脉冲视觉研究进展

视频是视觉信息处理的基础概念,传统视频的帧率只有几十Hz,不能记录光的高速变化过程,成为限制机器视觉速度的天花板,其根本原因在于视频概念脱胎于胶片成像,未能发挥电子和数字技术的潜力。脉冲视觉模型通过感光器件捕获光子,累积能量达到约定阈值时产生脉冲,形成脉冲的时间越长,表明收到的光信号越弱,反之光信号越强,据此可估计任意时刻的光强,从而实现连续成像。采用普通器件,研制了比影视视频快千倍的超高速成像芯片和相机,进而基于脉冲神经网络实现了超高速目标检测、跟踪和识别,打破了机器视觉提速依赖算力线性增长的传统范式。本文从脉冲视觉模型表达视觉信息的生物学基础和物理原理出发,介绍了脉冲视觉原理的软件模拟器及其模拟真实世界光子传播的计算过程,描述了基于脉冲视觉原理的高灵敏光电传感器件及芯片的工作机理和结构设计、基于脉冲视觉的影像重建原理以及脉冲视觉信号与普通图像信号融合的计算摄像算法与计算摄像系统,介绍了基于脉冲神经网络的超高速运动目标检测、跟踪与识别,通过对比国际国内相关研究内容和发展现状,展望了脉冲视觉的发展与演进方向。脉冲视觉芯片和系统在工业(高铁、电力和轮机等不停机监测,智能制造高速监视等)、民用(高速相机、智能交通、辅助驾驶、司法取证和体育判罚等)以及国防(高速对抗)等领域都具有巨大应用潜力,是未来值得重点关注和研究的一个重要方向。     

计算机视觉模型的研究与发展

按照什么模型发展计算机视觉是当前急待明确桑有富争议的问题。本文介绍了 以Ｍａｒｒ框架为基础的传统高觉模型并分析了它潜在的问题，阐述了目的视觉模型的特点及一些研究课题，在此基础上，提出了我们对通用视觉与目的视觉之我的一些看法，最后对计算机视觉进一步研究应重视的领域提出一些建议。     

基于踪片Tracklet关联的视觉目标跟踪:现状与展望

近年来，由于计算机视觉技术的发展和计算机硬件性能的提高，基于视觉的目标跟踪方法得到了飞速的发展.其中，基于踪片（Tracklet）关联的目标跟踪方法因为具有对目标遮挡的强鲁棒性、算法运行的快速性等优点得到了广泛关注，本文对这类方法的最新研究进展进行了综述.首先，简明地介绍了视觉目标跟踪的基本知识、研究意义和研究现状.然后，通过感兴趣目标检测、跟踪特征提取、踪片生成、踪片关联与补全四个步骤，系统详尽地介绍了基于踪片关联的目标跟踪方法，分析了近年来提出的一些踪片关联方法的优缺点.最后，本文指出了该研究问题的发展方向，一方面要提出更先进的目标跟踪模型，另一方面要采用平行视觉方法进行虚实互动的模型学习与评估.     

机器视觉工业检测系统的应用与发展

介绍了机器视觉工业检测系统的发展概况,阐述了机器视觉的研究已经从实验室走向实际应用的发展阶段,业已成为当代计算机技术研究的热点,获得了广泛的工业应用。重点讨论了机器视觉系统在实际工业生产中的应用及工业视觉检测原理、常用图像处理算法等。举例说明了如何利用模板匹配法对目标图像进行识别,从而实现对产品包装的检测。最后,指出在社会高度信息化发展过程中,在人类获取信息中占很大比例的视觉信息处理技术及机器视觉测量系统,将受到人们越来越多的关注。     

立体视觉研究的现状与进展

立体视觉是计算机视觉中的一个重要分支，一直是计算机视觉研究的重点和热点之一，在２０多年的发展过程中，逐渐形成了自己的方法和理论，本文系统地评述了立体视觉研究的现状与进展，分析比较了各种技术的优缺点和适用范围，并着重论述了立体视觉的核心－－立体一匹配的研究进展，总结分析了目前立体视觉研究所存在的主要问题和今后的发展方向。     

机器视觉在光学加工检测中的运用

随着科学技术的快速发展,自动化得到了广泛应用,而机器视觉作为当前比较新颖的技术,被应用于光学加工检测中,其主要是处理图像信息,由传统人眼检测逐渐向自动化转变,使得不同类型的检测以及判断更加准确。而本次重点针对机器视觉在光学加工检测中的运用进行了分析,首先阐述了机器视觉概念以及组成,然后重点分析机器视觉在光学加工检测中的运用。     

混合增强视觉认知架构及其关键技术进展

智能视觉系统虽然在大规模信息的特征检测、提取与匹配等处理上具备一定优势，但是在深层次认知上仍存在不确定性和脆弱性，尤其是针对视觉感知基础上的视觉认知任务，相关数理逻辑和图像处理方法并未实现质的突破，智能算法难以取代人类执行较为复杂的理解、推理、决策和学习等操作。为助力智能视觉感知和认知技术的进一步发展，本文总结了混合增强智能在视觉认知领域的应用现状，给出了混合增强视觉认知的基本架构，并对可纳入该架构下的应用领域及关键技术进行了综述。首先，在分析智能视觉感知内涵和基本范畴的基础上，融合人的视觉感知与心理认知，探讨混合增强视觉认知的定义、范畴及其深化过程，对不同的视觉信息处理阶段进行对比，进而在分析相关认知模型发展现状的基础上，构建混合增强视觉认知的基本框架。该架构不仅可依靠智能算法进行快速地检测、识别、理解等处理，最大限度地挖掘"机"的计算潜能，而且可凭借适时、适当的人工推理、预测和决策有效增强系统认知的准确性和可靠性，最大程度地发挥人的认知优势。其次，分别从混合增强的视觉监测、视觉驾驶、视觉决策以及视觉共享等4个领域探讨可纳入该架构的代表性应用及存在的问题，指出混合增强视觉认知架构是现有技术条件下能够更好地发挥计算机效能、减轻人处理信息压力的方式。最后，基于高、中、低计算机视觉处理技术体系，分析混合增强视觉认知架构中部分中高级视觉处理技术的宏观、微观关系，重点综述可视化分析、视觉增强、视觉注意、视觉理解、视觉推理、交互式学习以及认知评估等关键技术。混合增强视觉认知架构有助于突破当前视觉信息认知"弱人工智能"的瓶颈，将有力促进智能视觉系统向人机深度融合方向发展。下一步，还需在纯粹的基础创新、高效的人机交互、柔性的连接通路等方面开展更加深入的研究。     

基于头部特征的人体检测

视觉监控是计算机视觉领域中近年来备受关注的前沿研究方向,视觉人体运动分析是视频监控中的研究重点。通过提取俯视图中人体头部区域特征,进行人体检测。由于人体头部区域的类圆形特征,一种圆形人体头部模型被提出,如何检测到合适的圆是人体检测的关键问题。本文采用对光照变化有较强鲁棒性的灰度梯度特征来检测人头。精确的实验表明了该算法在人体头部检测方面有较高的准确性和稳定性。     

输电线路部件视觉缺陷检测综述

随着我国电网系统的不断发展，基层巡检作业负担越来越重，运维成本越来越高，如何实现输电线路部件缺陷的智能化检测变得愈发重要。同时，由于国家《新一代人工智能发展规划》的提出和国家电网"数字新基建"的部署，人工智能应用于电力设备运维的相关技术得到了快速发展，对输电线路部件视觉缺陷准确检测成为亟待解决的关键问题之一。早期基于图像处理和特征工程的部件视觉缺陷检测方法对图像质量的要求较高，无法真正应用于现实复杂的输电线路作业环境；随着深度学习的兴起，基于深度学习的检测模型可以有效地将部件目标及其缺陷从复杂的输电线路航拍图像中提取出来，既节省了人工设计特征的时间，又在性能上达到了显著提升，因此逐渐成为主流研究方法。本文首先描述了基于传统算法的输电线路关键部件视觉缺陷检测技术，回顾了深度学习的发展过程并分析了深度学习在缺陷检测领域的优缺点；围绕输电线路上3个重要的部件：绝缘子、金具以及螺栓，介绍了其定位与缺陷检测的研究现状；分析了输电线路部件缺陷检测中研究的样本不平衡问题、小目标检测问题、细粒度检测问题等几个关键问题；分析了符合电网巡检任务复杂场景需求和故障诊断标准的输电线路部件缺陷检测技术的未来发展趋势。     

计算机视觉下的车辆目标检测算法综述

车辆目标检测是基于计算机视觉的目标检测领域的一个重要应用领域,近年来随着深度学习在图像分类方面取得的巨大进展,机器视觉技术结合深度学习方法的车辆目标检测算法逐渐成为该领域的研究重点和热点。介绍了基于机器视觉的车辆目标检测的任务、难点与发展现状,以及深度学习方法中几种具有代表性的卷积神经网络模型,通过这些网络模型衍生出的two stage、one stage车辆目标检测算法和用于模型训练的相关数据集与检测效果评价标准,对其存在的问题及未来可能的发展方向进行了讨论。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.