Subcritical Crack Growth of semi-elliptical surface cracks in a turbine rotor

The subcritial growth of semi-elliptical surface cracks in the front face of a cylindrical disk was calculated. The disk represents a part of a turbine rotor. The stress intensity factors, which are the basis for the calculations presented here, were given in a former paper [1]. The loads steps considered consist of an inhomogeneous hoop stress distribution, which occurs at a distinct time-step of the start – up procedure of the turbine, and of the stress free state, respectively. By use of a Paris-law the growth of different initial cracks was evaluated under the assumption that the crack geometry remains semi-elliptic.     

Failure Analysis of Steam Turbine Rotor Disk

This article presents an investigation into causes of failure of rotor disk of an 8.25-MW capacity steam turbine, which failed catastrophically. Four pieces of the rotor disk detached from the tenth-stage disk of the turbine rotor during this failure. Visual inspection, chemical analysis, macro- and microscopic analysis of the failed rotor disk, analysis of the operational data, and the history of the rotor operation indicated that the failure could be attributed to stress concentrations at macropores and regions of segregation in the disk. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) subsequently took place in the regions of stress concentration because the steam in the turbine contained chloride and potassium. The SCC produced a network of cracks associated with the macro- and microporosities. It was recommended that the disk fabrication processes ensure a high-quality microstructure and that operational monitoring of the composition of steam be initiated to ensure that the chlorides and potassium concentrations are maintained below a specified level.     

Failure Analysis and Repair of a Catastrophically Damaged Gas Turbine Compressor Disk Using SEM Technique and CFD Analysis

During a major overhaul of an 85?MW gas turbine unit in Iran-Rey power plant, 39 cracks were detected with different lengths and locations on the compressor disk of stage 11. All of the cracks initiated from the dovetail regions. Preliminary visual inspections and further micro-fractography using the scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the fretting fatigue phenomenon was the main cause of failure. Four repair methods were suggested to restart the unit. The first one was to remove all of the cracks from the disk by machining, or the so-called blending. The second, third, and fourth ways were to remove the entire rotor blades of stage 11, to remove the entire rotor and stator blades of the stage 11 simultaneously, and to remove those rotor blades of stage 11 corresponding to the damaged dovetails, respectively. Although the first way of solution was initially carried out on the damaged disk, the first author offered that restarting the unit with the blended disk is not reliable enough because of the presence of a large number of repair points on the disk. Using the numerical investigations based on the computational fluid dynamics, it was found that only the second suggestion (i.e., removing the entire rotor blades of the stage 11) might be applicable. Ultimately, the entire stage 11 rotor blades were removed from the blended disk, and the gas turbine unit was successfully restarted without encountering abnormal operation. Although the performed process resulted in approximately 20% output power loss compared with the unit's power before the blades' removal, the unit was quickly restored to be ready to restart, and the electric power could be generated during the period of peak consumption.     

陶瓷基复合材料涡轮叶盘设计、制备与考核验证

涡轮转子是燃气涡轮发动机的核心部件。针对SiC/SiC涡轮叶盘设计、制备与考核验证开展研究,采用蛛网仿形(SWS)SiC纤维预制体作为涡轮叶盘的增强体,预制体表面分别沉积BN界面相与SiC基体,通“在线加工”方式对SiC/SiC涡轮叶盘分别进行粗加工和精加工,采用大气等离子喷涂方法制备环境障碍涂层,形成满足设计要求的涡轮叶盘。采用CT对SiC/SiC涡轮叶盘进行无损检测,表征叶盘内部缺陷分布。针对制备的SiC/SiC涡轮叶盘开展性能评价、超转试验、台架试验等考核验证,研究表明：SiC/SiC涡轮叶盘最大破坏强度达到300 MPa;在室温超转试验中,当转速达到n=104 166 r/min时,叶片发生断裂,当转速达到n=108 072 r/min时,轮体发生破裂;在发动机台架试验中,累积完成了N=994次最高转速n_max=60 000 r/min的循环载荷及N=100次最高转速n_max=70 000 r/min的循环载荷试车考核。2022年1月1日,SiC/SiC涡轮叶盘在株洲成功完成了首次飞行试验验证,这也是国内陶瓷基复合材料转子首次配装平台...     

Estimating working life for aircraft gas turbine engine disks at the stage of fatigue crack development. Part 2

It is shown that the cyclic cracking resistance in turbine disk materials is substantially affected by temperature, frequency, loading-cycle shape, and specimen thickness. Formulas describing fatigue crack growth rates are considered and calculations are done on the periods needed for fatigue cracks to grow to critical sizes from stress concentrators at various temperatures. Deceased. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 12, pp. 3–15, December, 1994.     

MIXED MODE (I + III) FATIGUE THRESHOLDS IN A FORGING STEEL

Abstract— The results of mixed mode (I + III) fatigue tests on a low pressure steam turbine rotor steel are presented. Tests were performed on a uniaxial servohydraulic fatigue machine fitted with a torsion-bending loading frame. The onset of failure was marked by fatigue facets which grew perpendicular to the maximum principal stress direction. A criterion for mixed mode (I + III) fatigue thresholds based on the orientation and the crack opening displacement of fatigue cracks is proposed.     

Vibration based damage detection of rotor blades in a gas turbine engine

This paper describes the problems concerning turbine rotor blade vibration that seriously impact the structural integrity of a developmental aero gas turbine. Experimental determination of vibration characteristics of rotor blades in an engine is very important from fatigue failure considerations. The blades under investigation are fabricated from nickel base super alloy through directionally solidified investment casting process. The blade surfaces are coated with platinum aluminide for oxidation protection. A three dimensional finite element modal analysis on a bladed disk was performed to know the likely blade resonances for a particular design in the speed range of operation. Experiments were conducted to assess vibration characteristics of bladed disk rotor during engine tests. Rotor blade vibrations were measured using non-intrusive stress measurement system, an indirect method of blade vibration measurement utilizing blade tip timing technique. Abnormalities observed in the vibration characteristics of the blade tip timing data measured during engine tests were used to detect the blade damage. Upon disassembly of the engine and subsequent fluorescent penetrant inspection, it was observed that three blades of the rotor assembly were identified to have damaged. These are the blades that exhibited vibration abnormalities as a result of large resonant vibration response while engine tests. Further, fractographic analysis performed on the blades revealed the mechanism of blade failures as fatigue related. The root cause of blade failure is established to be high cycle fatigue from the engine run data history although the blades were put into service for just 6 h of engine operation.     

Stress corrosion cracking of a 60 MW steam turbine rotor

The paper presents a root cause analysis of a steam turbine rotor blade groove cracking. The scope of analyses included material testing and mechanical integrity calculations. In scope of material testing, fracture microstructure was assessed and basic mechanical property characteristics of the rotor discs were determined. In scope of integrity analyses, the stress fields in the blade grooves were calculated and the possibility of cracking due to different mechanisms was assessed. Both calculations and material tests confirmed the stress corrosion cracking to be the root cause of the rotor failure. This was a basis for proposing the rotor discs repair by overlay welding with a lower strength material and modifications to the groove geometry.     

30Cr1Mo1V钢汽轮机转子高应力段的疲劳裂纹扩展速率

在某已服役了16 a的30Cr1Mo1V钢汽轮机转子的高应力段取样制作成紧凑拉伸试样,用MTS 810.50试验机进行室温和538℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验。结果表明：该钢疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段的疲劳裂纹扩展速率适用于Paris公式,室温下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率方程为da/dN=2.2101×10-8（ΔK）2.9163,538℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率方程为da/dN=9.8794×10-8（ΔK）2.6844;对于30Cr1Mo1V转子钢,温度升高,疲劳裂纹扩展速率加快;30Cr1Mo1V转子钢在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段存在转折点,将该阶段又细分为两段,经过转折点后疲劳裂纹扩展速率的增速减慢;与原始材料相比,已服役16 a的30Cr1Mo1V钢汽轮机转子高应力段材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率增大。     

Erosion-fatigue of steam turbine blades

The premature failure of steam turbine rotor blades, manufactured in forged 12% Cr–NiMoV martensitic stainless steel, was investigated using visual inspection, non-destructive testing, macro and microfractography, microstructural characterization, EDS microanalysis, chemical analysis, micro hardness and tensile testing. The blades belonged to the last stage of a thermoelectric plant steam turbine generator (140 MV A). The results indicated that the failure of the blades was promoted by foreign-particle erosion, which attacked preferentially the low-pressure side of the lower trailing edge of the blades. The resulting wear grooves acted as stress raisers and promoted the nucleation of fatigue cracks, which probably grew during the transition events of the steam turbine operation. Finally, water drop erosion was observed on the blade upper leading edge (low-pressure side).     

Axial-thrust responses due to a gas turbine’s rotor blade distortions

The axial thrust imposed on the shaft of a gas turbine depends upon its rotor blade inlet inclination to the turbine’s axial direction: this inclination can change due to the distortions resulting from fouling, aging, tip rubbing, erosion, thermal-fatigue cracks, and corrosion. Relevant influential parameters for an operational gas turbine were measured. Theoretical predictions for the behavior of the same turbine were obtained from computer simulations. The results of both measurements and theoretical predictions were compared and showed qualitative correspondence. The rotor blade profile distortions result in significant increases in the axial thrust on the compressor, which adversely affects the gas turbine’s thermodynamic performance, reliability, and operational life.     

轮盘蠕变引起的组合转子性能退化特性研究

燃气轮机组合转子因长期承受较大的离心应力及较高的温度,其性能易发生退化.轮盘蠕变是引起组合转子性能退化的重要因素之一,为研究轮盘蠕变引起的组合转子性能退化特性,首先建立了考虑轮盘结合面刚度的组合转子轮盘蠕变计算模型,研究组合转子蠕变效应,得到组合转子不同轮盘蠕变随时间变化的定量数据;然后,提出了轮盘蠕变引起组合转子性能退化的研究方法,通过定义组合转子性能退化指标,得到轮盘蠕变引起组合转子性能退化的轨迹,实现其性能退化的定量评估;最后,研究不同转速、拉杆数目下轮盘蠕变引起组合转子性能退化速率的变化规律.结果表明:在高温、高转速作用下,组合转子轮盘将会发生蠕变,透平端第1级蠕变速率最快;轮盘蠕变会引起组合转子性能退化,转速越大、拉杆数目越多,组合转子退化速率越快.因此,在对组合转子进行结构及系列化设计时必须考虑轮盘蠕变的影响,特别在改变转速、拉杆数目时,其影响不容忽视.     

《小型航空涡轮增压器叶片强度振动研究》

在进行的某型航空活塞发动机废气涡轮增压器气动和结构改进设计的基础上,针对涡轮增压器叶片强度振动问题进行分析。计算结果表明,在工作转速范围内,叶片不会出现强度和振动问题,满足工程使用要求。     

频繁启停过程中拉杆微裂纹引起的组合转子性能退化研究

燃气轮机的性能下降很大程度上是由于燃机的核心部件——组合转子的退化导致的,因此,非常有必要重点研究组合转子的性能退化规律.组合转子局部结构的损伤,必将导致整体性能的下降.从该角度出发,建立组合转子的有限元模型,对组合转子拉杆裂纹进行扩展计算,定义组合转子性能退化量,分析了不同尺寸的拉杆裂纹对转子性能退化的影响.研究结果表明:随着裂纹尺寸的逐渐增加,组合转子的退化速率逐渐加快;不同微裂纹拉杆的分布形式对组合转子退化程度影响不同,当微裂纹拉杆相邻分布时组合转子退化速率最快,裂纹拉杆180°分布时组合转子退化速率最慢.     

Fracture analysis of turbine disks and computational–experimental background of the operational decisions

In this paper, fatigue crack growth under operation conditions for rotating disks of aircraft gas turbine engines is analyzed. Initiation and growth of surface cracks for compressor disks made from two-phase titanium alloy has occurred in a disk and blade attachment. Damage accumulation and growth for turbine disks made from steel took place on the inner surface of hole in a hub of wheel. Suggested approach of simulation modeling is used for an analysis and prevention of operation failures of engine rotating components. In the approach described, finite-element models (FEMs) in two and three dimensions were applied to the study of stress–strain state and stress intensity factors for the basic configurations of compressor and turbine disks and their operational damage. Proposed design modifications and repair technologies to existing in-service aircraft gas-turbine engine rotating components are analyzed and substantiated on a static strength and fatigue life basis.     

Research on performance degradation characteristic of combined rotor considering turbine discs creep北大核心CSCD

The combined rotor of gas turbine bears large centrifugal stress and high temperature in a long term, and its performance degrads easily. Turbine discs creep is one of the important factors that cause the performance degradation of the combined rotor. To research the performance degradation characteristics of combined rotor caused by turbine discs creep, firstly, the turbine discs creep calculation model of combined rotor considering contact interface stiffness was established, the creep effect and the relationship between creep quantitative data and time were researched. Then a research method for the performance degradation of the combined rotor caused by turbine discs creep was presented. By describing degradation path caused by turbine discs creep through defining degradation degree parameters, performance degradation quantitative evaluation of combined rotor was realized. Finally, the variation law of the performance degradation rate of the combined rotor was studied under the different speeds and numbers of rod. The calculation results showed that the creep rate of combined rotor decreased with the increasing of time, and the first wheel of the turbine got the fastest creep rate; the turbine discs creep caused performance degradation of combined rotor, the greater the rotating speed, the more number of the rod, the faster the degradation rate of the combined rotor. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of turbine discs creep on the structural design of composite rotor, especially when the speed and the number of the rod are changed, the influence can not be ignored.     

红外测温系统在航空发动机轮盘试验中的应用

该文论述了红外测温基本理论和红外测温仪工作原理,设计开发了适用于航空发动机轮盘试验的非接触红外测温系统,分析影响红外测温系统测量准确度的主要因素,研究发射率的确定方法,在轮盘静止和旋转状态下进行了试验验证。其结果表明:影响红外测温系统测量准确度最重要的因素是发射率;用热电偶对发射率进行确定的方法是可行的;轮盘在静止和旋转状态下的发射率相同,静止状态下确定的发射率可用于旋转状态下的温度测量。     

燃气轮机转子-轴承系统的油膜涡动分析

建立了小平衡双盘转子-油膜轴承系统模型来分析某型燃气轮机转子-轴承系统的整体动力学特性,根据实际燃气轮发电机组的运行参数和结构特征,选取合理的参数,采用数值方法分析了在平稳升速过程中系统涡动的扩展过程,表明涡动的发展可分为三个阶段:(1)稳定的惯性同步涡动阶段;(2)油膜涡动的积累阶段,即振动能量由惯性涡动向半速油膜涡动迁移;(3)油膜振荡锁频阶段.分析了不平衡量对系统幅频特性和涡动扩展过程的影响,揭示了油膜振荡的跳跃特性.分析结果在多个实验研究文献中得到证实,表明所建立的模型可以用来分析燃气轮机转子系统的整体动力学特性.     

Characterization of the nonlinear fracture resistance parameters for an aviation GTE turbine disc

The effects of crack growth rate model formulation, based on the elastic‐plastic and undamaged/damaged creep crack tip fields on the behaviour of low‐cycle fatigue and creep fracture resistance parameter behaviour, are represented by numerical calculations. The crack growth rate models include the fracture process zone size and damage parameters. An aviation gas turbine engine (GTE) rotating turbine disc is the focus of this innovative application of basic analytical and numerical solutions. For the GTE turbine disc, the constraint parameters, local fracture process zone sizes, and nonlinear plastic (K_p) and creep (K_cr) stress intensity factors are calculated by finite element analysis to characterize the fracture resistance along the semielliptical crack front as a function of the flaw aspect ratio, operation temperature, and disc rotation speed. Predictions of the creep‐fatigue crack growth rate and residual lifetime are given for different combinations of operation loading conditions and damage of the GTE turbine disc.     

镍基高温合金微型涡轮盘热塑性成形工艺

目的 研究GH4698微型涡轮盘热塑性成形工艺。方法 采用有限元软件Deform-3D对镍基高温合金微型涡轮盘模锻过程进行数值模拟分析,研究坯料不同高径比、不同模锻温度下涡轮盘成形的最大载荷值、等效应力、等效应变、速度场的变化规律。结果 微型涡轮盘模锻过程载荷最大值随模锻温度升高而降低,温度和高径比对涡轮盘的凸台、直榫等部位的等效应力、等效应变影响有明显的差异。在涡轮盘路径1上,随着温度的升高,等效应力逐渐降低,变形更加均匀;随着高径比的增加,变形不均匀程度增大,高径比为1时等效应力的极大值最小;温度和高径比对速度场的影响较小。结论 温度和高径比对GH4698微型涡轮盘锻造变形行为有显著的影响,选择合适的模锻工艺参数可以有效降低成形载荷,并获得使用性能较好的微型涡轮盘。