Glucosinolate profiles of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris)

Seed samples from a range of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L and B campestris L) were analysed for glucosinolate content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This analytical method provided a total profile consisting of eight different glucosinolates, including those used to define the Canola standard. The data indicated that broad categories of distinct glucosinolate profiles existed among the seed lines analysed. Indole glucosinolate content, expressed as a percentage of total glucosinolate content, was higher in the low glucosinolate lines of B napus. The actual contents of all eight glucosinolates in the seed were variable, particularly gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin. The importance of this HPLC procedure in facilitating selection for high or low contents of individual glucosinolates is discussed.     

高效液相色谱法测定丁醚脲在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及其消解动态分析

目的建立高效液相色谱法检测甘蓝和土壤中丁醚脲的含量,并研究其在甘蓝和土壤中的代谢残留。方法样品经乙腈高速匀浆提取,土壤采取振荡提取,旋转蒸发,浓缩,用乙腈定容,通过滤膜过滤,经色谱柱分离。结果甘蓝、土壤中烯啶虫胺的最低检出浓度(limit of quantification,LOQ)均为0.01 mg/kg;在0.02~100μg/m L范围内丁醚脲的线性关系良好,R=1.0。甘蓝和土壤样品回收率在75.3%~102.3%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为3.7%~11.4%。代谢试验结果表明:2010年、2011年,河北、山东、河南3地丁醚脲在甘蓝中的消解半衰期为1.2~2.8 d,在土壤中的半衰期为1.8~4.4 d;最终残留实验结果显示,丁醚脲在甘蓝和土壤中的最终残留量均未检出,远低于最大残留限量(maximum residue limit,MRL)。结论在自然条件下,丁醚脲属于易降解农药,在推荐使用剂量下,对收获后的甘蓝相对安全。     

Changes in Glucosinolate Concentrations in BrassicaCrops (BoleraceaandBnapus) Throughout Growing Seasons

In the Iberian Peninsula, Brassica crops are grown throughout the year and may be consumed at immature stages or leaves may be harvested by ‘picking-over’ during plant growth. Consumption of Brassicas in Portugal is high but there is no information on the levels of glucosinolates in such material. Changes in the total and individual glucosinolate concentrations of four Brassica oleracea types (two cultivars of Portuguese cabbage, one Portuguese kale type and one hybrid white cabbage) and one Portuguese Brassica napus type were monitored throughout two growing seasons, spring/summer (SS) and summer/winter (SW). Glucosinolates were determined between sowing and maturity corresponding to nine sampling dates in the leaves and five harvests in the heads. The main glucosinolates in B oleracea types were 3-methylsulphinylpropyl-, allyl- and indol-3-ylmethyl- whereas in the B napus type pent-4-enyl-, 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl- and but-3-enylglucosinolate predominated. In the leaves of B oleracea types, the highest concentration of total glucosinolates and of most of the individual glucosinolates was observed at 14 days after sowing whilst, in the heads the highest levels were noted at the start of head formation. In the B napus , the highest total and individual glucosinolate concentration was generally observed at the end of the growing season. Both for the total and for the main individual glucosinolates there were significant differences ( P< 0·001) between the nine harvest dates and between growing seasons. Between the two seasons, the glucosinolate levels in SS were generally higher than in SW. A comparison of cultivars showed the hybrid cabbage to have generally higher glucosinolate levels than the Portuguese types, except for B napus .     

Glutamine Nitrogen and Ammonium Nitrogen Supplied as a Nitrogen Source Is Not Converted into Nitrate Nitrogen of Plant Tissues of Hydroponically Grown Pak-Choi (Brassica chinensis L.)

ABSTRACT:  Many vegetables, especially leafy vegetables, accumulate NO⁻₃-N in their edible portions. High nitrate levels in vegetables constitute a health hazard, such as cancers and blue baby syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine if (1) ammonium nitrogen (NH⁺₄-N) and glutamine-nitrogen (Gln-N) absorbed by plant roots is converted into nitrate-nitrogen of pak-choi ( Brassica chinensis L.) tissues, and (2) if nitrate-nitrogen (NO⁻₃-N) accumulation and concentration of pak-choi tissues linearly increase with increasing NO⁻₃-N supply when grown in nutrient solution. In experiment 1, 4 different nitrogen treatments (no nitrogen, NH⁺₄-N, Gln-N, and NO⁻₃-N) with equal total N concentrations in treatments with added N were applied under sterile nutrient medium culture conditions. In experiment 2, 5 concentrations of N (from 0 to 48 mM), supplied as NO⁻₃-N in the nutrient solution, were tested. The results showed that Gln-N and NH⁺₄-N added to the nutrient media were not converted into nitrate-nitrogen of plant tissues. Also, NO⁻₃-N accumulation in the pak-choi tissues was the highest when plants were supplied 24 mM NO⁻₃-N in the media. The NO⁻₃-N concentration in plant tissues was quadratically correlated to the NO⁻₃-N concentration supplied in the nutrient solution.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定上海青基质中吡虫啉和嘧霉胺残留

本文研究建立了超高效液相色谱-四级杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测上海青基质中吡虫啉和嘧霉胺残留量的方法。上海青样品经乙腈提取,SPE氨基固相萃取柱净化(乙腈+甲苯(3+1)洗脱)后,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相进行超高效液相色谱梯度洗脱分离,质谱多反应监测模式检测,以保留时间和子离子比定性,外标法定量。结果表明,吡虫啉和嘧霉胺的方法定量限(LOQ)分别为3.1×10-6 mg/kg和3.6×10-7 mg/kg,在0.0005~0.5 mg/L线性范围内,两种农药的相关系数为0.9995以上。添加水平在0.02~0.2mg/kg范围内,吡虫啉和嘧霉胺平均回收率分别为99.1%~105.8%和99.1%~110.0%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别小于1.23%和1.64%。该方法操作简单、线性范围宽、灵敏度高、稳定可靠,可满足当前国内外蔬菜中此类药物残留量的检测要求。     

The use of glucosinolates for cultivar identification in swede,Brassica napus L var napobmssica (L) peterm

A quantitative study of the glucosinolates in the seed, cortex and medulla (peeled root) from nine cultivars (cvs) of swede, Brassica napus L var napobrassica (L) Peterm using high performance liquid chromatography was undertaken to see whether such characteristics could be used as a biochemical index of cultivar identity. All nine cultivars could be distinguished following an analysis of medulla glucosinolates, but the analysis of seed and cortex glucosinolates yielded no such useful information.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定富硒脱水菜心中的硒代氨基酸

建立了柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱-紫外检测富硒脱水菜心中硒代胱氨酸(SeCys)、硒甲基半胱氨酸(SeMeCys)和硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)的方法,优化了样品预处理方法,并评价其定量分析的线性、准确性、重复性和检出限,结果显示:以0.1mol/LHCl为提取溶剂,超声处理8h,提取效果最佳;3种硒代氨基酸的平均加标回收率为95.7%～112.9%;在各硒代氨基酸的线性范围内,线性关系良好(R>0.999);保留时间和峰面积重复性的相对标准偏差(RSD)均分别低于2.0%和5.0%;酸性条件下的检出限为0.004～0.009mg/L。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定中国对虾肉中的呈味核苷酸

核苷酸5＇-CMP、5＇-UMP、5＇-GMP、5＇-IMP、5＇-AMP 等是食品重要的鲜味物质。采用C18 高效液相色谱柱,以甲醇与0.05mol/L KH2PO4 溶液1:1(V/V)为流动相,梯度洗脱,能将其很好地分离。DAD 检测器在260nm处检测,各呈味核苷酸的测定标准曲线在0.00～0.10mg/ml 的范围内呈很好的线性关系,R2 分别在0.9902～1.0000之间。对中国对虾肉中的呈味核苷酸进行测定,结果表明：加标回收率在99.96%～100.34% 之间,变异系数在0.04%～0.4% 之间。方法的精密度和准确度均较高,可应用于食品中呈味核苷酸的分析检测。     

大白菜贮藏过程中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量变化分析

在不同贮藏温度（0、10、20 ℃）、贮藏方式（未包装、0.04 mm PE保鲜袋包装）条件下贮藏大白菜（Brassica rapa pekinensis）16 d后,采用高效液相色谱法测定大白菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的变化。结果表明,在不同贮藏温度和贮藏方式条件下,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量随着贮藏时间的延长均呈现先增加、后降
低、再上升的趋势,其中硝酸盐的含量在整个贮藏期间,均在低于432 mg/kg的安全食用范围内;亚硝酸盐含量在20 ℃贮藏条件下贮藏7 d即超过了4 mg/kg的安全摄入量,而其他贮藏条件均在安全食用范围内。大白菜中硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐的含量在贮藏过程中随贮藏温度的降低而显著减少,到贮藏末期（16 d时）20 ℃和10 ℃贮藏大白菜中硝酸盐含量分别是0 ℃贮藏的1.2 倍和1.1 倍,亚硝酸盐含量分别是0 ℃贮藏的1.4 倍和1.2 倍。PE保鲜袋包装有助于减少大白菜在中、低温（10、0 ℃）贮藏中硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐的含量,但在高温（20 ℃）贮藏中其含量增加。因此,建议贮藏大白菜时最好采用PE保鲜袋包装和0～10 ℃的贮藏温度,以保证其硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量不超标。     

A comparative study on the polyphenolic content,antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity of different solvent extracts of Brassica oleracea vegetables

Brassica vegetables are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and glucosinolates. Investigation was undertaken to optimise the best solvents among 60% ethanol, acetone and methanol for the extraction of polyphenols from Brassica vegetables. Furthermore, different properties such as antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity were also investigated. Results showed that a 60% methanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic content which was 23.6, 20.4 and 18.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g^?1 extract for broccoli, Brussels sprouts and white cabbage, respectively. The hydroxybenzoic acid content of various solvent extracts ranged from 5.86 to 8.91 GAE g^?1 extract for broccoli, 2.70 to 5.44 GAE g^?1 extract for Brussels sprouts and 3.69 to 4.86 GAE g^?1 extract for white cabbage, while the hydroxycinnamic acid content ranged from 0.78 to 1.26 chlorogenic acid equivalents (CAE) g^?1 extract for broccoli, 1.41 to 3.45 CAE g^?1 extract for Brussels sprouts and 0.49 to 1.14 CAE g^?1 extract for white cabbage. A concentration‐dependent antioxidative capacity was confirmed for different reactive oxygen species, and moderate antibacterial activity was observed against a number of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive food spoilage and food pathogenic bacteria. Solvents significantly affected polyphenolic content and its different properties, and the methanol was found to be the best solvent for the extraction of polyphenols from studied Brassica vegetables.     

褪黑素处理对小青菜贮藏品质的影响

小青菜是典型的绿叶蔬菜,采后极易衰老黄化.本文以小青菜为试材,研究不同浓度(0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 mmol/L)褪黑素(MT)对小青菜贮藏品质的影响.结果表明,MT处理可有效延缓小青菜的衰老进程,保持良好色泽,延缓失重率和黄化率的升高,保持较高的叶绿素、维生素C、可溶性固形物和还原糖含量.MT处理还可显著提高...     

涡旋辅助离子液体双水相萃取五味子中木脂素类化合物

建立一种简单、高效、绿色的涡旋辅助离子液体双水相法萃取五味子中7种木脂素类化合物,结合高效液相色谱法对目标物进行分离和定量.研究以离子液体[C4mim]BF4为萃取剂,以MgSO4为成相盐,在涡旋辅助作用下形成双水相体系且目标物则被萃取至离子液体相中,分别对双水相体系的组成和萃取条件进行了考察和优化,并进行了方法评价....     

Daily Variation in Glucosinolate Concentrations in the Leaves and Roots of Cabbage Seedlings in Two Constant Temperature Regimes

Limited information is available on the glucosinolate variation within the Brassica plant and the relationship between the pattern and concentration of glucosinolates in the aerial parts and the roots has received little attention. Early studies carried out under field conditions have shown that glucosinolate levels may vary considerably throughout a 24 h period. The purpose of the present study was to show whether, under controlled conditions, temperature was a factor in glucosinolate variation and to determine whether such variation might be due to translocation of glucosinolates between the aerial parts of the plant and its roots. Cabbage seedlings were maintained at 20 and 30°C over 2 days and leaves and roots sampled at 02:00 h, 06:00 h, 10:00 h, 14:00 h, 18:00 h and 22:00 h. The glucosinolates 2-propenyl- and 3-methylsulphinylpropyl- with an average of 261 and 167 μmol 100 g^-1 DW, respectively, were the two main glucosinolates in the aerial part of the plant whilst in the roots 1-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl-, 2-phenylethyl- and 3-methylsulphinylpropyl, with 495, 495 and 385 μmol 100 g^-1 DW respectively, showed the highest average concentrations. Total and individual glucosinolates in the roots and in the aerial part of the plant showed the highest concentrations in the dark cycle, at 02:00 h and 22:00 h, respectively, whilst the lowest levels were during the light cycle, mainly at 18:00 h. The results suggest that temperature was not a major factor in the short-term variation in glucosinolate levels. Although there was a very high significant difference between the total glucosinolate levels in the aerial part of the plant (581 μmol 100 g^-1 DW) and roots (2124 μmol 100 g^-1 DW), the results of the present study do not support the concept of translocation between aerial part and roots, suggesting that other factors may be involved. © 1997 SCI.     

Phytochemical and Health‐Beneficial Progress of Turnip (Brassica rapa)

Despite the advancement of medical science, diseases are part‐and‐parcel of human life. Plants have provided humans with medicines since time immemorial, and are still one of the primary sources for drug discovery. Brassica rapa L., commonly known as turnip, is one of the world's oldest cultivated vegetables. Besides being an important vegetable and source of oil, turnip is also used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of headaches, chest complaints, rheumatisms, oedemas, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and rabies. Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates (mainly 2‐phenylethyl, 4‐pentenyl, and 3‐butenyl derivatives) are the main constituents of turnip with diverse bioactivities, especially for the protective effect against cancers. Besides, flavonoids, phenolics, indoles and volatiles are also concomitant in this plant. Pharmacological investigation on turnip revealed the antitumor, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects. The anticancer property was found to be the most promising biological activity of turnip with 2‐phenylethyl isothiocyanate, phenylpropionitrile, brassicaphenanthrene A, 6‐paradol, and trans‐6‐shogaol as the major active constituents. Flavonoids and phenolics with high free radical scavenging activity should be corresponding to the antioxidant effects. Arvelexin, an indole derivative in turnip, was reported with various effects involving antiinflamatory, antihypertensive and hypolipidemic potency. In spite of many studies concerning either the chemical constituents or the biological activities of turnip, only a few cases disclosed the active ingredients responsible for diverse bioactivities. This review summarizes the research progress on the chemistry and health‐benefits of turnip over the past 20 years to provide a reference for the further investigation.     

硒硫互作对白菜芽苗菜硫代葡萄糖苷含量及抗氧化性的影响

为探讨硒硫互作对白菜芽苗菜硫代葡萄糖苷(以下简称硫苷)含量及抗氧化性的影响,以白菜种子为实验材料,通过4 mmol/L ZnSO₄溶液单独喷施、50μmol/L和100μmol/L的Na₂Se O₃溶液单独喷施以及二者联合喷施,分析白菜芽苗菜主要生理生化指标、抗氧化能力及硫苷含量等变化规律。结果表明,单独施用Zn SO₄溶液对白菜芽苗菜造成了生长胁迫,而单独施用Na₂Se O₃溶液可增加芽长和单株平均质量;Na₂SeO₃溶液联合ZnSO₄溶液喷施处理可以有效缓解单独施用ZnSO₄溶液对白菜芽苗菜生长发育的抑制作用。同时,相较于对照(喷施去离子水),经过ZnSO₄溶液联合Na₂SeO₃溶液喷施处理后,白菜芽苗菜硒元素含量及总硫苷含量均显著提高(P<0.05),其中ZnSO₄溶液联...     

离子液体辅助超声萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定半边莲中6 种黄酮类化合物

目的：通过单因素试验和正交试验对离子液体辅助萃取半边莲中黄酮类化合物的条件进行优化,建立高效液相色谱法同时分离测定半边莲中芦丁、槲皮素、柚皮素、橙皮素、山柰酚和芹菜素的方法。方法：采用InertSustain C18色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）进行分离;流动相为甲醇（B）-乙酸溶液（A,pH 3.0）,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL/min;紫外检测波长285 nm;柱温35 ℃。结果：以黄酮类化合物的提取量为指标,最佳提取条件为甲醇体积分数80%、固液比1∶80（g/mL）、萃取时间30 min、离子液体浓度0.6 mol/L。在优化的色谱条件下,芦丁、槲皮素、柚皮素、橙皮素、山柰酚和芹菜素分离效果良好;定性检出限（RSN = 3）依次为0.001 2、0.002 3、0.002 6、0.000 2、0.001 0、0.000 6 μg/mL;样品回收率为91.77%～102.53%。结论：该萃取方法操作简单快速,为半边莲中黄酮类化合物的提取分离及检测提供了有效的方法。     

壳聚糖涂膜对延缓菜心采后衰老效果的研究

研究了菜心在不同浓度壳聚糖涂膜处理后4℃下贮藏时的质量损失、叶绿素含量、主要营养和过氧化物酶活性的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,壳聚糖涂膜处理明显减少了菜心的质量损失,延缓了菜心的叶绿素、蛋白质、可溶性总糖及Vc含量的下降速度,降低了过氧化物酶活性。2%和3%的壳聚糖处理显著延缓了菜心采后衰老,延长了冷藏菜心的保鲜期。     

卷心菜中叶黄素提取工艺研究

采用超声波辅助提取卷心菜中的叶黄素,高效液相色谱法检测叶黄素含量。在单因素实验的基础,通过正交实验确定卷心菜中叶黄素的最优工艺条件为:丙酮为提取剂,超声波功率为500W,超声提取时间为30min,料液比为1:30,提取温度为60℃。卷心菜干粉中叶黄素含量约为5.6mg/100g。研究结果对叶黄素的生产与商业化应用将具有重要意义。