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1.
Afaf Kamal-Eldin Lars Åke Appelqvist 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(2):135-139
Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn. and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum and Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil content and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The wild seeds contained
less oil (ca. 30%) than the cultivated seeds (ca. 50%). Lipids from all four species were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with palmitic (8.2–12.7%), stearic
(5.6–9.1%), oleic (33.4–46.9%) and linoleic acid (33.2–48.4%) as the major acids. The total lipids from selected samples were
fractionated by thin-layer chromatography into five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG; 80.3–88.9%), diacylglycerols (DAG; 6.5–10.4%),
free fatty acids (FFA; 1.2–5.1%), polar lipids (PL; 2.3–3.5%) and steryl esters (SE; 0.3–0.6%). Compared to the TAG, the four
other fractions (viz, DAG, FFA, PL and SE) were generally characterized by higher percentages of saturated acids, notably palmitic and stearic
acids, and lower percentages of linoleic and oleic acids in all species. Slightly higher percentages of long-chain fatty acids
(20∶0, 20∶1, 22∶0 and 24∶0) were observed for lipid classes other than TAG in all four species. Based on the fatty acid composition
of the total lipids and of the different acyl lipid classes, it seems thatS. radiatum andS. angustifolium are more related to each other than they are to the other two species. 相似文献
2.
Muhammet Arici Murat Tasan Umit Gecgel Semra Ozsoy 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(5):439-441
In this research, FA composition and total trans FA contents of 16 different brands of margarine (8 hard-type and 8 soft-type) sold in Turkey were determined by capillary
GLC method. According to the results, the contents of saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, and PUFA were within the ranges of
23.9–32.3, 44.0–61.9, and 14.2–24.1%, respectively, in hard-type margarines, and 27.0–39.9, 21.0–40.9, and 32.0–53.7%, respectively,
in soft-type margarines. Hard-type margarines contained total trans FA concentrations of 20.1–34.3%, whereas soft-type margarines contained less than 8.9% total trans FA. C18∶1
trans acid content was within the range of 18.5–29.8% in hard-type margarines, and it was significantly higher than the range in
soft margarines (0.7–8.1%). C18∶1
trans acid was the major trans FA in all margarines, and C18∶3
trans acid concentrations were less than 0.2%. 相似文献
3.
Daniel R. Muchiri Symon M. Mahungu Simon N. Gituanja 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(9):1567-1575
Four varieties (Boribo, Dodo, Kagege, and Kent) of ripe mango (Mangifera indica, L.) fruits were collected directly from the farmers in Meru County (Kenya), peeled, depulped and the stones deshelled. The mango kernels obtained were crushed, sun-dried, and extracted using petroleum ether (b.p. 40–60 °C). The fat content of the mango kernels varied from 8.5 to 10.4 % depending on the variety. The mango seed kernels constituted about (4.76–6.70 %) crude protein (Nx6.25), (1.74–2.26 %) crude ash, (71.90–76.28 %) crude carbohydrate, (1743–1782 kJ) gross energy, (1547–1576 kJ) available energy, and mean protein:energy ratios of (2.63–3.76 mg/kJ) all on a moisture free basis. The moisture content of fresh mango seed kernels varied from 42.1 to 67.6 % depending on the variety. The fat had a melting point of 25–33 °C, an iodine value of 51.08–56.79, an acid value of 4.49–7.48, free fatty acid (as oleic) of 2.26–3.76, a saponification number of 188.8–195.9, unsaponifiable matter of 2.26–2.74 %, a peroxide value of 0.40–0.75, a refractive index(40 °C) of 1.4562–1.4597 and a specific gravity of 0.9017–0.9087. Investigation of the fatty acid composition revealed(GLC) nine fatty acids: tetradecanoic acid (trace-0.05 %), pentadecanoic acid (trace–0.09 %), hexadecanoic acid (4.87–10.57 %), heptadecanoic acid (trace-O.10 %), octadecanoic acid (24.22–32.80 %), 9-(Z)-octadecenoic acid (46.37–58.59 %), 9-(Z), 12-(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (6.73–10.35 %), 9-(Z), 12-(Z), 15-(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (0.601–1.8 %), and eicosanoic acid (0.62–1.64 %). The fat had the typical characteristics of a vegetable butter. 相似文献
4.
A. Yu. Krylova V. I. Kurkin M. V. Kulikova A. S. Lyadov S. A. Sagitov 《Solid Fuel Chemistry》2011,45(4):281-285
It was demonstrated that R
2–R
4 saturated monohydric alcohols can be synthesized from CO and H2 in the presence of Fe catalysts containing a carbon support of the Sibunit type with granule sizes of 3–5, 1–2, and 0.05–0.1
mm in a fixed-bed reactor at 3 MPa and 240–300°C. It was found that the activity of Fe/Sibunit catalysts and their selectivity
for the formation of liquid synthetic products increased with the size of granules and the amount of iron. The catalysts make
it possible to obtain fatty alcohols, in which the fraction of R
2–R
4 alcohols is as high as 75%, in yields to 56 g/m3. 相似文献
5.
This study presents the FA composition and trans FA (TFA) contents of different hydrogenated vegetable oils and blended fats marketed in Pakistan. Thirty-four vanaspati (vegetable
ghee), 11 shortenings, and 11 margarines were analyzed. The contents of saturated FA, cis monounsaturated FA, and cis PUFA were in the following ranges: vanaspati 27.8–49.5, 22.2–27.5, 9.3–13.1%; vegetable shortenings 37.1–55.5, 15.8–36.0,
2.7–7.0%; and margarines 44.2–55.8, 21.7–39.9, 2.9–20.5%, respectively. Results showed significantly higher amounts of TFA
in vanaspati samples, from 14.2 to 34.3%. Shortenings contained TFA proportions of 7.3–31.7%. The contents of TFA in hard-type
margarines were in the range of 1.6–23.1%, whereas soft margarines contained less than 4.1% TFA. 相似文献
6.
Farooq Anwar Rehana Naseer M. I. Bhanger Samia Ashraf Farah Naz Talpur Felix Adekunle Aladedunye 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2008,85(4):321-330
The physico-chemical characteristics of the seeds and seed oils of four citrus species, Mitha (Citrus limetta), Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Mussami (Citrus sinensis), and Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) were investigated. The hexane-extracted oil content of citrus seeds ranged from 27.0 to 36.5%. The protein, fiber and ash
contents were found to be 3.9–9.6%, 5.0–8.5%, and 4.6–5.6%, respectively. The extracted oils exhibited an iodine value of
99.9–110.0; refractive index (40 °C), 1.4639–1.4670; density (24 °C), 0.920–0.941 mg/mL; saponification value, 180.9–198.9;
unsaponifiable matter, 0.3–0.5%; acid value (mg KOH/g of oil), 0.5–2.2 and color (1-in. cell) 1.4–3.0R + 15.0–30.0Y. The oils
revealed a good oxidative stability as indicated by the determinations of specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm (2.3–4.4
and 0.6–0.9, respectively), p-anisidine value (2.2–3.2) and peroxide value (1.6–2.4 mequiv/kg of oil). The citrus seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic
acid (36.1–39.8%). Other prominent fatty acids were palmitic acid (25.8–32.2%), oleic acid (21.9–24.1%), linolenic acid (3.4–4.4%),
and stearic acid (2.8–4.4%). The contents of tocopherols (α, γ, and δ) in the oil were 26.4–557.8, 27.7–84.1, and 9.1–20.0 mg/kg,
respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seeds of citrus species investigated are a potential
source of valuable oil which might be utilized for edible and other industrial applications. 相似文献
7.
Interprovenance variation was examined in the composition of Moringa oleifera oilseeds from Pakistan. The hexane-extracted oil content of M. oleifera seeds harvested in the vicinity of the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Punjab, Pakistan), Bahauddin Zakariya University
(Multan, Pakistan), and the University of Sindh, Jamshoro (Sindh, Pakistan), ranged from 33.23 to 40.90%. Protein, fiber,
moisture, and ash contents were found to be 28.52–34.00, 6.52–7.50, 5.90–7.00, and 6.52–7.50%, respectively. The physical
and chemical parameters of the extracted M. oleifera oils were as follows: iodine value, 67.20–71.00; refractive index (40°C), 1.4570–1.4637; density (24°C), 0.9012–0.9052 mg/mL;
saponification value, 177.29–184.10; unsaponifiable matter, 0.60–0.83%; color (1-in. cell), 1.00–1.50 R+20.00–30.00Y; smoke
point, 198–202°C; and acidity (% as oleic acid), 0.50–0.74. Tocopherols (α, γ, and δ) accounted for 114.50–140.42, 58.05–86.70,
and 54.20–75.16 mg/kg, respectively, of the oils. The induction periods (Rancimat, 20 L/h, 120°C) of the crude oils were 9.64–10.66
h and were reduced to 8.29–9.10 h after degumming. Specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm were 1.80–2.50 and 0.54–1.00, respectively.
The major sterol fractions of the oils were campesterol (14.13–17.00%), stigmasterol (15.88–19.00%), β-sitosterol (45.30–53.20%),
and ͤ5-avenasterol (8.84, 11.05%). The Moringa oils were found to contain high levels of oleic acid (up to 76.00%), followed by palmitic, stearic, behenic, and arachidic
acids up to levels of 6.54, 6.00, 7.00, and 4.00%, respectively. Most of the parameters of M. oleifera oils indigenous to different agroclimatic regions of Pakistan were comparable to those of typical Moringa seed oils reported in the literature. The results of the present analytical study, compared with those for different vegetable
oils, showed M. oleifera to be a potentially valuable oilseed crop. 相似文献
8.
Javier Vioque Julio Pastor Eduardo Vioque 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(4):493-495
Sterol composition was determined for seed oils and leaf waxes in eleven taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Seed sterols ranged from 1.2 to 6.7%. The major components
were sitosterol (42.6–54.6%), campesterol (20.4–33.2%), and brassicasterol (10.8–23.5%). In leaf waxes, the major free sterols
were sitosterol (40.9–74.2%), campesterol (9.6–17.0%), and cholesterol (4.6–17.0%). In leaf wax esters, the major sterols
were sitosterol (22.2–56.5%), cholesterol (7.3–32.8%), and campesterol (5.8–25.6%). An apparent substitution of brassicasterol
in free sterols from the seeds by cholesterol in free sterols from the leaves was observed. There was an increase of cholesterol
in sterols from leaf wax esters with respect to free sterols from leaves and seeds. InC. monensis subsp.nevadensis, the composition in sterols from leaf waxes may be an adaptation to low temperatures. 相似文献
9.
Results are presented for studying the effect of grain size composition for ground carbonate raw material and introduction
of additions of calcium and magnesium hydrosilicates on clinker properties. A highly dense water-resistant magnesia-lime clinker
of apparent density 3.28–3.34 g/cm3 is prepared from magnesia-lime raw material with a firing temperature of 1750–1800°C. A plastifying-water repellent agent
has been developed making it possible to process magnesia-lime clinker into materials with a long storage life, i.e. fired
granules of clinker for more than one year, fraction 5.0–1.0 mm for not less than 15 days, fraction 1.0–0.5 mm for not less
than ten days, and articles for 30–45 days.
__________
Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 9, pp. 39–44, September 2007. 相似文献
10.
Abdalbasit Adam Mariod Yousif M. Ahmed Bertrand Matthäus Galaledin Khaleel Abdeen Siddig Aied Mohamed Gabra Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2009,86(12):1181-1188
The proximate analysis of seeds and physicochemical properties of oils extracted from six Sudanese cucurbit seeds Cucumis mello var. agrestis, Cucumis melo var. flexuosus, Cucumis sativus, Citrullus lanatus var. colocynthoides, Cucumis prophetarum, and Luffa echinata were examined by established methods. For each variety, the proximate analysis showed ranges for moisture, protein, and carbohydrates
as 3.70–6.87, 14.50–17.50, and 15.62–28.89% on a dry matter basis, respectively. The oils were extracted by Soxhlet using
petroleum ether, with yields that ranged from 10.9 to 27.10% (wt/wt). The obtained extracted oils were subjected to phyiscochemical,
fatty acid, and tocopherol analysis. The physicochemical characterization of the oil revealed that the refractive indices
and relative densities of the oils fell within the narrow ranges of 1.334–1.442 and 0.874–0.920 g/cm3, respectively. Unsaponifiable matters ranged between 0.8 and 1.2 mg KOH/g, whilst peroxide values (PV) ranged from 2.3 to
4.1 meq/kg. The ranges of the values for free fatty acid (FFA %) were 1.2–4.0%. The predominant fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0,
18:1, and 18:2 with ranges of 8.9–14.2, 6.0–9.4, 14.6–32.1, and 43.6–65.5%, respectively. γ-Tocopherol was the predominant
tocopherol in all samples ranging from 0.8 to 43.2% of the total tocopherols, followed by δ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol. 相似文献
11.
V. V. Nepomnyashchii T. V. Mosina A. K. Radchenko G. Ya. Kalutskii 《Refractories and Industrial Ceramics》2008,49(3):194-196
Results are provided for a study of electrolytic ferromagnetic powders with a composite coating after reduction annealing.
The powders may be used in oxide and carbide ceramics, which makes it possible to reduce the sintering temperature by 10–12%
(100–150°C), to reduce open porosity by 7%, and to increase hardness.
Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 52–54, April 2008. 相似文献
12.
Robert L. Wolff William W. Christie Anne M. Marpeau 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(2):273-276
The fatty acid composition of Ginkgo biloba seed lipids was reinvestigated with particular emphasis on the polymethylene-interrupted octadecadienoic and eicosadienoic
acids. Analysis of the picolinyl esters and 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives by capillary gas-liquid chromatography on a
highly polar cyanopropyl polysiloxane stationary phase coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of three such
acids, with the structures 5,9–18:2, 5,11–18:2, and 5,11–20:2. This indicated that in G. biloba seeds, cis-vaccenic (11–18:1) acid may be a substrate for the Δ5-desaturase characteristic of gymnosperms. The 5,11-18:2 acid was not
limited to G. biloba, as it may occur in a few other species. The 5,11-20:2 acid is a common component of the seed lipids
from almost all gymnosperm species analyzed so far. 相似文献
13.
Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq Mansoor Ahmad Shahid Iqbal Shakeel Ahmad Hakoomat Ali 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(12):1143-1148
The physiochemical properties and fatty acid (FA) composition of oil from seeds of four desi chickpea cultivars, grown in
Pakistan, were investigated. The oil content was relatively low (5.88–6.87%). The physiochemical parameters determined included
refractive indices (RI) at 40 °C (1.48–1.49), relative density (0.95–0.96), iodine value (IV) (111.87–113.69), acid value
(AV) (2.55–2.73 mg KOH/g), saponification value (SV) (183.98–185.64 mg KOH/g), unsaponifiable matter (UM) (2.99–3.71%), peroxide
value (PV) (3.97–6.37 mequiv/Kg), p-anisidine value (p-AV) (5.39–8.74), and oxidation value (OV) (13.67–22.34). Linoleic acid and oleic acid were the dominant FAs. Results from
most of the parameters revealed significant (P < 0.05) differences among the cultivars. The findings reveal Desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), indigenous to Pakistan, to be a potentially valuable legume crop with comparable nutritional quality oil. 相似文献
14.
Roger Wayne Miller F. R. Earle I. A. Wolff Quentin Jones 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(10):817-821
Seed from additional species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for crude protein, oil and fatty acids in the oil. Oils were
like those reported earlier from other crucifers, except forCardamine impatiens which is unique among known seed oils because it contains some 25% dihydroxy acids. Erucic acid is present (0.3–55%) in about
three-fourths of the 102 samples. Eicosenoic acid is a major constituent (32–53%) in four species and monohydroxy acids (45–72%)
in another four. Linolenic acid occurs (2–66%) in oil of all species.
Presented at the AOCS meeting in Chicago, Ill., October 11–14, 1964.
A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. and Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.
ARS, USDA. 相似文献
15.
Analytical characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
Farooq Anwar Sajid Latif Muhammad Ashraf 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2006,83(4):323-329
Cold-pressed oil content of Cannabis sativa (hemp) seeds from three different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan ranged from 26.90 to 31.50%. Protein, fiber, ash, and
moisture content were found to be 23.00–26.50, 17.00–20.52, 5.00–7.60, and 5.60–8.50%, respectively. Results of some other
physical and chemical parameters of the oil were as follows: iodine value, 154.00–165.00; refractive index (40°C), 1.4698–1.4750;
density (24°C), 0.9180–0.9270 mg ml−1; saponification value, 184.00–190.00; unsaponifiable matter, 0.70–1.25%; and color (1-in cell), 0.50–0.80 R+27.00–32.00 Y.
The induction period (Rancimat, 20 L h−1, 120°C) of the nondegummed and degummed oils ranged from 1.35 to 1.72 h and from 1.20 to 1.49 h, respectively. Specific extinctions
at 232 and 270 nm were 3.50–4.18 and 0.95–1.43, respectively. The hemp oils investigated were found to contain high levels
of linoleic acid, 56.50–60.50%, followed by α-linolenic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, and γ-linolenic acids: 16.85–20.00, 10.17–14.03,
5.75–8.27, 2.19–2.79, and 0.63–1.65%, respectively. Tocopherols (α, γ, and δ) in the nondegummed oils were found to be 54.02–60.40,
600.00–745.00, 35.00–45.60, respectively, and were reduced to 29.90–50.00, 590.00–640.00, and 30.40–39.50 mg kg−1, respectively, after degumming. The results of the present analytical study, compared with those found in the typical literature
on hempseed oils, showed C. sativa indigenous to Pakistan to be a potentially valuable nonconventional oilseed crop of comparable quality. 相似文献
16.
Seed oils of Origanum onites L. from the Antalya and Mugla regions and O. vulgare L. from the Kirklareli region of Turkey were extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus. The oil yields were 14.1–20.0
and 18.5%, respectively. FA compositions of the seed oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty FA were identified in both
O. onites and O. vulgare seeds. The major FA of both species were linolenic (56.3–57.0%; 61.8%), linoleic (21.5–21.7%; 18.8%), oleic (8.7–8.9%; 5.9%),
palmitic (5.9–6.5%; 5.5%), stearic (2.1–2.4%; 2.1%), and (Z)-11-octadecenoic (0.6–0.8%; 0.5%), respectively. 相似文献
17.
Jing Yang Ciqin Zhou Gaofeng Yuan Duo Li 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(3):401-407
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim (T. kirilowii) seeds from four geographical locations (Changxing, Quzhou, Yuexi, Dongzhi) contained 26.15–49.41% oil and 28.68–37.90% protein.
The seed oil was distinguished by the conjugated linolenic acids, punicic acid (PA) and α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA). The main
fatty acids in T. kirilowii seed oils were ranked in the following order: punicic acid (33.09–39.15%), linolenic acid (33.77–38.66%), oleic acid (15.15–24.88%),
palmitic acid (2.36–4.86%). PA was the main isomer of CLNA (33.09–39.15%). No significant differences were found either in
PA content or in α-ESA content of T. kirilowii seed from these geographical locations. Little difference was observed in the quantitative composition of the lipid contents
of seeds from different geographical locations. The α-tocopherol content of T. kirilowii seed ranged from 6.34 to 31.74 mg/100 g, with the highest levels in Changxing seeds. The present results showed that T. kirilowii seeds were especially rich in PA, and their contents were not influenced by the geographical locations. Variation in some
proximate compositions by geographical locations may be caused by ecological conditions, temperature, climate condition, technical
and cultural conditions. 相似文献
18.
Green leaf manuring with prunings of Leucaena leucocephala is regarded as a useful source of N to plants but the actual substitution of N fertilizer, release and recovery of N as well
as effects on soil fertility are not adequately studied. The present studies investigated the effect of sole and combined
use of Leucaena prunings and urea N fertilizer in different proportions on productivity, profitability, N uptake and balance in maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system at New Delhi during 2002–2003 and 2003–2004. Varying quantities of Leucaena green leaf biomass containing 3.83–4.25% N (18.2–20.5 C:N ratio) were applied to provide 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended
N (120 kg ha−1) to both maize and wheat before sowing. In general, direct application of urea N increased the productivity of both crops
more than Leucaena green leaf manure, but the reverse was true for the residual effect of these sources. The productivity of maize increased
progressively with increasing proportions of N through urea fertilizer and was 2.41–2.52 t ha−1 with 60 kg N ha−1 each applied through Leucaena and urea, which was at par with that obtained with 120 kg N ha−1 through urea alone (2.56–2.74 t ha−1). Similarly, wheat yield was also near maximum (4.46–5.11 t ha−1) when equal amounts of N were substituted through Leucaena and urea. Residual effects were obtained on the following crops and were significant when greater quantity of N (>50%) was
substituted through Leucaena. Nitrogen uptake and recovery were also maximum with urea N alone, and N recovery was higher in maize (33.4–42.1%) than in
wheat (27.3–29.8%). However, recovery of residual N in the following crop was more from Leucaena N alone (8.5–10.3%) than from urea fertilizer (1.7–3.8%). Residual soil fertility in terms of organic C and KMnO4 oxidizable N showed improvement with addition of Leucaena prunings, which led to a positive N balance at the end of second cropping cycle. Net returns were considerably higher with
wheat than with maize, and were comparatively lower with greater proportion of Leucaena because of its higher cost. Nonetheless, it was beneficial to apply Leucaena and urea on equal N basis for higher productivity and sustainability of this cereal-based cropping system. 相似文献
19.
E. F. Medvedev 《Glass and Ceramics》2007,64(7-8):257-263
A calculation-graphic analysis of the IR spectra of sodium borate and silicate as components of a glass batch, obtained in
aqueous medium, and probable contaminants — boric and silicic acids — was conducted. It was found that several bands called
critical coincide or are close together in the spectrum. Among them are the bands at 947–959, 1004–1005, 1079–1086, 1195–1200,
1450–1453, and 1686–1690 cm−1 characterizing the fundamental vibrations of the atoms in bonds in cross-linking groups, and they cannot be distinguished
by either the wavenumber or the intensity so that it is impossible to identify the phases formed. The concept of “conditionally
distinguishable bands” in the spectra of comparable substances was introduced. The absolute degrees of difference in the wavenumber
and intensity, order of sorting the bands, and determination of the boundaries of the critical regions of the spectrum of
the batch were examined.
__________
Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 8, pp. 3–8, August, 2007. 相似文献
20.
Mature oil palm leaflets are readily available as byproducts from oil palm plantations.α-Tocopherol and chlorophyll contents of palm leaflets obtained from oil palm trees of different ages and varieties were determined.α-Tocopherol and chlorophyll contents were in the range of 0.14–0.28% and 0.23–0.31%, respectively, in palm leaflets on wet
bases. The molar ratios ofα-tocopherol to chlorophyll were 0.78–2.37. 相似文献