Use of various types of carbon in purifying wastewater from viscose manufacturing from surface-active substances

Conclusions An evaluation of the efficiency of various types of activated carbon has been made: these were anthracites from the Pervomaiskii and Rubezhanskii chemical works, and carbons AR-3, AG-5, and SKT-3; evaluation was in purification of wastewaster from surface-active agents.Activated carbon AG-5 and activated anthracite from the Pervomaiskii chemical works are recommended for purification of acid wastewater from the manufacture of high-modulus viscose fibres from surface-active agents.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 21–22, November–December, 1984.     

Technological modeling of clarification of wastewater from viscose manufacturing

Conclusions The kinetics of precipitation of suspended substances has been determined on real wastewater from viscose manufacturing at definite properties of the suspension.The coefficients obtained make it possible to carry out design of a settler for a specific wastewater composition by the procedure of construction norms and specifications.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 20–21, November–December, 1988.     

Analytical control of contaminating components in wastewater from viscose manufacturing operations

Conclusions The world working level of control of the composition of natural waters and wastewater has been analyzed.A mathematical model has been proposed which characterizes the level of environment-protective standardization and the tendency for its development.The information stream of national and international standards with respect to nomenclature and quality has been analyzed. Tendencies have been disclosed which coincide with mathematical calculations.A high completeness in standardization of procedures in performing measurements of the composition of natural waters and wastewater, orderliness in standardization, a tendency toward overall standardization, automatic, and instrumentation of standardized methods of performing measurements are characteristics of the leading countries in the environmental-protective respect (as applied to the needs to viscose manufacturing).The overall model of analytical control which has been made up in the leading countries in the environmental respect can be used in the man-made fibre sub-branch upon appropriate treatment.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 21–26, November–December, 1988.     

Clean-up of industrial wastewater from viscose manufacturing on filters having a foamed polystyrene charge

Conclusions Basic technological parameters of the process of filtering industrial wastewater from viscose manufacturing on filters having a polystyrene charge have been determined.It is recommended to use filters with a foamed polystyrene charge in the clean-up units of the Kalinin, Cherkassk, and Ryazansk Khimvolokno Industrial Association and the Sibvolokno PO to attain the required degree of wastewater clean-up in mechanochemical clean-up units.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 13–14, September–October, 1988.     

A complex system for using the wastes from viscose fibre manufacturing

Conclusions The rationality and efficiency of reprocessing nonstandard production and viscose fibre wastes into materials and articles which are necessary to the national economy has been demonstrated. Constructional material reinforced with nonwoven material (in the form of a lap) are particularly promising, since they have a set of valuable properties and can replace tekstolit and fibre-plastics based on cotton fibres, as well as valuable strains of wood and nonferrous metals.A complex system has been proposed for reprocessing fibrous waste and nonstandard production which is based on the fact that, dependence on the type of fibre and its strength, they can be used for manufacture of goods which are widely used or as reinforcing filler for composite materials for household, building, a constructional purposes.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 51–53, May–June, 1986.     

Use of chemical mutagens in cleaning up wastewater from synthetic fibre manufacturing

Conclusions The technology of treatment of active sludge is simple, but requires strict observance of the rules of safety technique in work with harmful substances (mutagens).The chemical mutagenesis method is selective and requires microbiological control over the operation of biological clean-up installations.Wastewater which has been cleaned up using the chemical mutagenesis method has an extremely low degree of toxicity.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 56–57, July–August, 1989.     

A viscose method of manufacturing semipermeable membranes for hemodialysis

Conclusions An analysis of possible ways to develop hydrocellulose semipermeable membranes for hemodialysis has been made.Advantages of the domestic diatsell membrane as compared with other semipermeable membranes for hemodialysis have been shown.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 23–24, January–February, 1985.     

粘胶短纤维生产污水的结垢及工业化解决方案研究

通过分析粘胶短纤维生产污水的结垢原因,探讨了污水中成垢离子硫酸根和钙离子产生的主要根源。对当前企业普遍采取的工业防治方法进行了分析对比,提出了粘胶短纤维生产污水结垢的最佳工业解决方案:单独收集纺练的酸性冲毛水,用石灰中和,再与其他排水混合。处理后可有效避开结垢浓度,污水硬度值控制在350 mg/L。该方法运行成本低,具有很好的工业化应用前景。     

Composition of the hemicellulose dissolved in press liquor from viscose manufacturing

Conclusion The hemicellulose dissolved in press liquor from viscose textile yarn manufacture contains two polysaccharide fractions, which differ in monosaccharide composition and solubility in water. Xylan makes up the water-insoluble fraction and, correspondingly, the precipitate in dialysis.The fact that the basic components in the polysaccharide complex from press liquor are xylose and mannose, to the extent of 83%, indicates a noncellulosic origin for it.Methods have been proposed for determining the carbonyl group content of hemicellulose and its mean degree of polymerization.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 31–32, September–October, 1985.     

Ion-exchange purification of wastewater from nickel

Conclusions The possibility of purifying wastewater from the manufacture of metallized man-made fibres by an ion-exchange method has been investigated.The use of the ion-exchange method of cleaning up wastewater will make it possible to solve the problem of decontaminating industrial wastes and also of repeated use of nickel in manufacturing.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 54–55, July–August, 1987.     

Flotation clean-up of waste water from high-modulus viscose fibre manufacturing from surface-active substances

Conclusions The possibility of cleaning up wastewater from nonionic surface-active substances (NSAS) by the flotation method (foam separation) has been demonstrated under experimental conditions.It has been found that the main factor which affects the degree of extraction of NSAS from wastewater is the ratio between the berol-visko 314 and the PEG-35. With decrease in the proportion of PEG-35 in the wastewater, the degree of extraction of berol-visko 314 rises to 80% at a flotation time of not over 60 min.A calcium ion content of up to 950 mg/liter in wastewater exerts no effect on the degree of extraction of the NSAS.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 52–54, January–February, 1988.     

Determination of zinc in wastewater from viscose manufacture by inversion potentiometry

Conclusions Results from use of the method of inversion potentiometry in the analysis of wastewater from the manufacture of viscose fibre have been presented.The simplicity of the equipment and of performing the analysis make it possible to rapidly determine low concentrations of toxic metals in a background of large amounts of organic and inorganic compounds.The accuracy of determining zinc content in wastewater in the presence of copper ion is increased by introducing a tenfold excess of gallium as referred to the copper.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 24–25, November–December, 1984.     

Cleaning up wastewater from viscose fibre manufacture by isolating local streams

Conclusions In viscose fibre plants, it is recommended to localize the absorber solution from the carbon disulfide regeneration unit and route it to a unit for crystallization of sodium thiosulfate.When there are no units for utilization of sodium thiosulfate in plants, or during the period of construction and start-up, it is recommended from the results of these studies to deliver the absorber solution containing sodium thiosulfate to biochemical clean-up together with farm and household wastewater.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 10–11, September–October, 1988.     

Regeneration of KU-2-8 resin with precipitation baths from viscose manufacturing

Conclusions The process of regenerating KU-2-8 resin with precipitation baths from viscose manufacturing has been investigated as compared with regeneration with sulfuric acid.It has been found that desorption of zinc from the resin by precipitation baths is rather efficient, which makes it possible to use precipitation bath in the regeneration process instead of 10% sulfuric acid solution.It has been shown that a high content of organic contaminants in the precipitation baths (COD of 2000–5661 mg O₂/liter) does not affect the sorptive properties of KU-2-8 resin.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 9–10, November–December, 1984.     

Photometric determination of aluminum sulfate in a zinc-aluminum-containing bath in viscose manufacturing

Conclusions A procecure has been developed for the photometric determination of the aluminum sulfate content of a mixed zinc-aluminum-containing precipitation bath in viscose manufacturing, using the bifunctional organic reagent chromazo-BRZ.The procedure is highly selective, simple, and rapid. The relative mean-squared deviation (variation coefficient) is 2.4% for an aluminum sulfate concentration of 20–30 g/dm³.The authors express his thanks to N. N. Basargin, doctor of chemical science, and his co-workers in the analytical division of the IGEM, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, for consultation and help in this work.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 52–53, November–December, 1989.     

Clean-up of low-concentration ventilation discharge from viscose manufacturing plants from carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide

Conclusions An analysis has been made of existing methods of cleaning up low-concentration gas discharges from viscose manufacturing from hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide.It has been found that the most effective method of purification in that which uses ion-exchange and carbon materials, and which requires developing apparatus (filters) of large unit capacity.For a number of plants, it is recommended to use the the thermal method of cleaning up low-concentration discharges from hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide; this is characterized by simplicity and low economic costs.A radical solution to the problem of protecting the air reservoir from contaminants is the development of low-waste technology including utilization of gaseous discharges. Low-waste technology in the manufacture of viscose fibre is being developed in the Khimvolokno NPO and will be realized in the very near future in one of the sub-branch plants.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 6–9, November–December, 1984.