Surface and pseudo surface acoustic waves in langatate: predictions and measurements

Langatate (LGT, La/sub 3/Ga/sub 5.5/Ta/sub 0.5/O/sub 14/) is a recent addition to materials of the trigonal crystal class 32. In this paper SAW contour plots of the phase velocity (v/sub p/), the electromechanical coupling coefficient (K/sup 2/), the temperature coefficient of delay (TCD), and the power flow angle (PFA), are given showing the orientations in space in which high coupling is obtained, with the corresponding TCD, PFA, and vp characteristics for these orientations. This work reports experimental results on the SAW temperature fractional frequency variation (/spl Delta/f/fo) and the TCD for several LGT orientations on the plane with Euler angles: (0/spl deg/, 132/spl deg/, /spl psi/). The temperature behavior has been measured directly on SAW wafers from 10 to 200/spl deg/C, and the results are compared with numerical predictions using our recently measured temperature coefficients for LGT material constants. This research also has uncovered temperature compensated orientations, which we have experimentally verified with parabolic behavior, turnover temperatures in the 130 to 160/spl deg/C range, and /spl Delta/f/fo within 1000 ppm variation from 10 to 260/spl deg/C, appropriate for higher temperature device applications. Regarding the pseudo surface acoustic waves (PSAWs), results of calculations are presented for both the PSAW and the high velocity PSAW (HVPSAW) for some selected, rotated cuts. This study shows that propagation losses for the PSAWs of about 0.01 dB/wavelength, and phase velocities approximately 20% higher than that of the SAW, exist along specific orientations for the PSAW, thus showing the potential for somewhat higher frequency SAW device applications on this material, if required.     

Note on the velocity and related fields of steady irrotational two-dimensional surface gravity waves

The velocity and other fields of steady two-dimensional surface gravity waves in irrotational motion are investigated numerically. Only symmetric waves with one crest per wavelength are considered, i.e. Stokes waves of finite amplitude, but not the highest waves, nor subharmonic and superharmonic bifurcations of Stokes waves. The numerical results are analysed, and several conjectures are made about the velocity and acceleration fields.     

Experimental investigation of high velocity ice impacts on woven carbon/epoxy composite panels

Spherical-shaped ice simulating hailstones were projected onto woven carbon/epoxy composite panels to determine the damage resistance of thin-walled composite structures to ice impact, and to observe the resulting damage modes that occur over a wide range of velocity. To study the behavior of ice in isolation from the complex response of the composite panel targets, impacts onto a dynamic force measurement device were first conducted. These experiments show a linear relationship between the peak measured force and the projectile kinetic energy, regardless of projectile size. Composite panel impact experiments show a linear relationship between the kinetic energy at which failure initiates, referred to as the failure threshold energy (FTE), and the thickness of the panel. Impacts at kinetic energies greater than the FTE produced a multiplicity of damage modes. Glancing impact tests on composite panels show that the FTE can be accurately estimated using a simple trigonometric scaling relationship.     

Estimation of the surface normal velocity of high frequency ultrasound transducers

This paper is concerned with the characterization of the true locally resolved surface normal velocity of an assumed piston-type ultrasonic transducer. Instead of involving a very complicated direct pointwise measurement of the velocity distribution, an inverse problem is solved which yields a spatially discretized weighting vector for the surface normal velocity of the transducer. The study deals with a spherically focused high frequency transducer, which is driven in pulse-echo mode. As a means of posing the inverse problem, the active transducer surface is divided into annuli of equal surface so that for each annulus the spatial impulse response can be calculated. An acrylic glass plate acts as a simple structured target. The resulting ill-posed nonlinear inverse problem is solved with an iterative regularized Gauss-Newton algorithm. The solution of the inverse problem yields an estimated weight for the surface normal velocity for each annulus. Experimental results for a thin copper wire target are compared to simulation results for both uniform and estimated surface normal velocities.     

Numerical investigation on steel fibre reinforced cementitious composite panels subjected to high velocity impact loading

Steel fibre reinforced cementitious composite (SFRCC) panels are numerically investigated for their performances under high velocity impact of short projectiles. Numerical responses are obtained using advanced constitutive material model of Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma (RHT) for cementitious materials and adopting appropriate modelling techniques. Effects of steel fibre volume and the thickness of panels on the impact performance are mainly highlighted in this paper. Various characteristics phenomenon during impact on cementitious composite panels namely, spalling, cracking, scabbing and perforation, are captured which is a difficult task. Scabbing is likely to occur when tensile stresses at the back face of the panel exceed dynamic tensile strength of the material. Various critical aspects in numerical modelling like boundary conditions, material input parameters, and handling severe distortion of the Lagrangian based finite elements are appropriately explained. Design chart is also developed to determine optimum fibre volume and thickness for an impact energy level up to 2.2 kJ. The numerically predicted impact responses are found to corroborate well with experimental results.     

Rheometry based on free surface velocity

This paper explores the possibility of identifying the rheology of a fluid by monitoring how the free surface velocity field is affected by a perturbation in the flow. The dam-break problem is considered which results from the release of a gate initially separating two fluid pools of different depth. The flow velocity is measured by seeding the free surface with buoyant particles and using Particle Tracking Velocimetry. In parallel, a mathematical model based on the lubrication approximation for fluids with a power-law rheology is developed. The model is validated against a similarity solution which is obtained for the spreading of a gravity current under its own weight and neglecting surface tension. Minimizing the difference between the free surface velocity fields obtained numerically and measured experimentally enables the identification of rheological parameters. The methodology is tested on ideal and noisy synthetic data sets and experimental data obtained with aqueous glycerol.     

Sliding of a body over a melting surface at a high velocity

A mathematical model of thermal processes in the motion of one body over the melting surface of another is considered. A simple analytical solution to the problem, applicable in a wide range of velocities, is obtained.Translated from Inzhenerno-fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 964–968, June, 1991.     

Influence of reflected waves from the back surface of thin solid-plate specimen on velocity measurements by line-focus-beam acoustic microscopy

We investigated the velocity measurements of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAW) by line-focus-beam (LFB) acoustic microscopy of thin specimens for which the waves reflected from the back surface of the specimen (back reflection) must be included in the measurement model. The influence of back reflection resulted in a serious problem in measurement accuracy of the apparent changes of measured velocities. Using several samples of thin synthetic silica glasses, the determination of LSAW velocity affected by the reflected waves and the relationship between the specimen thickness and the apparent velocity change with a periodic frequency interval in the frequency dependence of measured LSAW velocities are discussed in detail. Three useful methods for eliminating that influence are proposed and demonstrated: first, separating the radio frequency (RF) pulsed wave signal from the specimen surface and the pulses reflected from the back surface by reducing the RF pulse width; second, scattering acoustic waves from the roughened back surface; and third, taking the moving average of measured frequency characteristics of LSAW velocities. It is shown that, among these methods, the moving average method is the most useful and effective as a general means to eliminate the influence and to determine intrinsic velocity values because this method needs no specimen process and no system change, and the same conventional V(z) curve measurement and analysis can be employed.     

Analysis for vertical velocity of seismic waves

Abstract

Presented here are the results of seismic wave velocities analyzed using the acceleration time‐histories recorded at the downhole strong motion array of the Lotung large scale seismic test site during the May 20, 1986 Hualien earthquake. The spectral ratios between the surface and downhole accelerograms were used to identify the frequencies of maximum amplification of soil layers, and an elastic 1‐D wave propagation model was proposed to estimate the wave velocities of the ground during the earthquake. The results obtained indicate that significant reduction of shear wave velocity as well as soil modulus was induced by earthquake excitation as compared to the values obtained from low strain level soil testings.     

Shear-horizontal surface waves on piezoelectric ceramics with depolarized surface layer

Theoretical analysis and numerical results describing the propagation of SH (shear-horizontal) surface waves on piezoelectric ceramics with a depolarized surface layer are described. SH surface waves propagating in piezoelectric ceramics with a depolarized surface layer are shown to be a mixture of the Bleustein-Gulyaev surface wave, electrical potential, and the Love surface-wave mechanical displacement. Depolarization of the surface layer in piezoelectric ceramics produces strong dispersion and a multimode structure of the SH surface wave. The penetration depth of the SH surface waves propagating on an electrically free surface of a piezoelectric ceramic with a depolarized surface layer can be significantly smaller than that of the Bleustein-Gulyaev surface waves propagating on a free piezoelectric half-space. It is concluded that piezoelectric ceramics with a depolarized surface layer can be used in hybrid piezoelectric semiconductor convolvers of reduced size.     

High velocity pseudosurface waves (HVPSAW)

Current interest in low-loss UHF filters for use in mobile and personal communication systems has led to a number of pseudo-SAW (PSAW) and SH mode based SAW devices. These filters can operate at higher frequencies than SAW-based ones for a given line-width because PSAW and SH mode velocities can be significantly higher than corresponding SAW velocities. Furthermore for certain orientations the attenuation of the PSAW is acceptably small. In this paper the existence of an independent high-velocity pseudo-SAW (HVPSAW) mode is discussed. The HVPSAW is shown to have a phase velocity close to the longitudinal bulk wave velocity and to be quasi-longitudinally polarized. The nature of this HVPSAW mode is described for both electrically open-circuited and layered metallic short-circuited conditions for several piezoelectric materials. Numerical and experimental data are presented which discuss the existence and properties of these high-velocity pseudosurface waves     

Influence of surface coating on ballistic performance of aluminum plates subjected to high velocity impact loads

Ballistic response of single or multi-layered metal armor systems subjected to high velocity impact loads was investigated in many experimental, theoretical and numerical studies. In this study, influences of plasma spray surface coating on high velocity impact resistance of AA 6061 T651 aluminum plates were analyzed experimentally. Two different types of surface coating were applied to plates using plasma spray. Using 9.00 mm Parabellum bullets, ballistic performance of both uncoated and coated plates was tested. After the impact tests, penetration depth including plate bending on the front face and bulging on the rear face of the target plate was measured. The improvement on the ballistic resistance of the coated plates was clearly observed. The increase in non-perforating projectile velocity and the decrease in penetration depth were both experienced.     

Effect of surface stresses on surface waves in elastic solids

This paper deals with the propagation of surface waves in homogeneous, elastic solid media whose free surfaces or interfaces of separation are capable of supporting their own stress fields. The general theory for the propagation of surface waves in a medium which supports surface stresses is first deduced, and then this theory is employed to investigate the particular cases of surface waves, viz. (a) Rayleigh waves, (b) Love waves and (c) Stoneley waves. It is seen that the Rayleigh waves become dispersive in nature; and, in case of low frequency with residual surface tension, a critical wavelength exists, below which the propagation of Rayleigh waves is not possible. This critical wave length is directly proportional to the surface tension. Some numerical calculations have been made in the case of Love waves and conclusions have been drawn.     

Nonlinear surface waves on an elastic solid

The effect of quadratic elastic nonlinearity on the propagation of surface Rayleigh waves on an isotropic elastic solid is examined. Using the method of multiple scales an approximate solution is obtained which is uniformly valid in both spatial directions as well as in time. An arbitrary wave profile is considered and an integro-differential equation is derived for the Fourier transform of the displacement on the boundary. In the case of a quasi-monochromatic wave explicit expressions are derived for the variations of the amplitudes of the fundamental and second and third harmonics along the boundary.     

Analytical and numerical investigation of polyurea layered aluminium plates subjected to high velocity projectile impact

This paper discusses on the penetration of high velocity projectiles through aluminium–polyurea composite layered plate systems. An analytical model has been proposed to predict the residual velocity of aluminium–polyurea composite plates, and validated with both experimental and numerical investigations. Full metal jacket (FMJ) projectiles (5.56 mm × 45 mm), corresponding to NATO standard SS109, were fired at the aluminium–polyurea composite layered plate systems from a distance of 10.0 m at a fixed velocity of 945 m/s. Four different composite plate configurations were used with thicknesses varying from 16 to 34 mm. Each configuration consisted of six specimens. Residual velocities for each individual test were recorded. Numerical simulations of the penetration process have been performed using advanced finite element code LS-DYNA®. The well-established Johnson–Cook and Mooney–Rivlin material models were used to represent the stress–strain behaviour of aluminium and polyurea in the numerical analysis. The analytical and numerical models provided good approximations for the residual velocities measured during the experimental tests. Polyurea layers contributed positively towards the reduction of residual velocity of the projectile in composite plate systems. In addition, ballistic limit curves for different composite systems have been established based on the validated models. As the results showed that polyurea contributes positively towards the reduction of residual velocity of projectiles, the findings of this study can be effectively used for the similar applications in future armour industry.     

The velocity and attenuation of outgoing surface acoustic waves measured using an ultrasonic microscope with two focusing transducers

A new method for measuring the local parameters of outgoing surface acoustic waves (OSAWs) is proposed. The technique employs a system of two focusing transducers, with the output signal taken from one of these scanning over the sample surface. In comparison with the conventional method with a single transducer moving in the direction normal to the sample surface, the proposed technique is capable of conducting measurements in a greater range of OSAW velocities and is less sensitive to parameters of the immersion liquid. The new method was experimentally verified by measuring systems with known properties.     

Coherent surface waves generated using phased surface plasmons

Experiments on the generation of coherent optical surface waves with the participation of phased surface plasmons have been performed using a high-resolution near-field scanning microscope. Characteristics of the obtained radiation have been determined.     

Modes of photorefractive surface waves

We consider the modes of surface waves with the diffusion mechanism by the band transport model of the photorefractive effect and the nonlinear equation for the first time. We demonstrate the relationship between the modes of surface waves and the angles of incidence. The conditions for the realization of surface modes at the interface between photorefractive crystal and a metal, a linear dielectric with a lower refractive index, or another photorefractive crystal are discussed.     

A note on surface waves in anisotropic media

Summary An examination of possible forms of traction free surface wave in anisotropic elastic materials is undertaken. The results yield some interesting features of a certain arbitrariness which exists in displacement waves on a traction free surface in anisotropic media.