanced BOD exertion was observed in mixtures containing dye solutions ozonized with progressively higher doses. This indicated that some ozonation by‐products of the above dyes could be degraded by microorganisms present in domestic wastewater. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the above dye solutions, after ozonation for partial or complete colour removal, could be mixed with domestic wastewater for subsequent treatment by aerobic biological processes, with no adverse impact on the activity of the microbial colonies present in domestic wastewater. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Degradation of pararosaniline (C.I. Basic Red 9 monohydrochloride) dye by ozonation and sonolysis

Pararosaniline (C.I. Basic Red 9) is an important dye used in biological and chemical assays, suspected of being carcinogenic. Thus, the environmental and occupational issues related to it are very important. This study aims at investigating the chemical oxidation of pararosaniline dye by ozonation and sonolytic processes. Experimental results indicate that ozonation of pararosaniline solution is more efficient than ultrasonic irradiation alone or in combination with O₃. The detoxification was assessed by determining acute toxicity and mutagenicity of the ozonized dye solutions. Even for short-term ozonation (15 min) any mutagenic effect was verified although longer treatment periods (120 min) are necessary to obtain high toxicity removal. The results obtained indicate that ozonation is a powerful tool for the treatment of the pararosaniline wastes, even when compared to other advanced oxidation processes as photocatalytic and hydrogen peroxide dye degradation. The kinetics of different pararosaniline degradation techniques are also discussed such an understanding is necessary for the design and application of pararosaniline treatment processes.