废旧产品回收策略的分析

废旧产品的再回收问题日益引起人们的关注，对废旧产品的回收策略进行分析就显得非常重要。产品的回收处理策略包括再利用、再制造、再循环和焚烧。在确定产品的回收策略时，需要综合考虑各种因素。文中从废旧产品的经济性、技术性、环境影响和相关政策的影响四个方面对产品的回收策略进行分析，得到不同回收策略的量化指标，从而为企业实施废旧产品回收提供指导。     

废旧产品回收策略的分析

废旧产品的再回收问题日益引起人们的关注,对废旧产品的回收策略进行分析就显得非常重要.产品的回收处理策略包括再利用、再制造、再循环和焚烧.在确定产品的回收策略时,需要综合考虑各种因素.文中从废旧产品的经济性、技术性、环境影响和相关政策的影响四个方面对产品的回收策略进行分析,得到不同回收策略的量化指标,从而为企业实施废旧产品回收提供指导.     

Defining Specifications for Custom Products: A Multi-Attribute Negotiation Approach

Defining product specifications so that customers' needs could be well matched with suppliers' capabilities is a very challenging task in custom product design. This research links technical requirements on product design with product management issues and formulates specification definition as multi-attribute negotiation. Specification negotiation is modeled as an iterative process of give and take in search of a mutually acceptable configuration. A negotiation support system is developed based on a product configuration system to identify among the multiple attributes what to give, what to take, and by how much so as to facilitate specification negotiation operationally.     

Efficiency and feasibility of product disassembly: A case-based study

The productivity associated with commonly available disassembly methods today seldomly makes disassembly the preferred end-of-life solution for massive take back product streams. Systematic reuse of parts or components, or recycling of pure material fractions are often not achievable in an economically sustainable way. In this paper a case-based review of current disassembly practices is used to analyse the factors influencing disassembly feasibility. Data mining techniques were used to identify major factors influencing the profitability of disassembly operations. Case characteristics such as involvement of the product manufacturer in the end-of-life treatment and continuous ownership are some of the important dimensions. Economic models demonstrate that the efficiency of disassembly operations should be increased an order of magnitude to assure the competitiveness of ecologically preferred, disassembly oriented end-of-life scenarios for large waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) streams. Technological means available to increase the productivity of the disassembly operations are summarized. Automated disassembly techniques can contribute to the robustness of the process, but do not allow to overcome the efficiency gap if not combined with appropriate product design measures. Innovative, reversible joints, collectively activated by external trigger signals, form a promising approach to low cost, mass disassembly in this context. A short overview of the state-of-the-art in the development of such self-disassembling joints is included.     

Life-Cycle Assessment of the Recycling of Magnesium Vehicle Components

Life-cycle assessment is basically the assessment of a product from the cradle to the grave. Ideally, a product is recycled after its useful life is complete and the end-of-life of the first life cycle leads to the beginning of a new product system. For the end-of-life of magnesium vehicle parts, there are various possible paths to a second life cycle. When magnesium parts are dismantled or magnesium is separated after shredding, the resulting magnesium alloys can be used for secondary, noncritical applications. However, the typical case for magnesium components is that the magnesium postconsumer scrap ends up in the nonferrous metals fraction that consists primarily of aluminum, magnesium, and heavy metals. Today, aluminum is typically fed into a second life cycle as a secondary alloy, and magnesium becomes part of the aluminum cycle as an alloy addition. In this article, we evaluate the environmental effects of using magnesium in the aluminum cycle. We also assess the influence of end-of-life scenarios on the overall environmental impact of a component’s life cycle. The primary focus of our analysis is the evaluation of the effects of magnesium vehicle components on greenhouse gas emissions.     

Generating design alternatives for increasing recyclability of products

This paper proposes a design support method for improving the recyclability of electronic and electrical products. The method estimates the recycling rate of a product based on its end-of-life scenario. The method supports a designer in generating design alternatives that increase the rate by conducting impact analysis with the change of material composition and end-of-life scenario. The method suggests design alternatives with the constraint of keeping the other performance factors (e.g., flexural strength and thermal conductivity) constant by adjusting the geometric parameters (e.g., thickness and volume) of the components.     

Integration of product entropy and LCA to screen the potential environmental impacts of complex product systems at the end-of-life stage

Applying life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the development of technologies is essential to anticipate potential unforeseen environmental consequences. Modelling the lifecycle of a complex product is nevertheless challenging, as the data required is usually scarce. The approach presented in this paper integrates product entropy into end-of-life modelling for LCA. This enables anticipating the fate of a product after its end-of-use leading to a more realistic allocation of environmental impacts. The approach is demonstrated for the case study of recycling traction batteries with emerging traction battery cell chemistries.     

个性化产品需求表达模型的研究

随着网络技术、信息技术的日趋成熟,以客户需求为中心的个性化产品的设计与开发已逐渐被研究者所重视.如何系统地、全面地获取客户对产品的需求,是个性化产品设计的关键.文章通过从产品的装配结构和性状特征入手,以产品需求表达结点之间的规则约束、多Agent之间的协商机制,来构建真正以客户为中心的个性化产品的需求表达模型.     

Negotiation mechanisms for capacity allocation in distributed enterprises

The paper proposes an agent based approach for the capacity allocation in distributed enterprises, characterized by complex and articulated organizations and by geographically distributed production capacities contended by many product families. In such a scenario the process of allocating the production capacity to the single customer order is one the major bottlenecks of the production planning activity as far as many organizational decisional levels are involved and market turbulence implies a continuous retuning of the capacity allocation plan. A high grade of reactiveness is needed. Agent based approaches and negotiation models, by decentralizing the decisional control and simplifying the decision itself, make the capacity allocation process enough reactive. Although, when the actors involved in the negotiation have different decisional powers and different knowledge, the problem of decentralization and specifically the design of the negotiation mechanism become very complex. This paper proposes two negotiation models for the capacity allocation process in distributed enterprises. The models, rationalised by using the standard IDEF3 representation, have been tested in the industrial environment of a primary semiconductor company.     

Application of cognitive robotics in disassembly of products

Disassembly is a critical step to increase the value of end-of-life (EOL) products and to reduce the environmental footprint. Despite worldwide efforts, disassembly is still performed manually due to the uncertainty associated with the quality and the quantity of the returned EOL products. In this paper, a cognitive robotics based system is proposed to address this problem. The system is equipped with four cognitive functions: reasoning, execution monitoring, learning and revision. The proposed system is tested using LCD screens. The results show that the system is flexible enough to deal with any product models without prior information.     

酶箱过滤网注射模设计

通过对酶箱过滤网生产工艺和模具设计的分析，提出确定生产工艺和模具方案时要综合考虑，不仅要考滤模具质量、生产效率，还要考虑生产量，在保证产品质量的同时，提高效益。提示设计人员在设计时，要把握住质量和投入的平衡。     

Optimization of Steel Production to Improve Lifecycle Environmental Performance

To reduce lifecycle impacts, manufacturers require an understanding of how design, manufacturing, and other decisions influence their eco-footprint across all product lifecycle stages, e.g., manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. However, few tools exist to address manufacturing impacts on the environment. For many products, steelmaking accounts for the majority of manufacturing energy use, with process wastes also representing significant concerns. A predictive model for a steelmaking electric arc furnace (EAF) is briefly described and is then used to illustrate how environmental performance can be optimized for a given steel alloy. Process inputs are identified that minimize a variety of environmental measures.     

薄板拉伸试样拉伸过程模拟分析

工程的应力应变一般用于工程中,而真实的应力应变更多的则用于新产品的试验与开发中。本文采用ANSYS有限元软件,计算了薄板拉伸试样在10 mm位移载荷作用下各个阶段的应力应变,得到应力随应变曲线,并对工程的应力应变和真实的应力应变进行了分析。应力值的模拟结果与实测结果吻合,误差不超过3%,验证了模型设计合理性。     

Product clustering as a strategy for enhanced plastics recycling from WEEE

The ambition to extend material recycling from end-of-life electric and electronic products seems to lead to an unavoidable trade-off between circularity maximisation and quality concerns. However, optimized pre-treatment can help to assure that both polymer fraction compatibility and imperfect separation with the available technologies are fully taken into account to assure maximum plastics recycling. A systematic approach to determine pre-sorting product and component clusters, that allow recycling with conventional separation techniques, is explained. Using statistical data sets for a case study of selected common WEEE products categories, the clusters in which to sort the products and dismantled components are documented and can support enhanced polymer recycling in an industrial setting.     

Demanufacturing photovoltaic panels: Comparison of end-of-life treatment strategies for improved resource recovery

Predictive models to forecast the volume and material composition of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) panels indicate that substantial material resources can potentially be recovered from silicon based PV panels in the next decades. The technical feasibility of selective mechanical delamination through milling and cleaving was experimentally studied. The achievable material recovery results are compared to current practices in end-of-life treatment, demonstrating a substantial potential to improve resource preservation. A comparative LCA study allows to conclude that a well-designed demanufacturing strategy based on selective delamination can substantially reduce the environmental impact associated with end-of-life processing of PV panels. The improved silver recovery offers perspectives for the economic viability of the described demanufacturing strategy.     

实现压铸模并行设计的方法

面向压铸模产品设计的特点,利用美国PTC公司研制开发的基于并行工程的信息管理系统Pro/Intralink,提出了基于Pro/Intralink实现压铸模并行设计的原理,并对具体实现过程中的几个关键技术进行介绍。     

A Model for Improving Economic Performance of a Demanufacturing System for Reduced Product End-of-Life Environmental Impact

A demanufacturing facility benefits the environment by removing end-of-life products from the disposal waste stream. The facility dismantles end-of-life products and then places salvaged components into inventory for subsequent sale to remanufacturers and other firms. Lack of profitability will cause a demanufacturing facility to abandon its mission, with the environment suffering as a result. A model is presented for a demanufacturing facility that describes the disassembly process activities, the accumulation of component inventories, component sale based on market price behavior, and inventory management costs. The effect of three selling policies on financial performance is investigated. Selling policy is seen to be the dominant factor in determining profitability, with transaction and holding costs also influencing the performance.     

Selective Disassembly Sequencing: A Methodology for the Disassembly of End-of-Life Products

Disassembly planning has become an important strategic issue in order to reduce the environmental impact and increase the value of end-of-life (EOL) products. However, in order to make the recovery of EOL products viable, optimal disassembly sequencing has to be determined for each reusable component. In this paper, a selective disassembly methodology for EOL products is presented, which was developed by reversing and modifying the methodology developed by Nevins and Whitney (1989) for assembly. In the new methodology, the disassembly sequence generation and selective part recovery are largely performed by a special computer software. A number of product case studies were used to prove the concept and demonstrate the efficiency of the methodology.     

再制造——从技术到应用

以产品寿命周期的讨论和如何处理报废产品为研究对象,分析了产品寿命结束时各种处理方案,指出再制造具备节约能源和降低材料消耗的潜能,可以回收85 %的额外价值,并且可以避免不必要的污染.再制造产品具有和新品一样的质量和售后服务.再制造为企业实现材料的闭环流动和为产品取得可持续性发展提供了巨大机会.     

INVENTOR软件在机床方案设计中的应用

相对于传统设计模式,利用三维软件进行方案设计具有直观、快捷、易修改的特点,因此目前利用三维软件进行设计已成为一种方向.论文针对当前机床方案设计的现状,对三维软件在设计制造行业中应用的可行性进行了初步的探讨,针对INVENTOR软件的五大特点,结合机床方案设计的实践,介绍了INVENTOR软件在机床方案设计中的应用方法.利用这种三维软件可提高机床方案设计的质量,提高产品的设计效率和开发水平,进而增强企业的市场竞争能力.