从产品的绿色设计到可持续发展设计

介绍了绿色设计及其发展的必然趋势。阐述了实现可持续发展设计的关键内容,指出开展可持续发展设计的关键技术研究以及工具软件的开发是十分必要的。     

Assembly and Disassembly Processes in Product Life Cycle Perspectives

Industrial companies change the paradigms of business operations from optimisation of manufacturing processes to optimisation of products life cycles in order to activate the value of products, taking into account the potentials of product services in all phases of each product's life. From design to the end of their life capital intensive products, like manufacturing or assembly systems, are linked to a manufacturer network by global communication systems. This network allows special services even in the phases of usage and recycling. For this new paradigm it is necessary to develop strategies, methods and technologies to manage the business processes and the information and knowledge required in all phases of a product's life and to industrialise the processes of design, assembly, usage, service and remanufacturing by disassembly and recycling. It is the objective of this paper to define the processes for management of life cycle with a focus on assembly, service and disassembly of capital intensive products.     

Simulation of product lead time in design customization service for better customer satisfaction

Services differ from products as the former should be evaluated from a customer's perspective. For better customer satisfaction, simulation of order processing service such as design customization needs to analyze customer's behavior in addition to the evaluation of product lead time. In this paper, we model and simulate service processes of a design customization about personalized bags by combining two kinds of powerful software from services and design processes. This simulation estimates its product lead time in terms of customer expectation that is formed according to provider's strategies. As a consequence, variability of customer satisfaction of the service is analyzed.     

Integration of a service CAD and a life cycle simulator

This paper proposes ISCL, Integrated Service CAD and Life cycle simulator. ISCL plays the role of CAD/CAE tools for product design in Product Service Systems (PSSs) design. In ISCL, the service CAD supports systematic generation of alternative PSSs based on service modeling, and the life cycle simulator analyzes their economic and environmental performances. The current study applies ISCL to the design of a PSS that includes functional upgrading service of a product, whose life cycle costs are sensitive to both its functional obsolescence and physical deterioration. Performances of alternative PSSs are investigated under different market and technology conditions.     

A Risk Mitigation Methodology for New Product and Process Design in Concurrent Engineering Projects

Based on earlier work on risk quantification, a new risk mitigation methodology is developed for new product and process design in concurrent engineering projects. First the most prominent risks in the product life cycle are identified and quantified. Then five computational algorithms are developed and used to find feasible solutions for mitigating these risks: Least-Cost-First, Highest-Risk-First, Minimum-Cost-Risk-Ratio- First, Random-Search and a Genetic Algorithm. Based on the available mitigation budget and strategic objectives of the project the best mitigation strategy is then recommended to the project managers. Actual financial outcomes of an industry project were used to successfully validate the methodology.     

Integrating comprehensive customer requirements into product design

Identification of customer needs is the starting point of design process. Most of design methodologies focus on technical domains to define customer requirements. However, the success of product design nowadays goes beyond technical features; it often depends heavily on multi-facets of customers’ needs including various business parameters. Moreover, the qualitative and subjective factors such as affection, aesthetic appearance, user friendliness and brand loyalty are essential to the ultimate acceptance of a new product. This paper presents a probabilistic approach to elicit, characterize the qualitative customers’ latent and subjective preferences and incorporate them into product design.     

产品设计的相似性模型

首先分析了产品设计过程,将其分为原理设计、结构设计和工艺设计3个阶段。产品的相似性体现在产品原理的相似性、结构的相似性、工艺设计的相似性与设计手段的相似性,在此基础上提出了产品设计的相似性模型,用相似性分析可以丰富产品设计的方法,缩短产品设计周期,拓宽产品设计的思路。     

An integrated computational support for design of system architecture and service

System architecting of mechatronic systems is to develop system decomposition and to define specifications of subsystems and interfaces. This study integrates a CAD for system architecting with a service CAD and life cycle simulation to model and reason about systems architecture and maintenance-related services as well as monetary flows between the manufacturer and user of systems in a life cycle. Such an integrated computational support promotes engineering design of life cycles and services in practice and useful to leverage mechatronics systems as service channels of product-service systems.     

Mechanical Bus for Modular Product Design

Modular products consist of detachable modules that can be manufactured, assembled, and serviced separately and may be reusable, recyclable, or remanufacturable upon product retirement. Thus, modular design can provide benefits to many aspects of product life cycle. To realize these benefits, the connections between modules must be designed to facilitate operations for parallel manufacturing, assembly as well as post product life activities. This paper presents a new concept of Mechanical Bus for facilitating modular and platform product design. The characteristics and features of Mechanical Buses have been identified including bus functions, locking and release mechanisms, positioning and locating features and so on. A design method for modular platform design using Mechanical Buses has also been developed. Examples and a case study will be included to illustrate the Mechanical Bus and modular platform product design method.     

LC-CAD: A CAD system for life cycle design

In product life cycle design, a designer should design both a product and its life cycle. Although CAD systems for product design are popular, there are no CAD systems for life cycle design. This paper proposes LC-CAD (Life Cycle-CAD) that represents a product and its life cycle in an integrated manner, manages consistency between these two models, and describes changes of a product along its life cycle (e.g., a component is shredded into fragments of metal in a recycling process). LC-CAD also evaluates environmental, economic, and other performance of designed life cycle using life cycle simulation.     

Design for Environment — Do We Get the Focus Right?

Sometimes, products resulting from design for environment (DFE) endeavours are sub-optimisations from an environmental perspective, because the tool determines the process and not vice versa. For a more systematic way of getting the focus right a hierarchy of focusing is introduced:1. What is the function provided and what is the optimal way of providing it while making a business out of it? Which product should the company then produce?2. Where are the “environmental hot spots” in the life cycle of this product?3. Which DFE tool supports optimisation of the product by reducing these hot spots?     

Adaptable Design

Increasing competition for better product functionality, quality, features, customization, environmental friendliness, lower cost and shorter delivery time presents unprecedented challenges for product manufacturing enterprises. These challenges cannot be completely addressed by advanced manufacturing technologies alone as some of which are originated from product design. Advanced design technologies and tools for early product design processes are critically needed where most important decisions are made with respect to the product functionality, quality, manufacturability, cost and environmental performance. This paper discusses adaptable design (AD) as a design paradigm for both business success and environmental protection. Adaptable design aims at developing products that are adaptable in their design and/or their production. Adaptability is defined as the extension of the utility (service) of products. Two types of adaptabilities are proposed as product adaptability and design adaptability. Two types of design adaptations are also identified, which include foreseeable specific adaptations and unforeseeable general adaptations. The former can be described by specific adaptability and the latter by general adaptability. Three key elements of AD are presented including functions independence, a measure of adaptability and a function based design process model of the AD. Based on these concepts and design objectives, adaptable design methods and general design guidelines are proposed. Examples are included to illustrate the concepts, design methods and guidelines.     

Defining Specifications for Custom Products: A Multi-Attribute Negotiation Approach

Defining product specifications so that customers' needs could be well matched with suppliers' capabilities is a very challenging task in custom product design. This research links technical requirements on product design with product management issues and formulates specification definition as multi-attribute negotiation. Specification negotiation is modeled as an iterative process of give and take in search of a mutually acceptable configuration. A negotiation support system is developed based on a product configuration system to identify among the multiple attributes what to give, what to take, and by how much so as to facilitate specification negotiation operationally.     

Network based requirement specification

Requirement specifications often resemble static design briefs. Whereas such unequivocal references are essential, the dynamics of product development require more insight, nuancing, flexibility and evolvement. This encompasses relative importance, context and provenance of the requirements related to the different stakeholders involved. In developing responsive requirement specifications, the so-called actor network is employed. Such a network maps the relevant stakeholders over the development life cycle, thus expressing the set of requirements as a whole, as well as the evolving coherence between them. This publication demonstrates the structure and purpose of network based requirements and the added value for product developers.     

电视机前壳的气辅注射模设计

分析了电视机前壳塑件的成型工艺,详细阐述了该电视机前壳注射模的结构设计要点与工作过程,通过采用气体辅助注射成型工艺,解决和消除产品表面缩痕闩题,提高模具的使用寿命和缩短产品生产成型周期,提高生产效率。     

An agile model for the eco-design of electric vehicle Li-ion batteries

Numerous design choices need to be made at several levels when designing high-tech products: technology, processes, architecture, components, materials… and these choices need to be made in relation to the product life cycle with the corresponding experts for each stage of the life cycle. At the same time, to ensure product sustainability, a specific focus on the future potential environmental impacts is highly recommended. In this research, an agile model is proposed to help designers make decisions while monitoring environmental performance indicators of high-tech solutions. The concept of Critical Product Life Cycle Parameters had to be introduced to facilitate the eco-design of the final product. The approach is illustrated by the Electric Vehicle Li-Ion Batteries case study.     

Evolutionary multi-objective design optimisation with real life uncertainty and constraints

This paper presents the application of a robust evolutionary multi-objective evaluation technique for design optimisation in constrained problems with real life uncertainty. The design optimisation approach handles uncertainty using statistical formulations. The approach handles uncertainties associated both with design variables and design criteria. Constraints violation within the neighbourhood of a design is considered as part of a measurement for degree of feasibility and robustness of a solution. An industrial case study is presented on long product rolling system to minimise thermal effects and mechanical stress. The case study incorporates real life design variable tolerance and model sensitivity and process uncertainties.     

Life Cycle Simulation System for Life Cycle Process Planning

To realize closed loop manufacturing, it is essential to design product life cycles and to plan life cycle processes property. Life cycle simulation has been recognized as an effective tool in this direction. In this paper, we present a life cycle simulation system developed as a general tool for life cycle design and management. The system includes functions for modelling and controlling each life cycle process in a flexible manner. The system maintains usage history of products and parts independently taking the reuse of parts into account. Examples of the simulation are shown for both a rapid life cycle scenario and for a part sharing scenario over the product generations.     

Die fatigue life improvement through the rational design of metal-forming system

In metal-forming industries, die is an important tool for fabrication of metal-formed products. Die service life, which is defined as the maximum product number produced by die before it fails, and die performance directly determine the quality of metal-formed product and production cost. In cold forming process, die service life basically refers to the die fatigue life. The die fatigue life is determined by the design of metal-formed product and die, forming process configuration, die stress and the entire metal-forming system. In this paper, a methodology for optimization of die fatigue life is developed via the rational design of metal-forming system in such a way that the die stress is optimal and further the die design in terms of its service life is the best. To realize this thought, the S–N approach is employed for evaluation of die fatigue life. The die stress is first identified via the integrated simulation of billet plastic flow and the die deformation during the forming process. The die stress is then optimized via the rational design of the combination of metal-formed product, die and process configuration. The optimal die life is thus determined. Furthermore, a framework for implementation of this methodology is developed and case studies are used for verification and validation of the developed methodology.     

基于DSM与QFD技术的设计联合矩阵及其决策流程

在大型复杂设计活动中，由于缺少系统化的交流机制来保障设计过程中设计信息的及时、准确地传递，产生设计冲突，进而导致整个设计在时间上的拖延。本文以此为出发点，提出了解决上述冲突的基于DSM与QFD技术的集成设计联合矩阵及其决策流程；支持企业缩短其新产品开发的周期。