热暴露温度对单晶高温合金持久性能的影响

在定向凝固炉中采用螺旋选晶法制备了一种单晶高温合金试棒,经标准热处理后分别在980、1070、1100和1140℃热暴露500 h,研究了合金不同温度热暴露后的显微组织和1100℃、140 MPa条件下的持久性能。结果表明,合金在不同温度热暴露后,γ'相发生粗化或筏排化。随着热暴露温度增加,γ'相粗化或筏排化程度增加,γ相基体通道变宽。在980℃热暴露500 h后,合金中无TCP相析出,而1070、1100和1140℃热暴露500 h后有针状TCP相析出。随着热暴露温度升高,TCP相含量增加,持久寿命降低,伸长率先增加并在1140℃热暴露后减小。热暴露后γ'相粗化或筏排化、含量减少和TCP相析出是合金持久寿命降低的主要原因。     

Effect of 950 oC Thermal Exposure on Microstructures and Properties of Ni-Based K403 Alloys

针对镍基铸造高温合金K403,在950℃高温下分别进行了5、50和100h的热暴露试验,研究热暴露对K403合金显微组织和室温力学性能的影响。结果表明:K403合金经高温热暴露后,晶内和晶界析出M6C碳化物,γ’相聚集长大且边角发生钝化,随热暴露时间的延长,出现γ’相边角钝化变成圆形或近圆形,部分γ’相发生定向相互连接粗化的现象和趋势;合金的名义屈服强度和抗拉强度随热暴露时间的延长而下降,而塑性则明显提高,导致合金强度下降塑性提高的主要原因之一则是γ’强化相的聚集粗化;热暴露前后,室温拉伸断口均为枝晶组织断裂,热暴露后的试样拉伸断面出现少量沿晶断裂特征和浅而小的韧窝,且存在韧窝的数量随热暴露时间的延长而增多。     

W对第三代镍基单晶高温合金组织稳定性的影响

通过对3种不同W含量(6%、7%、8%,质量分数)的第三代镍基单晶高温合金铸态、热处理态和热暴露后的组织观察和成分分析,研究了W对元素偏析、热处理组织及热暴露过程中组织演化的影响。结果表明:W含量的提高对合金元素的铸态偏析、完全热处理后的γ′相形貌、尺寸和体积分数均无明显影响。在950℃热暴露过程中,W含量的提高抑制了γ′相的粗化,但加速了γ′相的连接变形。3种合金在热暴露过程中析出的TCP相主要为m相和s相,且TCP相析出量随W含量的增加而缓慢增大。此外,3种合金在1000℃热暴露时TCP相析出量最大,在950℃热暴露时次之,在1050℃热暴露时析出量最小。     

Ru对镍基单晶热暴露组织演变及持久性能的影响

对比研究了不含Ru的USTB-F7及添加2.5 wt％ Ru的USTB-F8两种镍基单晶高温合金的组织稳定性和持久性能.标准热处理与1100℃长期热暴露组织研究表明:合金USTB-F7中γ′相形貌介于球形和立方形之间,属中间态形貌;热暴露2000 h后,其形貌仍保持稳定,仅发生粗化而未发生筏排化.Ru的添加使Re元素在γ/γ′中的分配比增大,提高了合金USTB-F8的γ/γ′点阵错配度和γ'相的立方度,从而加速了长期热暴露过程中的筏排化进程,经2000 h热暴露发生了明显的筏排化现象.同时,合金USTB-F7热暴露700 h后在枝晶干处析出了富集Re、W和Cr元素的TCP相,Ru的加入有效地抑制了TCP相的析出,合金USTB-F8直至2000 h仍未析出TCP相.1100℃/140MPa持久性能测试表明,Ru显著提高合金的持久寿命,这与Ru增加合金中的y相体积分数和γ/γ′点阵错配度,促进筏排组织的形成,并减小时效组织中的γ通道宽度有关.     

GH4096合金在长期热暴露过程中的组织演化

基于粉末冶金René88DT合金的成分,采用新型定向凝固铸锭变形工艺研制了GH4096合金,并研究了其固溶时效热处理后在700~900 ℃长期热暴露过程中γ′相的粗化和晶界析出相的析出行为。结果表明:GH4096合金在700 ℃热暴露时具有良好的组织稳定性,晶内γ′相的尺寸稳定在70 nm左右,未发现明显的长大行为,晶界上未发现析出相;750 ℃热暴露500 h以上时,二次γ′相开始出现聚集长大现象,晶界开始出现不连续析出相,但γ′相的长大速度和晶界析出相的析出速度均比较低;800 ℃以上长期热暴露时,γ′相的粗化速度和晶界析出相的析出长大速度明显加快。长期热暴露后晶内二次γ′相的尺寸与Larsen-Miller参数近似呈线性关系,晶界析出相以M₃B₂和μ相为主。     

冷却速率导致的薄壁效应对K465合金显微组织和持久性能的影响

航空发动机涡轮叶片内部的复杂气膜冷却系统使得叶片叶身部位壁厚越来越薄,导致其显微组织和力学性能与传统模拟材料(如实心标准试棒)存在明显差异。本工作利用铸造成型的K465合金空心管材模拟空心叶片叶身的显微组织,对其进行900～1050℃、300～1000 h热暴露处理,并测试热暴露前后在975℃、225 MPa条件下的持久性能。利用OM、SEM、TEM和XRD观察和表征热暴露前后的显微组织,利用物理化学相分析的方法测量析出相的化学成分,研究热暴露过程中显微组织的演变规律及其对持久性能的影响。结果表明:在900～1050℃热暴露过程中,K465合金管材中主要发生γ’相的溶解和粗化连接、MC型碳化物的分解以及晶界γ’膜的宽化;随着热暴露温度的升高和时间的延长,γ’相、碳化物和晶界的退化程度逐渐加剧,导致合金的持久寿命逐步降低。与已有文献报道的900℃热暴露时标准试棒中μ相大量析出的现象不同,管材中并未析出μ相;1000和1050℃热暴露后,管材和棒材组织退化程度接近。900℃热暴露时,冷却速率导致的薄壁效应对K465合金的显微组织和持久性能影响显著;而1000和1050℃热暴露时,薄壁效应不...     

7050-T7452锻件模拟高温服役环境下组织性能的演化

通过拉伸试验和微观组织观察等方法对经过不同温度和时间模拟高温服役环境热暴露处理后7050-T7452锻件的室温拉伸性能以及合金金相组织、析出相的变化情况进行系统研究。结果表明：7050-T7452锻件在100~175℃下热暴露处理后,合金的强度随热暴露温度的提高和时间的延长而降低,伸长率随之增加;当热暴露温度超过125℃后,变化更为明显;随热暴露温度和时间的变化,合金的晶粒尺寸以及再结晶程度没有明显改变;当热暴露温度≤125℃时,合金晶粒内部析出相的尺寸和种类没有明显变化;随热暴露时间的增加,晶界无析出带的宽度略有增宽;当热暴露温度超过125℃时,合金晶内的析出相随温度以及热暴露时间的增加而迅速粗化,η相的体积分数增加,晶界无析出带加宽,合金的强度明显下降。     

950℃热暴露对K403镍基合金组织和性能的影响

针对镍基铸造高温合金K403,在950℃高温下分别进行了5、50和100 h的热暴露试验,研究热暴露对K403合金显微组织和室温力学性能的影响.结果表明:K403合金经高温热暴露后,晶内和晶界析出M6C碳化物,y'相聚集长大且边角发生钝化,随热暴露时间的延长,出现y相边角钝化变成圆形或近圆形,部分y相发生定向相互连接粗化的现象和趋势;合金的名义屈服强度和抗拉强度随热暴露时间的延长而下降,而塑性则明显提高,导致合金强度下降塑性提高的主要原因之一则是γ'强化相的聚集粗化;热暴露前后,室温拉伸断口均为枝晶组织断裂,热暴露后的试样拉伸断面出现少量沿晶断裂特征和浅而小的韧窝,且存在韧窝的数量随热暴露时间的延长而增多.     

K403镍基铸造合金热暴露后的微观组织与性能

采用扫描电镜研究了K403镍基铸造高温合金在850℃下,热暴露50～200 h后的微观组织,并分析了力学性能的变化.结果表明:热暴露前后的组织均为典型的树枝晶组织,热暴露后(γ+γ’)相共晶特征趋于不明显,MC碳化物部分发生分解,在枝晶间、晶界附近和碳化物周围析出有害的TCP脆性相即针状σ相,并且随着热暴露时间的延长,针状σ相析出量增多;合金的名义屈服强度和抗拉强度随热暴露时间的延长而下降,硬度略有提高,塑性降低;针状的σ脆性相的析出是导致合金力学性能下降的主要原因之一.     

700℃超超临界锅炉管用617B合金时效组织演变

研究了700℃超超临界锅炉管用617B合金在720℃/10 000 h、800℃/2000 h和850℃/100 h时效和不同温度50 h时效过程中组织稳定性及力学性能变化。结果表明:617B合金在10 000 h长期时效末期组织稳定性较差,γ′相粗化且晶界上有有害相析出;温度对617B合金的组织稳定性影响较大,随着温度升高γ′相急剧粗化,晶内析出相发生转变;合金的硬度主要受γ′相析出规律的影响;720℃时效过程中晶内有拉链状析出相,其种类、结构有待进一步研究。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。