Anlagen zur Sondermüllverbrennung

Plant for incineration of hazardous waste . Owing to the growth in world population and increasing industrialization, a constant rise in the production of industrial waste is to be anticipated. Thermal conversion of the pollutants leads to products which meet the requirements of “T? Luft” (German technical regulation for air). The conditions required therefore, such as combustion temperature, excess air ratio, retention time, layout of the plant, are explained on the basis of examples. The individual components such as rotary kiln, burners, lances, container feed system, etc. are dealt with, as well as the gas cleaning, slag treatment, and heat recovery systems.     

Thermofraktographie – eine neue mikroanalytische Schnellmethode zur Untersuchung von Lipidgemischen

Thermofractography – A Novel Microanalytical Method for the Rapid Analysis of Lipid Mixtures New possibilities now exist for the rapid analysis of lipid mixtures in micro-scale through fractionated carrier gas distillation in direct coupling with the thin-layer chromatography (= Thermofractography). To begin with, the behaviour of pure substances in the temperature gradient 50°–450°C was investigated. It was observed that numerous compounds, which are otherwise separable only via vacuum distillation, pass over with the carrier gas at normal pressure. In this connection, the thermolysis of such compounds was also investigated. Practical cases of application, e. g. fats and oils, mayonnaise, dairy products, chocolate base are given and other possibilities are discussed.     

Von der Prozeßsimulation zur Lebenszyklusmodellierung

From Process Simulation to Lifecycle Modeling Process simulation is an established technology to support the design and operation of chemical processes. Since this technology has reached a mature state, an obvious question concerns emerging technologies which may succeed process simulation in the future. This contribution attempts to answer this question. The increasing capabilities of mathematical modeling and simulation on various levels of detail increasingly ask for the integration of available but independently developed and applied technologies across the process design lifecycle. Novel computer-based design support environments are required for this purpose. Such environments need to integrate existing modeling and simulation tools in a workflow oriented manner in order to provide context specific support during the whole design process.     

Katalysatoren des Leuna Werkes 1945 – 1988: Von der Empirie zur Wissenschaft. Teil III: Hydroraffinationskatalysatoren

Focus of the two preceding papers within this publication series were the development and manufacturing of technical catalysts at the Leuna Werke company from 1921 – 1945 (part I) and 1950 – 1991 (part II) for the reforming and isomerization catalysts. This article describes the genesis of the hydrofining group of catalysts as cornerstones of the GDR economy. 36 catalysts and 15 special aluminum oxides, X‐ray amorphous as well as crystalline aluminum silicates, were developed and brought into service for the Leuna hydrogenation and other refineries. During that time, a vast knowledge base was generated; new chemical processes were pioneered and equipped with tailor‐made catalysts developed in Leuna.     

Katalysatoren des Leuna Werkes von 1960 – 1986: Von der Empirie zur Wissenschaft. Teil IV: Hydrospaltkatalysatoren

The historic development of technical catalysts at the Leuna chemical site is shown in a series of four articles. Although the research resulted in more than 300 patents, this paper does not intent to constitute a formula for success for the development of new catalysts. Instead, it aims at highlighting the remarkable and internationally recognized accomplishments of the Leuna R&D teams in the field of catalyst and process development from the 1950s until the late 1980s. In addition to the the economic value of hundreds of millions of Mark (the GDR currency), an significant result of these R&D activities was a much more elaborated concept on the properties and mode of action of technical catalysts. Part 4 looks at hydrocracking catalysts and the corresponding industrial processes developed in the former GDR.     

Von der Ölpflanze zur Spanplatte

From oilplant to particle board . Demonstration experiments stimulate growing and breeding of ?forgotten”? oilseed plants for technical applications. Vegetable oils with fatty acids similar to linseed oil react with maleic anhydride and catalysts to form polyfunctional derivatives. Resins can be used as powder for the production of high-density materials. After adding a short-chain monocarboxylic acid, these resins are emulsifiable water. In combination with isocyanates they form binders, which are suitable for the production of particle boards of normal density.     

Katalysatoren des Leuna Werkes 1945 – 1991: Von der Empirie zur Wissenschaft. Teil II: Reformier‐ und Isomerisierungskatalysatoren

Subject of the first part of this publication series was the development and manufacturing of technical catalysts within the Leuna Werke company from 1921 – 1945. Part II as well as part III and IV will focus on this topic as well, looking at the years from 1945 to 1991. Within this timeframe, a high‐performing research and development as well as an efficient production line for new catalysts was implemented, facing a new and challenging macroeconomic environment. In recognition of the fact that the first newly developed catalyst after WW II was a reforming catalyst, this article will describe the development path of this group of catalysts as well as the closely related isomerization catalysts.     

Konzepte zur Grundwasserreinigung

Concepts for Groundwater Purification Contamination of water‐bearing strata is, in contrast to the contamination of surface waters, for most people not noticeable. However this does not lead, at least in Germany, to reduced awareness about the problem, as drinking water and groundwater are closely connected in the public’s mind. The cleanup of contaminated groundwater is generally aimed at a negligibly low or tolerable remaining risk for the subjects of the protection. The goals of the cleanup should always be considered in the light of the appropriateness of the time and effort involved and the environmental balance of cleanup measures. Otherwise there is the danger that technical environmental protection however well meant is directed against the environment, because the associated use of resources is greater than that for the protection or regeneration at which it is targeted. Different cleanup concepts are represented in the order of decreasing intensity of the technical measures.     

Selektive Reduktion von Stickoxiden in Rauchgasen – Stand der Technik und neue Wege

Selective reduction of nitrogen oxides in flue gas–state of the art and trends . The selective reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia may be catalyzed by different substances. The suitable choice of the catalyst is determined largely by where the reduction step is placed in the overall process. The technical problems and the required catalyst properties are demonstrated and discussed. A new process, based on a periodically operated reactor, avoids some of the difficulties otherwise encountered.