响应面方法在优化β-胡萝卜素培养基的应用

多种统计优化方法已被成功地运用于微生物培养基优化工作中,本文根据响应面分析法的基本原理,针对响应面方法的优点、试验设计的方法以及实验数据的处理进行了简述,并结合三孢布拉霉发酵生产β-胡萝卜素培养基成分的确定说明了响应面方法的具体应用.     

微生物培养基的设计优化探讨

通过对微生物培养基成分的组成、培养基的设计、培养基的优化方法三个方面进行研究,得出培养基成分的组成是关键,只有确定成分,才能设计培养基的条件,从而进一步优化培养基。研究结果表明,优化的最佳方法是响应面优化设计法,其次是正交实验设计法,最后才是单因素试验法。     

响应面优化褐黄孢链霉菌原生质体再生培养基

本实验以再生率作为考察指标,采用单因素和响应面法优化了褐黄孢链霉菌原生质体再生培养基中的三种成分,确定其最佳浓度组合为：磷酸二氢钾0.13g/L、L-脯氨酸5.48g/L、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮0.18g/L。在优化后的再生培养基中原生质体再生率达到17.2%,与模型预测值16.7%拟合较好。结果表明,响应面法是优化原生质体再生培养基的一种有效方法。     

响应面法优化普鲁兰多糖发酵培养基

采用响应面分析法对出芽短梗霉生产普鲁兰多糖的发酵培养基进行优化。采用Plackett-Burman实验筛选出影响普鲁兰多糖产量的主要因素为蔗糖、NaCl和FeSO4,利用最陡爬坡路径逼近响应区域,应用Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析优化得到最佳发酵培养基,发酵单位较优化前提高了30.1%。     

响应面法优化γ-聚谷氨酸发酵培养基的研究

采用响应面法对γ-聚谷氨酸发酵培养基成分进行优化.首先用Plackett-Burman(PB)设计对培养基中相关影响因素的效应进行评价,筛选出3个有显著影响效应的因素,分别为蛋白胨、谷氨酸及硫酸锰.然后进行最陡爬坡实验逼近最佳响应面区域,最后通过Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析确定了主要影响因素的最佳浓度.在优化的培养基中,γ-聚谷氨酸的产量达到28.91 g/L,比优化前的12.5 g/L提高了2.31倍.     

利用响应面方法优化光合细菌Rhodospirillum Rubrum S1培养基

试验采用响应面方法优化光合细菌Rhodospirillum Rubrum S1培养基.结果表明:培养基成分中柠檬酸、牛肉膏、MgSO4和FeSO4对于光合细菌的生长影响最为显著.最优培养基配方:柠檬酸为3.5291 g/L、牛肉膏为3.3190 g/L、MgSO4为0.5083 g/L、FeSO4为0.0194 g/L.此时最大响应值为13.77 mg/L.验证实验结果表明,采用优化后的培养基,光合细菌的类胡萝卜素产量达到13.69 mg/L,与理论值相差0.58％.因此,利用响应面法对光合细菌的培养基进行优化合理可行.     

响应面法优化嗜酸乳杆菌乳清培养基

筛选嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus La-1)低成本培养基并用响应面法进行优化。从玉米粉培养基、酵母浸出液培养基、乳清粉培养基、麦芽汁培养基中筛选嗜酸乳杆菌基础培养基。利用Plackett-Burman设计确定重要因子,最陡爬坡试验确定因素水平,最后用响应面法优化最佳培养基配方。优化得到乳清培养基为乳清粉12.99%(w/v)、葡萄糖2.75%(w/v)、NH4H2PO4 0.52%(w/v)。采用优化的培养基,以4%接种量接种La-1菌种子液,37℃培养22h,菌体密度为1.93×109 cfu/mL。     

透明质酸产生菌发酵条件优化

通过对于透明质酸产生菌发酵培养基,利用Placken-Burman设计及响应面试验分析了摇瓶培养基成分,确定了最适合的摇瓶发酵培养基.通过小型发酵罐的研究确定了透明质酸的发酵工艺.实验结果表明,利用响应面实验优化的培养基组分简单.透明质酸的产量达到5.23 g/L,分子量为2.0×106u.     

响应面法优化芽孢杆菌FC96培养基组分的研究

为了提高芽孢杆菌FC96在液体发酵培养基中的生物量,采用响应面法对其培养基组分进行优化。通过单因素试验确定对芽孢杆菌FC96具有最佳增菌效果的碳源、氮源和无机盐,利用响应面分析法优化培养基组分的最佳配比。试验结果表明,单因素试验确定的最佳碳源、氮源和无机盐分别是葡萄糖、牛肉膏和磷酸二氢钾,响应面法优化芽孢杆菌FC96最佳培养基组成为葡萄糖12.11g/L、牛肉膏23.31g/L和磷酸二氢钾2.33g/L。模型预测的最高活菌数为2.85×109cfu/mL。在未优化培养基中的活菌数为2.32×109cfu/mL。在优化的最佳培养基中,验证试验的最高活菌数为2.97×109cfu/mL,菌数比优化前提高了28%,试验值与预测值的误差为4.21%。     

辣椒酱发酵菌肠膜明串珠菌C27高密度培养条件优化

为了实现辣椒酱发酵肠膜明串珠菌（Leuconostoc mesenteroides）C27的高密度培养，以MRS肉汤培养基为基础，L. mesenteroides C27的菌体密度为评价指标，采用单因素试验和响应面法对培养基中的碳源、氮源、生长因子进行优化，同时采用响应面法对培养条件进行优化。结果表明，最佳培养基配方为蔗糖21 g/L，酵母浸粉22 g/L，土豆汁14 g/L；最佳培养条件为发酵温度38.4 ℃、初始pH值6.2，接种量2.4%。在此优化条件下培养24 h，L. mesenteroides C27的菌体密度（OD600 nm值）达1.034，活菌数为1.30×109 CFU/mL。     

Response surface methodology as a tool to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a widely used mathematical and statistical technique for modeling and optimizing the process for the extraction of bioactive compounds. This review explains the optimization approach through the use of experimental design and empirical models for response prediction and the utilization of the desirability function for multiple response optimization. This paper also reviews recent studies on the application of RSM to optimize bioactive compound extraction processes such as conventional solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Finally, the challenges associated with the use of RSM and the efforts made to improve RSM in the extraction process are also highlighted. Overall, this review informs many aspects of RSM that are occasionally ignored or insufficiently discussed with regard to the optimization of bioactive compound extraction processes, and it summarizes significant applications where RSM proved suitable. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.     

APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY TO OPTIMIZE DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID PRODUCTION BY SCHIZOCHYTRIUM sp. S31

The optimum concentrations of nutrients (glucose and yeast extract) and cultivation conditions (concentration of sodium chloride, pH and incubation time) on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by Schizochytrium sp. S31 in flasks at 30C were studied. Experiment design employed fractional factorial design, path of steepest ascent, central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM). The empirical model developed by RSM was adequate to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the response of DHA production. Based on contour plots and canonical analysis, the optimal conditions for maximizing DHA production (516 mg/L) were at 27.98 g glucose/L, 4.52 g yeast extraction/L, 24.82 g sodium chloride/L, pH 6.96 and incubation for 4 days at 30C. Experimental verification of the optimal conditions resulted in about 97% of the predicted DHA production by the model.     

黑曲霉IN7-31产糖化酶的液态发酵参数与技术优化研究

通过N+注入、氯化锂一紫外线复合诱变方法选育了一株高产糖化酶黑曲霉IN7-31(Aspergillus niger)菌株,采用响应面法对该菌株产糖化酶的液态发酵工艺条件进行了优化。首先,通过前期的预实验,筛选出了对发酵工艺影响较大的三个培养基成分和两个培养条件,然后,分别对这两组进行了最陡爬坡实验,用最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应区域,通过中心组合实验及响应面法分析优化了这几个因素,并进行了优化后的验证实验。利用SAS软件分析得到该菌株产糖化酶的最佳工艺条件为:玉米粉56.5g/L,豆粉22.0g/L,K2HPO4 1.3g/L,pH值为6.40,装液量80.8mL/250mL三角瓶,在此条件下摇瓶发酵黑曲霉产糖化酶的最大酶活为3044U/mL,比优化前提高了1.59倍。结果表明,通过响应面试验得到了产糖化酶黑曲霉液态发酵最佳工艺条件,可以为糖化酶的工业化生产提供一定的技术参数与条件。     

OPTIMIZATION OF VACUUM PULSE OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF CANTALOUPE USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The optimum levels of vacuum pressure, concentration of osmotic solution and dehydration time for vacuum pulse osmotic dehydration of cantaloupe were determined by response surface methodology (RSM). The response surface equations ( P < 0.05 and lack of fit > 0.1) explain the 97.6, 88.0 and 97.1% of the variability in weight loss, water loss and °Brix increase, respectively, at 95% confidence level. The canonical analysis for each response indicated that the stationary point is a saddle point for weight loss and °Brix increase, and a point of maximum response for water loss. The region that best satisfied all the constraints (low values in weight loss and °Brix increase, and high value in water loss) is located within the intervals from 49.5 °Brix to 52.5 °Brix for concentration and from 75 min to 84 min for dehydration time at a vacuum pulse of 740 mbar.     

响应面法优化桔青霉产核酸酶P1培养基

采用部分析因试验设计(FFD)、中心组合实验设计(CCD)和响应面分析法(RSM)对桔青霉产核酸酶P1培养基进行优化研究。FFD结果表明:硫酸锌、酵母粉、复合磷酸盐3个因素显著影响桔青霉发酵产核酸酶P1,利用最陡爬坡实验(SAD)使得3个显著因素的水平取值逼近最大响应区域,通过CCD和RSM确定了3个显著性因素的最优水平,得到桔青霉发酵产核酸酶P1的最优培养基配方:葡萄糖4%、酵母粉0.681%、玉米浆0.4%、黄豆饼粉0.45%、硫酸锌0.042%、硫酸镁0.06%、氯化钙0.06%、复合磷酸盐(m(磷酸二氢钾):m(磷酸氢二钾)=1:1)0.068%。验证实验表明,优化后的培养基发酵酶活力达到563U/mL,比原培养基(202U/mL)提高了64%。     

OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURE OF ALMOND PASTE COOKIES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The response surface methodology (RSM) was used in the optimization of a modified recipe of almond paste cookies to pinpoint the best combination of the most important factors, in order to obtain an enhanced product with quality characteristics similar to the typical one. In this modified recipe, bamboo fiber and fructose were added as humectant and anticrystallizing agents to extend the shelf life of the cookies. Five quantitative controllable factors were selected for the experimental design: weight of bamboo fiber, fructose/saccharose ratio (F/S) and weight of egg white as ingredients, and baking time and temperature as process parameters. To assess the product quality, texture, moisture content and color were considered as dependent variables. The three second-order polynomial models obtained by RSM and the subsequent optimization step indicated that a formulation with 28.95 g of fiber, 252.5 g of egg white, an F/S equal to 0.1, baking time and temperature of 21.5 min and 185.5C, respectively, represents the best recipe to manufacture a new product with quality attributes very similar to the typical one and, in addition, with an extended shelf life.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The importance of this work arises from the possibility to obtain new formulations by the enhancement of original recipes of products with a very limited shelf life using a statistical and designed approach. The achieved results led to a higher quality of these products over time, without changing the most important characteristics related to consumer acceptance.     

OPTIMIZATION OF EMULSIFICATION AND MICROENCAPSULATION OF EVENING PRIMROSE OIL AND ITS OXIDATIVE STABILITY DURING STORAGE BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACT

Microencapsulation is a technique by which small droplets of liquid or solid particles are coated with a thin film of wall materials to protect susceptible ingredients in food products to assure their quality or effectiveness. Microencapsulation of liquid lipid into powdery matrixes of wall materials includes two unit operations: emulsification of the lipid with an aqueous solution of wall material and drying of the emulsion. The effects of hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) value, emulsifier content and oil content on the evening primrose oil‐in‐water emulsion stability were studied by response surface methodology (RSM). The HLB value, emulsifier content and oil content all had significant effects on the emulsion stability (P < 0.05). Of them, the HLB value and emulsifier content contributed more effects than the oil content. The optimized HLB value, emulsifier content and oil content were used to mix with wall materials: gum arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MD) and/or sodium caseinate (NaC). The oil was encapsulated with these materials individually or in combination by spray‐drying, and their oxidative stability during storage was compared. The microcapsules with a single wall material were relatively susceptible to oxidation than those with multiple wall materials. The most desirable composition of the mixture of GA, MD and NaC by RSM was 17.2, 75 and 7.8%, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Response surface methodology (RSM) provided a valuable means to help us understand the relative or interactive effects of three important parameters: HLB value, emulsifier content and oil content on the emulsion stability of the oil‐in‐water (o/w) system. The information obtained would be useful for the preparation of similar o/w emulsion system as needed in some product development for foods. In addition, the effects of gum arabic, maltodextrin and sodium caseinate on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated oil were also studied by RSM. The results revealed the relative or interactive effects of these materials and gave the optimal conditions in minimizing the oxidative instability in this study. Since these wall materials are readily available and widely used in a variety of products, the information provided by this study would be useful for product‐developing professionals to use these materials more efficiently in terms of obtaining optimal microencapsulated products against lipid oxidation and cost effectiveness.     

OPTIMIZATION OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION PROCESS OF CARROT CUBES IN SUCROSE SOLUTION

ABSTRACT

For optimization of the osmotic dehydration process of carrot cubes in sucrose solution by response surface methodology (RSM), the experiments were conducted according to face‐centered central composite design. The independent process variables for the osmotic dehydration process were osmotic solution concentrations (45–55°Brix), temperature (35–55C) and process durations (120–240 min). Statistical analysis of results showed that all the process variables had a significant effect on all the responses at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). The osmotic dehydration process was optimized by RSM for maximum water loss, rehydration ratio, retention of color, sensory score and minimum solute gain. The optimum process conditions were 52.5°Brix sucrose syrup concentration, 49C osmotic solution temperature and 150‐min process duration.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The process of osmotic dehydration can be used for the preparation of shelf‐stable products for the purpose of use during off‐season. The quality of preosmosed carrots is much superior to the product dehydrated with the convectional method of convective dehydration. The osmotically dehydrated carrots can be used for cooking as vegetables after rehydration or can be added directly into soups, stews or casseroles before cooking. If the product is blanched before osmotic dehydration, the process can be used successfully for the preparation of carrot candy.     

丁香提取物抗氧化研究

主要研究了用响应面分析法（RSA）优化丁香提取工艺，同时对丁香提取物进行了抗氧化实验，结果表明：最佳工艺参数：浸泡时间10h、固液比为1：15、超声波处理时间75min；丁香提取物对DPPH清除率有较好的效果。     

Linear Programming and Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Surimi Gel Texture

A formulation optimization study was conducted on surimi gels prepared with starch, and/or raw egg white employing the stepwise method (SM), linear programming (LP), and response surface methodology (RSM). At 78% moisture, the greatest gel strengthening and reduction of expressible moisture occurred at 8% starch, 6% egg white, or a combination of 5% starch and 5% egg white for SM, 5.33% starch and 4.33% egg white for LP, and 3.5% starch and 5% egg white for RSM. RSM resulted in gels with the greatest strength (compressive and penetration forces), followed by LP and SM. The RSM enabled more accurate prediction of textural behavior of final product at various ingredient combinations than the SM or LP.