Ernährungsphysiologische Wirkung erucasäurearmer Rapsöle auf Schweine 1. Entwicklung der Tiere und Schlachtbefunde

Nutritional Effect of Low-Erucic Rapeseed Oils on Pigs: 1. Development of Animals and Carcass Characteristics In a feeding experiment (17 weeks, 20 kg to 110 kg body weight) with 94 castrated males (Deutsche Landrasse) from a SPF colony the influence of type of fat, amount of fat, and concentration of erucic acid on growth, feed utilization, quality of slaughtered carcass, and development of some organs were studied. The feeds examined were a barley-soya ration with 2% residual fat without addition of fat, two soybean oil groups with 4% and 8% added fat, six mixed rapeseed oil groups with three different erucic acid concentrations (7.5%, 15%, 22.5%) at levels of 6% and 10% total fat in feed, as well as a Lesira oil group with 1.7% erucic acid at a level of 10% fat in feed. The daily increase on an average of all experimental groups was 0.76 kg and the feed utilization index (digestible energy) was similar in all experimental groups. Remarkable effects on the quality of slaughtered carcass were not detected. The relative mass of heart, kidney, spleen, and thyroids did not show any distinct alterations that were related to the dietary treatment. The liver was found to be distinctly heavier in the mixed rapeseed oil groups fed 10% fat in the feed; moreover, the effect of the amount of erucic acid was also observed. The adrenals of the mixed rapeseed oil groups were significantly lighter than those of the other groups; a relationship to the fat concentration or erucic acid concentration was not found.     

Influence of Seed Color and Hull Proportion on Quality Properties of Seeds in Brassica napus L.

Percentage of crude fiber, hull proportion, 1000-seed weight, as well as oil and protein content of seeds were studied for the first time in genotypes of Brassica napus L. differing in seed color. Yellow and brown seeds exhibited a 3 % reduction in fiber and hull contents as compared to the commonly occurring black seeded forms. In addition, an average of 2.6 % higher oil and protein content was determined in brown vs. black seeds indicating that breeding for light seeded cultivars of rapeseed has great impacts on the chemical properties of the seed. As a rapid procedure of selection for low crude fiber content in rapeseed, the simple determination of hull proportions proved to be more adequate than the direct chemical analysis of the fiber which is commonly practised.     

Composition of several types of Safflower seed

The residue remaining after commercial extraction of oil from safflower seed has a greater potential as a source of animal feed or human diet supplement than is presently being realized. Safflower seed hull, kernel, and meal were analyzed to provide more information regarding their nutritive possibilities. Commercial and experimental normal hull varieties and experimental thin hull and striped hull varieties were hand separated into hull and kernel fractions and both fractions analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, and amino acids. Samples of partially decorticated commercial meal and undecorticated meal, hulls, and defatted kernel from striped hull seeds were analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, lignin, pentosans, anhydrouronic acid, total and reducing sugars, and amino acids. Cellulose was calculated by difference. A new factor for converting nitrogen to protein for summative analyses of safflower seed was calculated. These analyses indicate that about 15% of the nonfiber, nonash, nonprotein part of the defatted safflower kernel is of unknown composition. W. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Anforderungen der Tierernährung an die Rapszüchtung

Recommendations for Rape Breeding in regard to Animal Nutrition Full-fat rapeseed is one of the feedstuffs with the highest energy content. In rapeseed meal (RSM), protein and amino acids, however, also cell wall constituents and harmful substances mainly glucosinolates, are enriched. The content of lignin is 8 %. This “undigestible” part causes the low digestibility and energy content. In pigs dose-effect-relationships were investigated between dietary glucosinolates and growth, feed intake, weight as well as iodine content of thyroid, thyroid hormone concentration of blood serum and further criteria. The “no-observed-effect level” for pigs is in the range from 2 to 3 mmol glucosinolates/kg feed. In rapeseed the glucosinolate content should be lowered generally to < 30 mmol/kg defatted seed. The breeding of low hull varieties increases the energy content of RSM. With regard to produced pork the quality of rape fat will be better if it would contain more oleic acid instead of linoleic and linolenic acid.     

Relationship between erucic acid and myocardial changes in male rats

The back and belly fat of pigs fed a diet containing 20% by wt rapeseed oil (22% erucic acid) for 16 weeks was rendered into oil. This rendered pig fat, which contained 5.6% erucic acid, was fed to male rats in three separate experiments at 20% by wt of the diet for 16 weeks. In experiment I rendered pig fat was compared only toBrassica campestris var. Span rapeseed oil containing 4.8% erucic acid. In experiments II and III, rendered pig fat was compared to commerical lard containing 0.2% docosenoic acid, commercial lard to which 5.4% free erucic acid was added, and Span rapessed oil. There was no significant (P<0.01) differences observed in the level of erucic acid in the hearts of rats fed diets of rendered pig fat, Span rapeseed oil, or commercial lard plus erucic acid. However, the incidence (P<0.001) and severity (P<0.01) of cardiac lesions were significantly higher in Span rapeseed oil fed rats compared to rats fed control diets. The number of rats affected or the severity of lesions in the rendered pig fat fed group was not significantly different from controls. The results of this study indicate that the myocardial lesions associated with feeding 20% rapeseed oil diets are not related to the content of erucic acid per se. The possible reasons why rapeseed oil causes cardiac lesions in rats are discussed. It is suggested that a triglyceride imbalance in the oil might play an important role in causing these lesions in rats. Contribution No. 585, Animal Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0C6.     

Antioxidant activity of crude tannins of canola and rapeseed hulls

The antioxidant activity of crude tannins of canola and rapeseed hulls was evaluated by β-carotene-linoleate, α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and reducing power assays. Crude tannins were extracted from three samples of Cyclone canola (high-tannin) hulls and Kolner, Ligaret, and Leo Polish rapeseed (low-tannin) hulls with 70% (vol/vol) acetone. The total phenolic content in crude tannin extracts ranged between 128 and 296 mg of sinapic acid equivalents per 1 g of extract. The ultraviolet spectra of methanolic solution of canola extracts showed two absorption maxima (282 and 309 nm), whereas those of rapeseed extracts exhibited a single maximum (326 nm). Crude tannins isolated from canola hulls exerted significantly (P<0.025) greater antioxidant activity than those from rapeseed in all three assays. The scavenging effect of all crude tannins, at a dose of 1 mg, on the DPPH radical ranged from 35.2 to 50.5%. The reducing power of Cyclone canola hull extracts on potassium ferricyanide was significantly (P≤0.0025) greater than that of rapeseed hull extracts, and the observed data correlated well (r=0.966; P=0.002) with the total content of phenolics present.     

Fatty Rapeseed Products for Dairy Cows

In the present investigation (3 experiments) the effects of fatty rapeseed products were studied on both straw-based and hay-based rations for lactating cows. Compared rapeseed products, used as ingredients of concentrate mixtures, were full-fat rapeseed (43% oil), partially defatted rapeseed expellercake (19% oil) and fully defatted rapeseed meal (2% oil). The rapeseed and rapeseed expellercake compared to the defatted rapeseed meal resulted in significantly higher yields of milk and 4% fat-corrected milk, when barley straw was the dominating roughage. In the hay-based diet the positive effects of added fat were not as much expressed. The iodine number of the milk fat increased about 4 units, when feeding the high-fat rations, i.e. the softness of the butter was improved. The results indicate that supplementation of straw with fatty rapeseed products will improve the possibility of a biologically and economically beneficial use of cereal straw in dairy cow rations.     

Trennpressen geschälter Rapssaat – Rheologische Eigenschaften des linear gepreßten Feststoffbettes

Expression of dehulled rapeseed – Rheological properties of the linear-pressed solid bed. This paper describes the process of expressing oil from a compressed biogenic matter and on the other hand it presents further experimental results on four main parameters governing the expression process in a linear compression chamber. The key questions for physical modelling are the distribution of pressures and porosities in the press cake as well as their changes during compression influenced by essential parameters. With the help of structure models of compressed crushed rapeseed an attempt is made to gain insight into the combined effects of cotyledon particles and hull fragments at different steps of the expression process. The relaxation phenomena of expressed rapeseed are important for an understanding of its mechanical properties, i.e. the kinetics of stress relaxation reflects the internal interaction of solid and fluid. The experimental part of the paper presents the results of relaxation tests concerning the influence of hydrothermal conditioning, mechanical crushing, amount of hull content and press temperature. The results are discussed with regard to the models of structure and relaxation phenomena explained before. The final part of the paper shows that the four phenomena of relaxation can be described successfully in a mechanical model.     

Human Milk Fat Substitute from Butterfat: Production by Enzymatic Interesterification and Evaluation of Oxidative Stability

Recent data have suggested that the fatty acid composition and molecular structure of fats in infant formulas should be as similar to human milk fat as possible to obtain optimal fat and calcium absorption from the infant formula. This work investigated the possibilities of using enzyme technology and butterfat as a material to produce a fat similar to human milk fat with respect to the above parameters. Moreover, the oxidative stability of the enzyme modified human milk fat substitute (HMFS) was compared to the fat blend used for the production of HMFS. Using a combination of enzyme technology, fractionation and batch deodorization and with butterfat in combination with soybean oil and rapeseed oil as raw materials it was possible to produce HMFS with a molecular structure and fatty acid composition that was very similar to that of human milk fat. The oxidative stability of the HMFS oil was lower than that of the reference oil with the same fatty acid composition. However, oxidation did not lead to a severe increase in rancidity scores during storage. Rather, the panel gave high intensity scores for other off-flavors such as burnt and bitter. Further optimization of the deodorization process is therefore necessary to remove these off-flavors.     

Biological evaluation of hydrogenated rapeseed oil

A 91-day feeding study evaluated soybean oil, rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated superglycerinated soybean oil and fully hydrogenated superglycerinated rapeseed oil at 7.5% of the diet in rats; a 16-wk feeding study evaluated soybean oil and the three rapeseed oils or fats at 15% of the diet. Each fat was fed to 40 rats as a mixture with soybean oil making up 20% of a semi-synthetic diet. No significant differences in body weight gains or diet-related pathology were seen in the 91-day study although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had slightly heavier hearts, kidneys and testes than the others. The rats fed the four fully hydrogenated fats ate more feed and had lower feed efficiencies than those fed oils but no differences were seen among the four hydrogenated fats. In the 16-wk feeding study, no pronounced pathology related to the diet was seen although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had a slightly higher incidence of histiocytic infiltration of cardiac muscle than the rats in the other groups. The female rats fed the three rapeseed oil fats gained significantly less weight and the females fed liquid rapeseed oil had enlarged hearts compared to the other groups. The absorbabilities of the six fats were measured in the 91-day study when fed as a mixture with soybean oil and as the sole source of dietary fat in a separate 15-day balance study. The four fully hydrogenated fats were poorly absorbed and the absorption of behenic acid from the two hydrogenated rapeseed oils was found to be 12% and 17% in the balance study and 8-40% in the feeding study. The adverse biological effects of unhydrogenated rapeseed oil containing erucic acid as reported in the literature do not occur with fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil. In addition, the low absorbability of the fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil is an added factor in its biological inertness.     

Effect of Palm Oil Enzymatic Interesterification on Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Mixed Fat Blends

The physicochemical properties of binary and ternary fat systems made of commercial samples of palm oil (PO) blended with anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and/or rapeseed oil (RO) were studied. Physical properties such as solid fat content by pulsed‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (p‐NMR), melting profile by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polymorphism of the blends were investigated. Palm oil was then batch enzymatically interesterified for 27 h, using Lipozyme^® TL IM as biocatalyst, and further blended with AMF and/or RO in the same way. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of batch enzymatic interesterification (B‐EIE) of palm oil on physical characteristics of the investigated fat blends. For that purpose, iso‐solid diagrams have been constructed from p‐NMR data. It was shown that B‐EIE of palm oil modifies its melting behaviour, but also its polymorphic stability and miscibility with other fats. Under dynamic conditions, after B‐EIE, the non‐ideal behaviour (eutectic) detected at low temperatures in the ternary PO/AMF/RO system disappears in the corresponding EIE‐PO/AMF/RO. After static crystallization followed by a tempering, the hardness of palm oil is increased after B‐EIE, as well as the hardnesses of the blends containing this fat compared to the native one. Polymorphism stability of the binary and ternary fat systems is also modified after B‐EIE compared to the corresponding native systems.     

响应曲面法优化超声辅助提取油菜籽皮中的原花青素

以乙醇为提取剂,用超声辅助的方法从油菜籽皮中提取了原花青素。在讨论了提取剂体积分数、提取时间、液料比(每克原料加入提取剂的毫升数,简称液料比,以下同)和超声波功率等单因素实验的基础上,运用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应曲面法分析了提取剂体积分数、提取时间和液料比3个因素对原花青素提取率的影响,并优化了提取工艺。结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数62.9%,提取时间20.8 min,液料比25 mL/g。在该条件下,原花青素提取率的预测值为5.055 mg/g,验证实验值为5.02 mg/g,说明响应曲面法优化油菜籽皮中原花青素提取工艺是可行的。     

Der Einfluß fettreicher Rapsprodukte auf die Fettqualität von Lämmerschlachtkörpern

The influence of fatty rapeseed products on fat quality of lamb carcase. In a feeding experiment with lambs the following question was to be answered: Effects of unsaturated fatty acids in diets of different rape products (rapeseed, rapeseed cake and rapeseed oil) on the fatty acid composition of stored fat in lamb carcase. A total of forty weaned tup lambs (genotype: Merino Sheep, Blackhead Mutton Sheep × Merino Sheep) were fattened up to an average finishing weight of 49 kg under conditions of a high feeding intensity. Four groups were built (n = 10) each receiving four different mixed concentrates. The control group was fed conventional mixed concentrates on the basis of coarse meal of cereal-dried sugar beet pulp-soybean. The mixture for the test group 1 contained 10% rapeseed. In test group 2 soybean meal was replaced by 34% rapeseed cake. Test group 3 was given mixed concentrates with 4% rapeseed oil. All mixtures were composed in an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous way. The three mixtures for the test groups contained a higher content of crude fat and crude fiber than the control mixture. The fat content of the test mixtures had the same level. The fatty acid composition in the fat tissue of the test groups (abdominal fat, back fat, intramuscular fat) were significantly different from the control group. The test groups showed, especially, a higher degree of trans fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1) and a smaller portion of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the control group. With respect to the composition of fat there was no difference between the three test groups. This accordance indicates that the process of digestion in the rumens took place in a parallel way. There was no difference between feeding cell bound oil or free oil.     

Alternative fat sources to animal fat for pigs

The use of fats and oils in diets for pigs is of great importance due to their high energy value. As a consequence of the BSE‐crisis in the European Union, the amount of animal fat available for animal feeds has been reduced, and alternative fat sources are of increasing importance. In this paper, we review our main findings on the effects of diets with different fat sources on apparent fat digestibility in pigs. A method for quantitative measurement of fat extraction from feed and faeces has been developed, and this method has been used in a digestibility trial, in which diets added 5% of either animal fat, palm oil mix, palm oil, vegetable oil mix, coconut oil, or rapeseed oil were tested in weaned and growing pigs. It was concluded that several vegetable fat sources (palm oil mix, palm oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil) could be used as alternatives to animal fat in pig feed, whereas fat blends should be avoided.     

Influence of elaidate and erucate on heart mitochondria

Male, weanling rats were fed, for up to six weeks, corn oil (CO), rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydrogenated fat (HF), or a mixture of partially hydrogenated fat and corn oil (HF+CO). The respiratory activity of their isolated heart mitochondria, their hormone-sensitive lipase activity, and the fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids of the mitochondria were determined. The results indicated that heart mitochondria isolated from rats which had been fed corn oil (CO) had a higher rate of oxygen uptake, showed higher respiratory control ratios, higher ADP/0 ratios and a higher rate of ATP synthesis than the heart mitochondria isolated from those fed rapeseed oil or hydrogenated fats. The oxygen uptake rates of the rat heart mitochondria isolated from each dietary group of rats was in order: oleyl carnitine ≫ erucyl carnitine > elaidyl carnitine. The decreased capacity to oxidize substrate by heart mitochondria which had been isolated from the hearts of rats fed rapeseed or hydrogenated soybean oil as compared with those fed corn oil as a sole source of dietary fat seemed related to the mitochondria lipid composition. The type of dietary fat fed had a pronounced influence on the mitochondrial fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin. The lipase activity of the RSO-fed group did not show any increment with either epinephrine or supplemental ATP treatment. The substrate preference for lipase activity in myocardium was corn oil-triglycerides > trierucin > trielaidin > tripalmitin. However, cardiac lipid accumulation did not seem related to lipase activity in the myocardium. Taken from a thesis submitted by Chi Ming Lee Hsu in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree in Food Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.     

Ölpflanzenanbau und Verwertung der Produkte aus agrarpolitischer Sicht

Oil-Bearing Plant Cultivation and Utilization from the Viewpoint of Agricultural Policy Cultivation of oil-bearing plants has a greater importance than generally thought. Hardly any other agricultural commodity is more dependent on supply by the world market than oilseeds. The European Economic Community meets only 30% of its requirement of plant oils and less than 10% of its requirement of plant proteins by its own production. From this aspect the marketing instruments are fully justified. Rapeseed is undoubtedly the most important oilseed of the temperate zone. It has a great future in entire Europe. More than twothirds of the German rapeseed production was harvested in the northernmost federal state. Without exaggeration, one might designate Schleswig-Holstein as the most intensive winter rape region of the world. This would not have been possible without successful breeding work carried out at research institutes and plant breeding firms. In this context one might recall the impressive quality improvement of rapeseed by switching over to low-erucic varieties. The next step must be the improvement of protein content. The author anticipates intensive research that would provide useful results within a short time. The same holds for the stability of the oil by reducing the linolenic acid content, which is genetically not an easy task. In view of the importance of meeting the energy requirement the utilization of biomass in future will become an important part of agricultural considerations. Although the utilization of plant oils as fuel might not be very successful, the fat market must be considered from a global viewpoint. For the time being and in the near future plant oil will remain a food item. A good quality and informing the public will ensure their sale.     

Ultraschall-Extraktion vegetabiler Feststoffe — Untersuchungen zur Lipidfreisetzung aus Rapssaat

Ultrasonic-Extraction of Vegetable Materials — Investigation of Lipid Release from Rapeseed The effect of ultrasonics on the hexane-extraction of rapeseed-elements (dehulled meat and hulls) was investigated. The experiments were carried out in an immersion extractor coupled with an ultrasonic transducer, different ultrasonic energy levels (max. 100 W, calibrated calorimetrically; 20 kHz) were applied independently to structurally unaltered rapeseed material of various water-content. The timespan required for 50%-release of hexane-soluble lipids was reduced by a factor of 3 for rapeseed meat and by a factor of 20 in the case of rapeseed hulls, compared with control experiments in a well-stirred extractor without ultrasonics. A marked increase in fines with the duration of sonication was also observed. Several models based on the known relevant phenomena of cavitation and acoustic streaming were proposed. The experimental results, particularly the material destruction and lipidrelease, could be interpreted by taking pseudo-cavitation — due to trapped air bubbles in the intercellular interstices of the meat and in the cavities of the hull testa — into consideration. The effect of sonication can be seen technically as an extractor-internal material disruption. Practical applications of ultrasonic-extraction are at present limited to materials which resist milling and flaking; a case in point is that of the rapeseed hulls.     

Trennpressen geschälter Rapssaat – Zielsetzung und verfahrenstechnische Probleme

Expression of dehulled rapeseed - Targets and processing problems. Environmental reasons are of prime importance for the use of rapeseed oil as raw material for lubrication oils and hydraulic fluids with a high biological decomposition rate. Thus, the task for oil processing is to minimize the loss of hexane in extraction meals. Hexane retention is essentially caused by rapeseed-hull oils. Only a small part of the hull lipids is released from the extremely strong structure of the hulls. The residual lipids absorb hexane. In order to reduce residual hexane in the extraction meal it is suggested to dehull the rapeseed during preprocessing. A process of dehulling rapeseed by defined deformation is described. The operation of a screw press separating oil is essentially determined by the elasticity and permeability of the compressed material. Therefore, the natural content of hull is considered indispensable in the practice of oil milling. The observed orientation of hulls in technical press cakes, however, challenges this assessment. As a result, questions arise concerning the properties of dehulled rapeseed in pressed state. It is necessary to determine the minimum content of hulls for a sufficient elasticity and permeability under compression and for a solid press cake on condition that there will be a considerable decrease of residual hexane by reducing hulls to this amount.     

Einfluß der Verfütterung von Ölsaaten und Nebenprodukten aus Ölsaaten auf die Vitamin E-Konzentration in Tierprodukten

Influence of feeding of oilseeds and byproducts from oilseeds on vitamin E concentration of animal products . In 5 feeding studies dairy cows, beef cattle and pigs were fed diets with different contents of oil seeds or oil seed expellers. Thus, the effects on vitamin E concentration in animal products were analyzed against a reference diet, which was free from these components. Dairy cows received 1 kg full fat rapeseed (430 g fat; 31 mg α-tocopherol/kg DM). Beef cattle were fed rations with 7,14 and 21% rapeseed and pigs were administered concentrates containing 10% rapeseed, 20% full fat soybeans or 5 and 10% false flax expeller. Feeding full fat oilseeds or their expellers resulted in an increased fat and α-tocopherol intake. Incorporating full fat rapeseed into the diets induced a significant increase of vitamin E-concentration in milk and other body samples. In contrary to this increase expeller feeding caused a decreased vitamin E-concentration in animal products. The fatty acids pattern of the oilseeds and the expellers have shown a clear influence on the fatty acid pattern of body fat in pigs, followed by milk and finally body fat of ruminants with an insignificant influence only. Fatty acid pattern, disposition for oxidation and vitamin E content of the various fat types influences their induction times. Feeding full fat oilseeds to ruminants, resulted in an increased induction time, in contrast, when fed to pigs the induction time decreased. Feeding expellers, the induction times of the various fat samples of both species decreased, due to the expected destruction of vitamin E.     

Influence of a modified fatty acid profile of egg yolk fat on technological properties of hen's eggs

A feeding experiment with brown layers was carried out to find effects of graded levels of rapeseed (without, 15% and 30%) in layer diets on the fatty acid composition of egg yolk and related functional properties of such modified eggs. A considerable increase of the content of essential n-3 fatty acids in egg yolk fat was noticed by including graded levels of rapeseed in layer diets. The destruction force of a gel prepared from whole egg was improved by the highest rapeseed level (30%) and emulsifying capacity by medium inclusion of rapeseed in layer diets (15%). The thermal stability of an emulsion prepared from whole egg was not influenced by rape feeding. Viscosity of mayonnaise prepared from egg yolk and whole egg yolk was decreased by increased rapeseed levels in the diets. In tendency, organoleptic evaluation of sponge cake prepared from whole egg revealed better results for the control group. The baking height of sponge cake was improved by rapeseed inclusion in layer diets. It may be assumed that all these changes caused by rapeseed feeding are closely related to the mentioned changes in the fatty acid profile.