Comparison of extraction solvents and techniques used for the assay of isoflavones from soybean

The impact of extraction solvents and techniques on the assay of isoflavones from soybean was investigated. This systematic study was undertaken to address substantial variations in the solvents and procedures used for the extraction of isoflavones from soybeans by different research groups as described in the recent peer-reviewed published literature. Comparison of four previously optimized and commonly deployed solvent mixtures (acetonitrile:water 58:42 (v/v); ethanol:water 70:30 (v/v); methanol:water 90:10 (v/v); superheated pressurized water) was carried out for the extraction of isoflavones. In addition, we also examined the extraction efficiencies of three additional new solvent mixtures (dimethyl sulphoxide:acetonitrile:water, 5:58:37 (v/v/v); dimethyl sulphoxide:ethanol:water, 5:70:25 (v/v/v); Genapol:water 5:95 (v/v)) for the extraction of isoflavones from soybeans. Assessments of six commonly used extraction techniques (shaking, vortexing, sonication, stirring, Soxhlet, and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)) with an optimized extraction solvent mixture was also performed. Both, the total isoflavones content and the isoflavones HPLC profile varied significantly with different extraction solvents and techniques. Optimum total isoflavones recoveries from soybean samples were obtained with dimethyl sulphoxide:ethanol:water (5:75:25, v/v/v) solvent mixture using a PLE. Intermediate extraction recoveries of total isoflavones from soybean samples were obtained with the other extraction solvent mixtures and techniques tested. The extraction efficiencies of isoflavones with shaker, vortex, stirring, and Soxhlet were between 65% and 70% as compared to PLE. Total isoflavones extracted by the sonication procedure was 93.3% as compared to PLE.     

Comparison of assembly techniques for textiles used in pneumatic devices

The paper presents an original study of several assembly techniques for textiles. The aim of the investigation is to develop a reliable technology which can be readily adapted to the industrial production of pneumatic muscles and active clothing. The research was carried on by means of several experimental tests using various assembly techniques. The woven choice is linked to the future purposes involved in this study. Results obtained are interesting and useful for various kinds of pneumatic systems.     

Volatile flavour profile of goat meat extracted by three widely used techniques

Three procedures for the isolation of volatiles from grilled goat meat were compared: dynamic headspace entrainment on Tenax TA, simultaneous steam distillation-extraction, and solid-phase microextraction. Headspace entrainment on Tenax TA extracted the highest number of Maillard-derived volatile compounds. Two hundred and three volatile components were identified; 159 are reported for the first time in goat meat. Most of the volatiles detected (155) were lipid oxidation products, such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters. Forty-eight Maillard-derived compounds were identified, comprising pyrazines, pyrroles, thiophenes, furanthiol derivatives, alkyl and alicyclic sulphides, pyridines, and thiazoles. Some reported character impact compounds of cooked meat, e.g., 12-methyltridecanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, methional, and dimethyl trisulphide were identified in the volatile profile of goat meat, together with a series of C₂ to C₅ alkylformylcyclopentenes, which have been reported in cooked chicken, pork, beef and lamb, as being important for the characteristic flavour impression of different animal species.     

生物保鲜技术在水产品保鲜中的应用研究

水产品收获期集中,营养丰富,极易腐败变质,因此水产品保鲜尤显重要.本文综述了酶制剂(包括葡萄糖氧化酶、溶菌酶、谷氨酰胺转胺酶、脂肪酶等)和抑制腐败菌的微生物(乳酸菌、荧光假单胞菌、两歧双歧杆菌等)在水产品保鲜中生物保鲜技术的应用研究.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from operating reserves used to backup large-scale wind power

Wind farms provide electricity with no direct emissions. However, their output cannot be forecasted perfectly, even a short time ahead. Consequently, power systems with large amounts of wind power may need to keep extra fossil-fired generators turned on and ready to provide power if wind farm output drops unexpectedly. In this work, I introduce a new model for estimating the uncertainty in short-term wind power forecasts, and how this uncertainty varies as wind power is aggregated over larger regions. I then use this model to estimate the reserve requirements in order to compensate for wind forecast errors to a 99.999% level of reliability, and an upper limit on the amount of carbon dioxide that would be emitted if natural gas power plants are used for this purpose. I find that for regions larger than 500 km across, operating reserves will undo 6% or less of the greenhouse gas emission savings that would otherwise be expected from wind power.     

利用光衍射测量长丝纱的变形结构

无变形的长丝纱倾向于以一种平行且均匀的方式排列在一起。相比于表面不太均匀且包含毛羽的短纤维纱线,无变形的长丝纱表面很光滑。在很多应用中,人们期望可在保留长丝纱连续性的同时获得短纤纱的某些特性。通过变形丝工艺,可以使长丝纱获得特定的性能,如高膨松性、高弹性和孔隙度。在实验室中,可以离线测量变形纱的性能,但还没有实现对运行过程中的纱线进行性能的实时在线光学检测。离线测量方法成本高,且只能获得随机纱线样本质量的统计信息。除介绍了最先进的变形纱参数的测量外,还提出了一种直接光学测量变形纱的潜在方法。     

Comparison of dynamic headspace and simultaneous distillation extraction techniques used for the analysis of the volatile components in three European PDO ewes’ milk cheeses

This preliminary study aims to compare two different extraction and concentration methods often used for the gas chromatographic analysis of volatile components in food to determine the advantages and drawbacks of both for future routine investigation of PDO (protected designation origin) ewes’ milk cheeses. Roncal, Pecorino Sardo and Fiore Sardo were investigated at different ripening stages. The dynamic headspace technique using a Purge & Trap device (DHS) makes it possible to extract more highly volatile compounds than the simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) method. Consequently, the latter is more efficient for extracting low-volatile components such as phenols, free fatty acids, lactones and longer-chain aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and esters. These two extraction methods are therefore complementary.     

Comparison of fractionation techniques to obtain prebiotic galactooligosaccharides

Four different fractionation techniques for obtaining galactooligosaccharides (GOS) free from digestible carbohydrates were compared. Diafiltration did not show any selectivity among mono-, di- and oligosaccharides, whereas yeast treatment to remove monosaccharides allowed a high recovery of GOS and disaccharides. Activated charcoal treatment showed a different selectivity in GOS recovery depending on the concentration of ethanolic water solutions used (1–15%). Ethanolic solutions of 8% led to a high recovery of GOS (～90%), but 20% of disaccharides were also recovered, whilst solutions with 10% ethanol allowed almost complete removal of disaccharides, but only ～53% of GOS trisaccharides were recovered. Finally, the purest GOS fractions (degree of polymerization up to 8) were obtained using size exclusion chromatography.     

橡子单宁脱除技术的比较研究

对常规水浸提法、超声波助提法和微波助提法对橡子单宁的脱除效果进行比较研究,实验结果表明:超声波助提较微波助提和常规水浸提效果明显.通过正交实验得出超声波助提脱除单宁的最佳条件为:水料比30 mL/g,温度45℃,时间40 min,超声波功率和频率分别为454 W和47.6kHZ.     

3种不同结构血管外支架的扭转性能比较

对经编结构、纬编结构和编织结构的血管外支架进行了试织,测试了其扭转性能,并对测试结果进行分析．发现纬编结构和编织结构支架在扭转过程中形成的扭结及束口会对血管造成压迫,不利于血管的修复,而经编结构支架在扭转过程中外观没有明显的变化,同时受力情况变化稳定,有助于血管重建．因此经编结构最适合用于编织血管外支架。     

Characterisation of volatile aroma compounds of orange juices by three dynamic and static headspace gas chromatography techniques

The influence of collection of volatiles by different headspace sampling techniques was compared for different orange juices, including one fresh unpasteurised, two reconstituted commercial juices and one juice freshly hand extracted in the laboratory. Dynamic headspace sampling from stirred juice samples (DH + S) and notably by purge and trap (PT) sampling gave the highest levels of analysed volatiles, but the composition of the isolated volatiles from the different types of juices varied depending on the volatiles collection method. Aroma sampling by dynamic headspace method without stirring (DH) gave results that reflected the equilibrium aroma composition as determined by static headspace better than that obtained by PT sampling. Totally, 67 aroma constituents were identified among all the orange juices. The largest amount of volatiles was isolated from the fresh commercial, unpasteurised juice, followed by the two reconstituted juices and the hand extracted juice. Limonene was the major constituent of all commercial juices comprising 72–93% of the total peak area of isolated volatiles, meanwhile its amount in the freshly hand extracted juices ranged from 25 to 62% depending on the method of isolation. Qualitatively, the aroma profiles of the freshly extracted oranges and the fresh, commercial unpasteurised juice were described by 62 and 55 aroma compounds, respectively, which included large proportions of esters and aldehydes. Only 41 and 34 aroma compounds, mainly terpenes, were identified in the reconstituted orange juices.     

Antimicrobial activity of nisin adsorbed to surfaces commonly used in the food industry

The adsorption isotherms of nisin to three food contact surfaces, stainless steel, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), and rubber at 8, 25, 40, and 60 degrees C, were calculated. For all surfaces, the increase in temperature led to a decrease in the affinity between nisin and the surface. The rubber adsorbed a higher amount of nisin (0.697 microg/cm2) in comparison with PET (0.665 microg/cm2) and stainless steel (0.396 microg/cm2). Adsorption of nisin to the stainless steel surface described L-2 type curves for all temperatures assayed. However, for PET and rubber surfaces, the isotherms were L-2 type (at 40 and 60 degrees C) and L-4 type curves (at 8 and 25 degrees C). Nisin retained its antibacterial activity once adsorbed to the food contact surfaces and was able to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus hirae CECT 279 on Rothe agar medium. The attachment of three Listeria monocytogenes strains to the three surfaces was found to be dependent on the surface, the strain, and the initial bacterial suspension in contact with the surface. The adsorption of Nisaplin on surfaces reduced the attachment of all L. monocytogenes strains tested. The effect of PET-based bioactive packaging in food was very encouraging. When applied to a food system, nisin-adsorbed PET bottles reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the levels of the total aerobic plate counts in skim milk by approximately 1.4 log units after 24 days of refrigerated storage (4 degrees C), thus extending its shelf life.     

The use of atomic force microscopy to measure the efficacies of various chemical sanitizers in removing organic matter from glass surfaces

Improper washing and sanitizing of tableware items is a significant public health risk. Residual food soils left on food-contact surfaces can harbor pathogenic microorganisms and may even allow them to form biofilms. This study investigated the effect of various sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compound, neutral electrolyzed water and an acidic formulation) for removal of various milk-based products (whole, 2% reduced fat, chocolate low-fat and skim milk) from underlining glass surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the thicknesses of the milk films left after attempts to clean the glass surfaces. Results showed that PRO-SAN® (the acidic formulation) significantly reduced the amount of residual food soil when compared with the other sanitizers. This could be due to sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (a surfactant) being present in the acidic formulation. The data also showed that whole and chocolate milk would be more difficult to clean when compared with 2% and skim milk.     

Comparison of species sensitivity distributions derived from interspecies correlation models to distributions used to derive water quality criteria

Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) require a large number of measured toxicity values to define a hazard level protective of multiple species. This investigation comprehensively evaluated the accuracy of SSDs generated from toxicity values predicted from interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) models. ICE models are log-log correlations of multiple chemical toxicity values for a pair of species that allow the toxicity of multiple species to be predicted from a single measured acute toxicity value for a surrogate species. ICE SSDs were generated using four surrogate species (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon varigatus; and water flea, Daphnia magna). ICE-based hazard concentrations (HC5s) from the 5th percentile of the log-logistic distribution of toxicity values were compared to HC5s determined from the acute toxicity of 55 chemicals from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). Measured fish and invertebrate acute toxicity data and HC5s from the AWQC data sets were compared to ICE-based HC5s. Surrogate species choice was found to be an important consideration in developing predictive HC5s. These results illustrated that fish predict fish betterthan invertebrates and D. magna predicted invertebrates better than most fish. For example, a mixed model of predicted fish and invertebrates from fathead minnow and D. magna as surrogate species provided predictive relationships with an average factor of 3.0 (+/- 6.7) over 7 orders of toxic magnitude and several chemical classes (HC5(predicted)/HC5(measured)). The application of ICE models is recommended as a valid approach for generating SSDs and hazard concentrations for chemicals with limited toxicity data.     

Comparison of the microflora isolated from spoiled cold-smoked salmon from three smokehouses

The microflora on spoiled, sliced and vacuum packed, cold-smoked salmon from three smokehouses was quantified and characterized in two independent experiments. Large variations in the microflora were observed both within (i.e. among vacuum packs from the same batch) and among the smokehouses. Lactic acid bacteria dominated the microflora, which reached 10⁷ cfu g⁻¹. Total viable counts of microorganisms alone were not related to quality, though spoilage characteristics were typical for microbiological spoilage. Among the lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus curvatus (ca 52–55%) was the most common species in both experiments with Lactobacillus saké, Lactobacillus plantarum, Carnobacterium spp. and Leuconostoc spp. present in smaller numbers. In some cases, large numbers of Enterobacteriaceae were also present and identified species were Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter agglomerans and Hafnia alvei. The microflora on cold-smoked salmon appeared to be related to the source of contamination i.e. the raw material and/or the smokehouse rather than being specific for the product, thus rendering the identification of the specific spoilage organisms difficult.     

Comparison of in vitro degradation of temperate forages using the gas production and filter bag techniques

BACKGROUND: Two of the most promising in vitro techniques for dynamic forage evaluation are the gas production (GP) and filter bag (FB) techniques. To improve our understanding of how these techniques describe the dynamic degradation of forages, 20 temperate forage samples were analysed by each method at different time points during a 96 h incubation period. The results of the recordings were fitted to a biphasic Michaelis–Menten model describing the degradation of rapidly and slowly degrading forage fractions. RESULTS: GP and disappearance from the FB measurements were correlated at all time points from 6 to 96 h (R² = 0.27–0.74), except at the 24 h incubation point. When GP was transformed into organic matter degradation (OMD), there was an even stronger correlation (R² = 0.54–0.75) between the techniques at all intervals. Comparison of the parameters from the Michaelis–Menten model resulted in correlations (R² = 0.83) between the sizes of the estimated forage fractions, but not between parameter determining the rates of their degradation. CONCLUSIONS: Both the GP and FB techniques have the potential to estimate the degradation of individual feed fractions in forages. Further studies in which the in vitro parameters are evaluated against livestock data, are needed to confirm the findings of this study, however. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

三个国家Cascade酒花香气对比分析

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱（HS-SPME-GC-MS）联用的方法分析测定中国、美国和新西兰Cascade颗粒酒花中香气化合物的组成,分别与Cascade酒花在麦汁煮沸时添加酒花的酒样香气化合物和在啤酒储存期干投酒花的酒样香气化合物进行对比分析,同时分别进行感官品评。结果表明,三个国家Cascade酒花的香气化合物相比较,新西兰Cascade酒花在麦汁煮沸过程中添加,香气化合物减少17种,增加3种,在啤酒储存期干投香气物质减少19种,增加12种;美国Cascade酒花在麦汁煮沸过程中添加,香气化合物减少18种,增加2种,在啤酒储存期干投香气物质减少12种,增加12种;中国Cascade酒花在麦汁煮沸过程中添加,香气化合物减少12种,增加5种,在啤酒储存期干投香气物质减少11种,增加14种。减少的主要是萜烯类物质,增加的主要是醇和酯类物质。感官品评方面,在麦汁煮沸过程中添加Cascade酒花,中国的Cascade酒花具有突出的柑橘、柠檬、苹果或桃子的香味;在啤酒储存期干投Cascade酒花,生成较多的醇类物质,酒花的利用率较高。     

纯净水中病毒三种富集方法的比较

目的 比较膜吸附法、膜吸附-PEG法和膜吸附-超滤法对纯净水中病毒的富集效果,并对优选的富集方法的实验条件进行比对,旨在寻找高效的方法,为其他水体中病毒富集检测提供技术借鉴。方法 本文以MS2噬菌体为目标病毒,制作高、低浓度水样,建立逆转录-荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)方法的标准曲线,进行定量检测。使用膜吸附法、膜吸附-PEG法和膜吸附-超滤法富集水样,并比较不同过滤膜、不同超滤管及两种核酸提取方法的回收率,选择最适方法。结果 膜吸附-超滤法、膜吸附-PEG法和膜吸附法回收率均值分别为19.80%±12.19%、12.71%±9.09%和9.05%±4.89%,各因素对回收率的影响顺序为:膜吸附-超滤法>膜吸附-PEG法>膜吸附法;高浓度>低浓度。混合纤维素酯膜的富集效果优于尼龙膜。100 K和50 K的超滤管富集效果无差异。硅胶离心柱法和磁珠法核酸提取效果无差异。结论 通过二次富集可提高富集效率,膜吸附-超滤法优于另两种方法,且其操作简单、耗时短、对设备依赖性低,易于推广。膜吸附-超滤法的实验条件仍可优化、完善,拓展其在不同水体和不同病毒富集中的应用。