An energy-based model of gas-solid transport in a riser

A simple and reliable method to estimate the solid holdup distribution and solid residence time in a gas-solid riser flow is essential to the optimum design and efficient operations of riser reactors. The traditional approach of equating the local solid holdup to the pressure drop in a riser overlooks the effects of solid acceleration and energy dissipation in the acceleration and dense phase transport regions. The energy dissipation in these regions is mainly due to the interfacial friction between interstitial gas and suspended solids, inter-solid collisions, as well as solid-wall fraction. Most momentum-based models fail to account for the energy dissipation of inter-solid collisions, and the models using the simple granular kinetic theory fail to account for the energy dissipation in micro-sliding or rolling from off-center inter-solid collisions. This paper presents an energy-based mechanistic model to analyze the partitions of the axial gradient of pressure by solid acceleration, collision-induced energy dissipation and solid holdup in gas-solid riser flows. Based on this model, more reasonable estimation of axial distributions of solid holdup and resulted solid velocity can be obtained. Our analysis shows that the effect of solid acceleration on the pressure drop can be significant in a range of moderate solid holdup (typically from 3.5% to 12% by solid volume fraction) whereas the effect of energy dissipation becomes important in the dense phase transport region (typically when the solid volume fraction above 5%). The exemplified results indicate that the traditional approach of equating the local solid holdup to the pressure drop overestimates the solid holdup by an error up to 50% in the acceleration and dense phase transport regions in typical gas-solid riser flow applications.     

气液喷射器的结构设计与性能分析

喷射式环流反应器是一种高效的多相反应器,由于其具有良好的传热、传质和混合特性,目前已被广泛应用于生物、化学、制冷和环境保护等工程领域。气液喷射器作为喷射式环流反应器的核心部件之一,其结构尺寸对环流反应器的传质特性和适用环境都具有显著影响。为考察结构尺寸对喷射器性能的影响,本文根据其工作原理,设计了一台模试气液喷射器,并通过冷模试验对其进行性能测试研究。试验结果表明:气液喷射器的引气能力主要取决于其混合喉管与喷嘴出口截面比f₃/f₁以及喷射器进出口压力降Δp_p/Δp_c,而环流反应器的气含率仅与喷射器的液相射流量和气体引射量有关。相同液相流量条件下,喷射器的最大引射空气量随截面比f₃/f₁的增大而增大,反应器内的平均气含率随之增加;提高液相射流与引射气体的速度差能够加强两股流体间的剪切作用,使气泡更易发生破碎。当喷射器的气液比大于2.6时,反应器内的混合流体可达到乳化状态。     

Pressure drop,holdup and interfacial area in vertical two-phase flow of multi-jet ejector induced dispersions

Measurements are reported on pressure drop, holdup and interfacial area in a vertical column where a multi-liquid jet ejector has been used for gas dispersion. Studies have been carried out in the bubble zone up to the onset of slugging. Correlations in terms of physical and dynamic variables have been developed to predict irreversible loss and holdup in such systems. Extensive statistical analysis showed that the correlations are highly significant at the 99 per cent confidence level. Measurements of interfacial area have been carried out by the chemical method. The measured values of the interfacial area were in the range of 5000 to 25000 m²/m³ in the ejector and 450 to 2650 m²/m³ in the total system. A correlation for predicting interfacial area has also been proposed as a function of the holdup in the system.     

压缩/喷射制冷循环中两相喷射器性能

考虑引射流体的壅塞现象和混合室内的凝结激波现象,对混合室采用恒面积混合模型,应用质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒对两相喷射器建立了热力学模型。以R141b为工质,研究了在不同混合压力条件下喷射器内的压力变化趋势,分析了混合压力对系统性能、喷射器喷射系数和出口压力的影响,探讨了喷射器最优引射室压降、系统最优性能系数及相应的性能提高率随冷凝温度和蒸发温度的变化情况。结果表明:在本文计算工况范围内,两相喷射器混合室内无凝结激波的发生;对混合室采用恒面积混合模型相比等压混合模型更合理;恰当选择混合压力对优化系统的性能非常重要,其最佳值略低于引射流体压力,而远高于引射流体的临界压力,且其对应于喷射器取得最高的喷射系数。     

Gas—Liquid Flow Through Helical Coils in Horizontal Orientation

Experimental investigations have been carried out to evaluate the two‐phase pressure drop and the holdup for gas‐Newtonian liquid flow through helical coils. 24 helical coils and three different liquids were used for the experiments. Empirical correlations have been developed to predict the two‐phase friction factor and the liquid holdup as functions of various physical and dynamic variables of the system. Statistical analysis of the correlations suggests that they are of acceptable accuracy.     

EFFECT OF BAFFLE ON TRAY UNDER OSCILLATING CONDITION

Effect of baffle on a tray under oscillating conditions has been examined experimentally. To reduce the degree of liquid mixing and liquid channeling under oscillating conditions, it is necessary to install the baffles on tray.

Experiments were conducted with the air-water system, ft was found that the pressure drop change can be expressed as a sinusoidal function and the period coincides with tray oscillation. The degree of liquid mixing decreases when the baffles are installed on tray and it also decreases with the increase of liquid flow rate. The pressure drop increases with the installation of baffle on tray.

The suitable baffle number on tray is from 4 to 8 and in this region, the degree of liquid mixing reaches minimum and the liquid holdup takes a maximum value. @KEYWORDS: Tray, Oscillating, Liquid mixing, Baffle, Pressure drop, Liquid holdup.     

内部不可逆损失对喷射器性能影响理论分析

喷射器作为喷射式制冷系统的关键部件,其性能对系统性能有着重要影响。建立了采用实际气体性质且考虑喷射器内两相存在的喷射器性能预测模型,并定义了喷射器内部各部分不可逆损失,利用理论模型对喷射器内部各部分不可逆损失程度对喷射器性能的影响进行理论分析,讨论了喷射器内部各部分不可逆损失程度对喷射系数、喷射器效率和喷射器出口背压的影响。结果表明,工作流体在喷嘴中的不可逆损失以及引射流体在吸入室的不可逆损失对喷射系数影响较大,扩散段不可逆损失和混合段不可逆损失对喷射系数几乎没有影响;随着喷射器内部各部分不可逆损失的减小,喷射器效率增大,同时可以使喷射器出口背压提高。     

Gas-holdup distribution and energy dissipation in an ejector-induced downflow bubble column: the case of non-Newtonian liquid

A precise knowledge of gas-holdup distribution and energy dissipation is essential for designing gas-liquid contactors. A semi-theoretical approach has been presented to obtain the axial distribution of gas holdup through the column for gas-non-Newtonian liquid two-phase flow system. The whole column is distinguished to have three zones based on gas holdup, viz. top, middle and bottom. The middle section where significant accumulation of bubbles takes place, contributes higher gas holdup towards the total compared to the other two sections. Energy dissipation in the column have been calculated from two-phase gas-liquid frictional losses. A comparative study shows that substantial gas holdup are observed in the present system with considerably lower energy losses. The experimental data of gas holdup have been correlated in terms of pressure drop by the modified Lockhart-Martinelli equation.     

Characterization of hydrodynamic parameters in a multistage column contactor

Accurate knowledge of hydrodynamic parameters is of major importance for the performance study of liquid-liquid column extractors. The effects of operating parameters on dispersed phase holdup profiles, drop size distributions, and axial mixing in both phases were investigated in a 127 mm diameter multistage contactor of pilot plant scale for the toluene-water physically equilibrated system. Correlations for the mean holdup, the mean drop size, and the continuous phase backmixing were obtained. A stronger dependence of holdup and drop size on the operating conditions and especially on the agitation speed was observed as compared to previous investigations for the same type of contactor. The axial mixing for the single phase flow was found to follow adequately an existing correlation, while the continuous-phase axial mixing in two-phase flows showed some deviations from other existing correlations. Also, flooding criteria, important for the control of the extraction process, were determined based on the shape of the holdup profiles.     

往复振动板式萃取塔水力性能研究

以上－煤油为介质,在内径为０．０３１ｍ的往复振动板式萃取塔内研究了此塔的分散相持液量、轴向混合和液滴大小。研究表明分散相持液量与板振幅、频率、连续相流速和分散相流速有关;Ｓａｕｔｅｒ平均直径与板振幅、频率有关。应用脉冲响应法测试此塔的轴向混合,以无因次方程对轴向混合系数进行关联。     

Prediction of pressure drop in a modified gas-liquid downflow bubble column

A model for pressure drop in the ejector induced downflow bubble column based on mechanical energy balance within the framework of dynamic interaction of the phases has been formulated. The model includes the effect of bubble formation and form drag at interface on the pressure drop. It provides a functional form of equation for correlating pressure drop. The theoretical model proposed in the present study appears to predict the pressure drop satisfactorily for gas-liquid dispersed flow in the concurrent gas-liquid downflow bubble column.     

Mass-transfer effects on droplet phenomena and extraction column hydrodynamics revisited

The effect of solute mass transfer between the two liquid phases on the drop size distribution and holdup profiles of the dispersed phase in a multistage extraction column is experimentally investigated in this article. Experimental results of the drop size distribution, dispersed-phase volume fraction (holdup), and concentration profiles are obtained for both directions of mass transfer. The drop size distribution is measured by a photomicrographic technique, the holdup profile is measured by an ultrasonic technique, and the concentration profiles are measured by refraction index measurements. A strong influence of the mass-transfer direction on drop size and holdup has been found. The results are in qualitative agreement with the observations of other investigators. Mass transfer of butyric acid from toluene (dispersed) to water (continuous) produced larger drop sizes and lower values of the dispersed-phase holdup than for the equilibrated toluene—water system. For mass transfer of butyric acid from water (continuous) to toluene (dispersed) smaller drop sizes and higher holdup values are observed than for the equilibrated toluene-water system. This behavior significantly affects the performance of the extractor and indicates the necessity for more studies to determine the physics of the phenomenon and to model these processes appropriately.     

Prediction of Pressure Drop and Holdup for Homogeneous Ternary Mixtures of Spherical Glass Bead Particles in a Three-Phase Fluidized Bed

Hydrodynamic characteristics, viz. bed pressure drop and gas holdup, have been studied for ternary mixtures of homogeneous regular particles in a co-current three-phase fluidized bed. For this, a series of experiments have been carried out in a 5-cm diameter column with air as the gas phase, water as the liquid phase, and ternary mixtures of glass beads (1.54, 1.3, and 1.1 mm) as the solid phase. The dependence of bed pressure drop on the average particle diameter, superficial gas velocity, and initial static bed height has been discussed. Based on the dimensional and statistical analyses, correlations have been developed with the system parameters, for both bed pressure drop and gas holdup. Experimental values of bed pressure drop and gas holdup have been found to agree well with those calculated from developed correlations.     

Hydrodynamics of gas-liquid counter-current flow in solid foam packings

Solid foam materials combine high voidage and high surface area. These two properties are advantageous for use in chemical reactors due to the low frictional pressure drop and relatively high surface area that may be used for catalyst deposition. Hydrodynamic parameters such as liquid holdup, pressure drop, and flow regimes similar to those for packed beds, have been obtained for the gas and liquid flows through these solid foam packings. The open-celled solid foam packings used were in the range of 5-40 pores per linear inch (ppi). The regimes studied are two high liquid holdup regimes and a low liquid holdup regime (trickle flow regime). Also the flooding points for counter-current flow have been determined.     

Transfert de quantité de mouvement dans un ejecteur liquide—gaz vertical

Momentum transfer between various liquids and gases has been studied in a vertical liquid-jet ejector. A correlation based on dimensional analysis has been developed to predict entrained gas quantity as a function of various physical and transport properties of the system.     

Gas-liquid flow through coils

Experimental investigations have been carried out to evaluate the two-phase pressure drop and the holdup for flow through helical coils. The coils were made of thick wall transparent PVC tube of diameter 0.01 m and 0.013 m. 24 coils were made at different coil diameter and different helix angles (0° to 12°). Three different liquids were used for the experimental studies and air was the gas. Empirical correlations have been developed to predict the two-phase friction factor and the liquid holdup as functions of the physical and dynamic variables of the system. Statistical analyses of the correlations suggest that they are of acceptable accuracy.     

Gas holdup and pressure drop for air-water flow through plate bubble columns

Gas holdup and pressure drop measurements were made in two multistage bubble columns. Plates made from 6 mesh/in screen (α = 0.64) and those of Karr design (α = 0.53) were tested. An improved separated-flow model was developed for correlating the two-phase friction losses over the ranges: 0 ≤ V_G ≤ 8.22 cm/s and 0 ≤ V_L ≤ 6.12 cm/s. This model was also sound for the vibrating disk column introduced by Tojo et al. (1974). Empirical correlations are presented for the gas holdup and the pressure drop due to liquid circulation within these two columns.     

两相并流小颗粒滴流床反应器的压降和持液量的研究

在空气、水和小的固体玻璃或氧化铝球形颗粒床层中,测定了两相并流时压降和持液量。测定了流体流率、颗粒粒度及材质,分别对压降和持液量的影响,比较了大颗粒和小颗粒的特性,探计了前人的一些关联式,取得了满意结果。     

两级低压引射器的结构设计与数值分析

引射器是目前家用燃气热水器、壁挂炉中燃烧器的重要组成部件,承担着两种以上介质相互引射及其混合的关键任务。首先对燃气燃烧器用的两级引射器进行了结构设计和优化,并对设计出的两种两级引射器进行了二维、稳态的数值模拟,探究了两级引射器内燃气和空气进行动量及质量交换的混合过程,采用质量引射系数和出口甲烷质量分数标准差系数来分别表征引射器的引射性能和混合性能,研究了引射器结构参数和运行参数对引射器性能的影响。研究表明,两种两级引射器均可以引射超过化学当量比的空气,第一级引射器混合段的长度存在最优值使引射器质量引射系数达到最大,当引射器其他参数相同时,优化后的两级引射器在不同背压下引射性能均有提升,在不同背压下混合性能有所降低,背压越高引射性能提升程度越大,混合性能降低程度越小。     

Energy Analysis and Air Entrainment in an Ejector Induced Downflow Bubble Column with Non‐Newtonian Motive Fluid

In an ejector induced downflow bubble column energy supplied as a high velocity liquid jet is utilized in different sections of the ejector‐contactor system, which leads to air entrainment at the secondary entrance of the ejector. The energy losses in the different sections, viz. ejector, mixing zone and gas‐liquid bubbly flow zone have been evaluated theoretically. Experimental results show that the total energy losses calculated on the basis of theoretical expression are almost the same as energy supplied by the liquid jet. A simple correlation was developed for the air entrainment rate in terms of operating and design parameters of the system.