人机工程学在炼化企业安全管理中的应用

人机工程学是研究人、机械及其工作环境之间相互作用的学科,安全管理中也要考虑人、机、环境之间的关系和矛盾,因此,人机工程学在安全管理中大有用处。本文对人机工程学在炼化企业安全管理上的应用做了一些总结,如：风险分析与评价、安全检查、事故成因分析、设计施工安全审查、现场目视化管理等方面,并对应用过程中存在的问题提出了一些改进措施。     

浅谈人机工程学在石化装置配管设计中的应用

现代石化工业的配管设计方式影响着工作在生产第一线的工人的健康和安全。本文以人机工程学理论为基础,结合相关人体测量数据,着重介绍了人机工程学在石化装置配管设计中的应用,且在设计中着重体现人性化设计因素。     

化工生产过程的安全人机工程探讨

运用安全人机工程学的基本原理,从人-机-环境系统的角度对化工生产过程进行安全分析,探讨化工生产过程的安全人机工程学方法。实践表明,运用安全人机工程学的方法行之有效。本文提出的新思路,对于化学工业的安全生产组织有现实意义。     

人机工程学简析

1．概述1．1人机工程学的基本概念及作用：人机工程学是本世纪五十年代初发展起来的一门边缘学科。它是运用人体测量学、生理学、心理学等科学的研究手段和成果，即将人体特性、能力和活动限度等方面的数据用于机器（系统）及其所处环境的设计中去，使操作者能安全、舒适和高效率地工作。人机工程学研究的核心是“人一机一环境”。人机关系实际上是解决人与物的关系，这里所指的“机”，既可狭指机器和工具，也可引伸为一切人造物的机制、结构。人机工程学几乎涉及人类劳动、工作和生活的每一个角落，只是表现形式不同而已。飞机驾驶员与操…     

人机工程学在生产过程中的应用

本文从人机工程学的定义入手，简要介绍了人机工程学的研究内容及人机系统，并对利用人机工程学理论，改善劳动作业条件，提出了一些看法。     

基于人机工程学的健康办公椅设计研究

在办公室工作人员的日常工作中,办公椅的舒适程度对工作人员的健康和工作效率有很大的影响。本文首先就人机工程学在办公椅的发展过程中的应用进行介绍,最后重点探讨健康办公椅的设计和研究方法。     

矿山安全人机工程学

矿山安全人机工程学是从保护矿工的角度进行人—机—环境间的研究,保证人的安全健康乃至舒适愉快,同时提高劳动生产率并保护自然资源。重点是让机械和环境与人相互适应,或者使机械和环境更多地适应人。     

警用装备方舱的人机工程学分析研究

警用装备方舱是从武警部队执行任务的实际需要出发,本着安全、方便、快速的思想而设计,结合人机工程学,对警用装备方舱的结构尺寸进行分析和探讨,提出了新的改进措施和设想,并对警用装备方舱的应用做了展望。     

基于小户型家居的浴缸设计研究

随着户型结构的改变与人口城镇率的稳步提高,城市房价高昂,许多购房者选择小户型的房屋产品,因此小户型家居的需求增加。本文以小户型家居中的卫浴产品入手,分析小户型浴缸设计的矛盾点,结合人机工程学,解决小户型浴缸中“空间”、“用户”与“产品”的矛盾,为小户型浴缸的设计提供更多的思路。     

论陶瓷产品设计领域的人机工程学

人机工程学是研究人、机械及其工作环境之间相互作用的学科。该学科在其自身的发展过程中 ,逐步打破了各学科之间的界限 ,并有机地融合了各相关学科的理论 ,不断地完善自身的基本概念、理论体系、研究方法以及技术标准和规范 ,从而形成了一门研究和应用范围都极为广泛的综合性边缘学科。因此 ,它具有现代各门新兴边缘学科共有的特点。人类发明制陶瓷技术 ,历史悠久。尽管人类从开始制造陶器时就开始考虑陶器制品的尺度、效率等人机因素 ,但作为一门独立的学科 ,人机工程学是在近代才逐步确立的。十七世纪的欧洲革命 ,十八世纪后期美国的工业…     

植物性天然香料的研究进展

介绍了植物性天然香料的重要成分萜烯类、酚类、生物碱类的生物功效与毒副性,探讨了影响其组成的环境因素,对比说明了水蒸气蒸馏法、超临界萃取法、溶剂萃取法、压榨法、微波辐射诱导萃取法的优缺点。对植物性天然香料的分离原理与技术、现代仪器分析方法进行了综述,介绍了顶空分析法、固相富集法,并列出了植物性天然香料在各行业中的具体应用情况。指出今后植物性天然香料的研究方向是应用生物反应工程及微波技术等,以提高香料的提取收率,综合利用,进一步分离精制,开发出具有特效功能的高附加值产品。     

天然香料与生物技术

天然香料是高附加值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂 ,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。本文简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香料中的应用 ,并探讨了生物技术在香料中的应用前景。     

Characteristic Evaluation for Volatile Components of Soluble Coffee Depending on Freeze-Drying Conditions

Abstract

Volatile aroma compounds of freeze-dried soluble coffee were investigated to evaluate the effects of freeze-drying temperature conditions on their intensities and aroma characteristics by employing both GC/MS and charm-analysis, which is a GC/Olfactometry (GC/O) method. The coffee solutions with 40% solid content were freeze-dried changing freezing and drying temperatures. According to the results, it was demonstrated that the compounds identified based on human olfactory sense were different from those detected by GC/MS, and that the GC/O analysis method enabled evaluation of the characteristics and intensity of each compound as well as aroma profiles under various freezing and drying temperatures. Subsequently, GC/O method was found to be effective to detect and identify the volatile compounds giving the aroma peculiar to freeze-dried coffee, and useful to obtain the fundamental information for designing the optimal aroma characteristics of final product to conform the consumer preference based on the characteristic changes in aroma affected by freeze-drying conditions.     

Aroma Release from Solid Droplet Emulsions: Effect of Lipid Type

Aroma compounds partition between the different phases of a food emulsion and the headspace but only those in the headspace are perceived. Phase transitions in the lipid droplets profoundly affect the position of the partitioning equilibria and hence headspace aroma concentration. The release of four volatile aroma compounds (ethyl butanoate, pentanoate, heptanoate and octanoate) from eicosane, hydrogenated palm fat or Salatrim^® emulsions stabilized with sodium caseinate were investigated as a function of fat crystallization, particle size and droplet concentration. For all compounds, the headspace aroma concentration in equilibrium with solid droplet emulsions was significantly higher than that in equilibrium with liquid droplet emulsions. The partitioning of volatile aroma compounds from emulsion does not depend on the type of liquid lipid, however, the interactions between solid lipid droplets and aroma compounds are significantly influenced by the nature of the crystalline fat. Notably, partitioning into the headspace was much lower for solid triglyceride droplet emulsions than for solid alkane emulsions. It was proposed that both residual liquid lipid in solid triglycerides and aroma co-crystallization with solid lipid could be responsible for higher aroma absorption by solid triglycerides.     

芳香按摩疗法的应用原理

按摩是中国最古老的一种手技疗法,亦称推拿、按跷等。而芳香按摩疗法是在人体体表及经络或穴位上运用各种手法,辅以芳香物质进行按摩治疗,达到强身健体和治疗疾病的目的。能否达到这一目的,关键在于是否能掌握和运用好各种芳香物质品种以及按摩手法。因为芳香按摩的治疗效果直接与芳香物质品种的配制、皮肤的透皮吸收、按摩手法的技巧和按摩手法的选择有关。     

Pervaporative aroma compounds recovery from lemon juice using poly(octyl methyl siloxane) membrane

BACKGROUND: In this research, a pervaporation process was used to recover volatile aroma compounds from lemon juice using a poly(octyl methyl siloxane) membrane. The majority of previous studies have been with binary model feed systems, while the results with actual feed mixtures did not always match those with model feeds. In order to successfully optimize the pervaporation process, it is essential to work with actual fruit juice. The influences of various operating parameters such as feed flow rate, feed temperature and permeate pressure on the permeate flux and selectivity were investigated. For this purpose, three compounds that make a significant contribution to lemon juice aroma, namely, α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene were studied. RESULTS: It was shown that decreasing the permeate pressure increased both permeation flux and enrichment factor, while an increase in feed temperature increased the water flux more significantly than the aroma compounds flux, resulting in lower enrichment factor. Also, the results indicated that feed flow rate had no significant effect on the performance of the process. CONCLUSION: The membrane used was found to be very selective towards α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene. It can be concluded that pervaporation is an attractive technology for the recovery of lemon aroma compounds as it yields good separation and operates under mild conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemotherapeutic engineering: Application and further development of chemical engineering principles for chemotherapy of cancer and other diseases

This review defines chemotherapeutic engineering as an engineering discipline that applies and further develops chemical engineering principles, techniques and devices for chemotherapy of cancer and other diseases. It provides new challenges as well as new opportunities for chemical engineering. Chemical engineering has substantially changed the human civilization through its services and products to improve the quality of life for human being. It is now time for chemical engineering to contribute to the most important aspect of the quality of life—human health care. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes for deaths. Chemotherapy is one of the most important treatments currently available for cancer and other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. The present status of chemotherapy is far from being satisfactory. Its efficacy is limited and patients have to suffer from serious side effects, some of which are life-threatening. Chemotherapeutic engineering is emerging to help solving the problems in chemotherapy and to eventually develop an ideal way to conduct chemotherapy with the best efficacy and the least side effects. This review gives, from an engineering point of view, brief introductions to cancer and cancer treatment, chemotherapy and the problems involved in chemotherapy, and the possible roles of chemical engineering in solving the problems involved. Progress in developing various controlled and targeted drug delivery systems is reviewed with an emphasis on nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers and lipid bilayer vesicles (liposomes). Preparation, characterization, in vitro release, cell line experiments and animal testing of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles are described with paclitaxel as a prototype drug, which is one of the best anticancer drugs found in nature. A novel drug delivery system, liposomes-in-microspheres, is used as an example for possible combinations of the existing polymer- and lipid-based delivery systems. Research of molecular interactions between the drug and the cell membrane is also reviewed, with the lipid monolayer at the air-water or oil-water interface and bilayer vesicles as models for the cell membrane. Finally, mathematical modeling in chemotherapeutic engineering is discussed with typical examples in the literature. This review is a short introduction of chemotherapeutic engineering to chemical engineers, biomedical engineers, other engineers, clinical oncologists, and pharmaceutical scientists, who are interested in developing new dosage forms of drugs for chemotherapy of cancer and other diseases with the best efficacy and the least side effects.     

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF AROMA RETENTION IN SPRAY DRYING AND FREEZE DRYING

For many food products the presence of volatile aroma components is a prime quality feature. Upon drying part of these components may be lost, leading to unbalanced flavour patterns in the reconstituted product. The mechanisms of aroma loss in most drying processes are well understood by now. For homogeneously dissolved aroma components this can be described succesfully by Thijssen's selective diffusion theory. Somewhat more complicated is the loss of aroma components which are present in the form of a dispersion.

An extensive overview is given of theory and experimental work on aroma loss in slab drying, spray drying and freeze drying. Practical processing rules following from the basic insights are discussed. It is the intention to present a broad coverage of the subject.     

芳香疗法研究中使用的各种方法

论述了芳香疗法研究中使用的各种方法。使用这些方法的目的是增加人们对香料和精油的各种功效的了解以及这些芳香化合物作用于人体后产生的各种作用等的知识。论述并讨论了动物实验和人健康受试者试验中 ,香料化合物具有各种生理和药理作用的新成果 ,还强调了芳香疗法的正确定义