以生物质热解油为燃料的可降解发动机油的研制

针对发动机以生物质热解油为燃料的工况,通过对基础油与添加剂进行筛选评价,选用了具有良好可生物降解性的癸二酸二辛酯(蓖麻基)与油溶性聚醚复合使用作为基础油。同时根据全配方试验结果,采用模糊综合评价法对全配方进行了评价,研制出一种以生物质热解油为燃料的发动机用油。经理化性能分析可知,研制的发动机油具有良好的清净分散性、热氧化安定性、防锈性和耐磨损性等优点,可很好地满足以生物质热解油为燃料的发动机的使用要求。     

植物油基印刷油墨清洗剂

介绍植物油基印刷油墨清洗剂的组成及其优点,提出了现存的问题以及合理的解决方法.分析国内外的研究现状,呼吁我国应积极研究开发对环境友好、可再生、能生物降解的植物油基油墨清洗剂,以减少或消除石油基溶剂的使用.     

菜籽油酯化制备润滑油基础油的研究

阐述了植物油酯化制备润滑油基础油的意义以及植物油(菜籽油)酯化反应的过程和机理。从润滑油基础油的角度，考察了菜籽油酯化产品的主要理化指标，并分析了酯化产品与传统润滑油基础油混合后的运动粘度和凝点这两个理化指标。初步论证了菜籽油酯化作为润滑油基础油是具有应用研究价值的，并指出了今后的研究方向。     

沼气发电燃气轮机油的研制

针对燃气轮机以沼气为燃料的工况,从沼气燃烧对燃气轮机运行的影响和燃气轮机自身运行特点入手,研制新的燃汽轮机油。通过理化性能综合评定,以聚α-烯烃(PAO)和酯类油复合的合成油为基础油,加入相应的添加剂,研制出具有抗氧化、抗磨损、防腐蚀和防锈等特性的燃气轮机油。实际应用表明,该润滑油能很好地满足以沼气为燃料的燃气轮机的使用。     

用植物油开动汽车

在第二次世界大战中,中国发展了一种热解植物油工业,大多数油来自桐树果,这类油用作为汽车用燃料。中国也使用菜油和花生油。人们发现柴油机可以用植物油作燃料,但粘性比常用柴油高,且运转中易结碳。     

柴油乳化燃料的配制及应用

本文系统地介绍了柴油乳化燃料的配制设备、方法及其稳定性影响因素,其中阐明了除使用合适的乳化设备外,应用恰当的乳化方法,如混合膜生成法也可得到性能比较稳定的乳化燃料;利用配比合适的Ｓｐａｎ８０和Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０混合乳化剂可在油－水界面上形成络合物,使乳化液更趋稳定;乳化液两相密度差也是影响其稳定性的重要因素之一。文章最后对柴油乳化燃料的应用作了分类总结,指出柴油－甲醇(乙醇)－水复合乳化燃料和植物油燃料是代用燃料的今后发展趋势。     

植物油用作柴油机代用燃料的研究

本文对废气涡轮增压中冷、预燃室式柴油机燃机用植物油与燃用柴油机的特性做了大量对比试验研究，讨论了柴油机燃用植物油存在的一些技术问题，并提出了相应的解决措施。结果表明，柴油机燃用植物油时，其功率特性、油耗特性及排放特性等均能满足使用要求。     

加氢工艺对异构基础油性质的影响

在微反装置中,考察了反应温度和液时空速(LHSV)对加氢裂化尾油(HTO)、减四线油(VGO)加氢异构基础油性质的影响。通过气相色谱(GC)/质谱联用仪(MS)方法,对HTO、VGO加氢异构产品的族组成和碳数分布进行表征,结果表明:HTO和VGO均可作为通过加氢异构工艺生产APIⅡ+类基础油的原料。基础油的黏度指数随空速的降低而降低,随反应温度的升高而降低。基础油馏分中正构烷烃基本消失,说明所用催化剂具有良好的异构性能,基础油倾点随空速的降低而降低,随反应温度的升高而降低。原料的裂化反应程度随空速的降低而升高,随反应温度的升高而升高。通过族组成分析,推断出对基础油的产品性质发生影响的主要因素有:正构烷烃的异构化反应,异构烷烃的二次异构反应,单、双环化合物的支链异构反应,单、双环化合物的环压缩异构反应,多环烷烃化合物部分开环反应,芳烃化合物加氢饱和和开环反应。此外,加氢裂化反应也可改善产品的低温流动性能,但会损失目的产品收率。     

Progress in hydrated salt based composite phase change materials

水合盐相变储能材料具有相变温度适中、导热系数大、潜热值高、价格低廉等优点,因而具有广阔的使用前景。然而,过冷、相分离、循环稳定性差等诸多问题限制了水合盐的实际应用。许多学者将水合盐与其它材料结合,构成复合相变材料,成功地解决了以上问题。前人对水合盐复合相变材料的研究以解决水合盐在使用过程中的上述问题居多。然而近年来,有研究者制备复合相变材料以改善水合盐的热物性,如相变温度、导热系数、潜热值等,取得了一定成果,但这一研究思路仍需进行进一步探索。文章将制备水合盐复合相变材料的目的作为线索,总结了水合盐复合相变材料的研究思路,详细介绍了国内外相关的研究工作和研究成果,并指出了今后水合盐复合相变材料的研究重点。     

以合成烃为基础油研制的机车螺杆式空气压缩机润滑油

为适应机车螺杆式空气压缩机的需要,选择以合成烃为基础油研制机车螺杆式空气压缩机润滑油。通过室内基础油及添加剂的选择、主要理化性能评定,经过近3年的现场装车试验表明:研制油各项性能指标优良,能够满足TSA-230A型螺杆式空气压缩机安全使用1个中修期以上的用油要求。     

Mahua oil (Madhuca Indica seed oil) methyl ester as biodiesel-preparation and emission characterstics

There is an increasing interest in many countries to search for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. Although straight vegetable oils can be used in diesel engines, their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of various derivatives. Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterification. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel. In this study, Mahua oil (Madhuca indica seed oil) was transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain mahua oil methyl ester. This biodiesel was tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, constant speed, compression ignition diesel engine (Kirloskar) to evaluate the performance and emissions.     

Experimental investigations of a four-stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode with producer gas as inducted fuel and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) as injected fuels

In order to meet the energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternative fuels like biodiesels, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, biogas, hydrogen and producer gas to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Vegetable oils present a very promising alternative to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Vegetable oils offer almost the same power output with slightly lower thermal efficiency when used in diesel engine [Srivastava A, Prasad R. Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2000;4:111–33. [1]; Vellguth G. Performance of vegetable oils and their monoesters as fuels for diesel engines. SAE 831358, 1983. [2]; Demirbas A. Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods. Int J Prog Energy Combust Sci 2005;31:466–87. [3]; Jajoo BN, Keoti RS. Evaluation of vegetable oils as supplementary fuels for diesel engines. In: Proceedings of the XV national conference on IC engines and combustion, Anna University Chennai, 1997. [4]; Altin R, Cetinkaya S, Yucesu HS. The potential of using vegetable oil fuels as fuel for diesel engines. Int J Energy Convers Manage 2000;42:529–38, 248. [5]; Gajendra Babu MK, Chandan Kumar Das LM. Experimental investigations on a Karanja oil methyl ester fuelled DI diesel engine. SAE 2006-01-0238, 2006. [6]; Agarwal D, Kumar Agarwal A. Performance and emission characteristics of a Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine. Int J Appl Therm Eng 2007;27:2314–23. [7]]. Research in this direction with edible oils have yielded encouraging results, but their use as fuel for diesel engine has limited applications due to higher domestic requirement [Scholl Kyle W, Sorenson Spencer C. Combustion Analysis of soyabean oil methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. SAE 930934, 1993. [8]; Nwafor OMI. Effect of advanced injection timing on the performance of rapeseed oil in diesel engines. Int J Renew Energy 2000;21:433–44. [9]; Nwafor OMI. The effect of elevated fuel inlet temperature on performance of diesel engine running on neat vegetable oil at constant speed conditions. Renew Energy 2003;28:171–81. [10]]. In view of this, Honge oil (Pongamia Pinnata Linn) being non-edible oil could be regarded as an alternative fuel for CI engine applications. The viscosity of Honge oil is reduced by transesterification process to obtain Honge oil methyl ester (HOME).Gasification is a process in which solid biomass is converted into a mixture of combustible gases, which complete their combustion in an IC engine. Hence, producer gas can act as a promising alternative fuel, especially for diesel engines by substituting considerable amount of diesel fuels. Downdraft moving bed gasifiers coupled with IC engine are a good choice for moderate quantities of available biomass, up to 500 kW of electric power. Hence, bioderived gas and vegetable liquids appear more attractive in view of their friendly environmental nature. Since vegetable oils produce higher smoke emissions, dual fuel operation could be adopted for improving their performance.     

Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods

This paper reviews the production and characterization of biodiesel (BD or B) as well as the experimental work carried out by many researchers in this field. BD fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel or petrodiesel (PD) fuel made from vegetable or animal fats. BD fuel can be used in any mixture with PD fuel as it has very similar characteristics but it has lower exhaust emissions. BD fuel has better properties than that of PD fuel such as renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. There are more than 350 oil bearing crops identified, among which only sunflower, safflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed and peanut oils are considered as potential alternative fuels for diesel engines. The major problem associated with the use of pure vegetable oils as fuels, for Diesel engines are caused by high fuel viscosity in compression ignition. Dilution, micro-emulsification, pyrolysis and transesterification are the four techniques applied to solve the problems encountered with the high fuel viscosity. Dilution of oils with solvents and microemulsions of vegetable oils lowers the viscosity, some engine performance problems still exist. The viscosity values of vegetable oils vary between 27.2 and 53.6 mm²/s whereas those of vegetable oil methyl esters between 3.59 and 4.63 mm²/s. The viscosity values of vegetable oil methyl esters highly decreases after transesterification process. Compared to no. 2 diesel fuel, all of the vegetable oil methyl esters were slightly viscous. The flash point values of vegetable oil methyl esters are highly lower than those of vegetable oils. An increase in density from 860 to 885 kg/m³ for vegetable oil methyl esters or biodiesels increases the viscosity from 3.59 to 4.63 mm²/s and the increases are highly regular. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The transesterfication of triglycerides by methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol, has proved to be the most promising process. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages among other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. The most important variables affecting the methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and reaction temperature. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification.     

Experimental investigation on a DI diesel engine fuelled with Madhuca Indica ester and diesel blend

Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, which is renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterification. One of the popularly used biodiesel in India is Mahua oil (Madhuca Indica). In the present investigation Mahua oil was transesterified using methanol in the presence of alkali catalyst and was used to study the performance and emission characteristics. The biodiesel was tested on a single cylinder, four stroke compression ignition engine. Engine performance tests showed that power loss was around 13% combined with 20% increase in fuel consumption with Mahua oil methyl ester at full load. Emissions such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon were lesser for Mahua ester compared to diesel by 26% and 20% respectively. Oxides of nitrogen were lesser by 4% for the ester compared to diesel.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on Honge, Jatropha and sesame oil methyl esters

The high viscosity of vegetable oils leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. The inefficient mixing of vegetable oils with air contributes to incomplete combustion. The best way to use vegetable oils as fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines is to convert it into biodiesel. Biodiesel is a methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids made from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fat. The main resources for biodiesel production can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species such as Pongamia pinnata (Honge oil), Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot), Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) and Calophyllum inophyllum (Nagchampa). Biodiesel can be used in its pure form or can be blended with diesel to form different blends. It can be used in CI engines with very little or no engine modifications. This is because it has properties similar to mineral diesel. This paper presents the results of investigations carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection, CI engine operated with methyl esters of Honge oil, Jatropha oil and sesame oil. Comparative measures of brake thermal efficiency, smoke opacity, HC, CO, NO_X, ignition delay, combustion duration and heat release rates have been presented and discussed. Engine performance in terms of higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions (HC, CO, NO_X) with sesame oil methyl ester operation was observed compared to methyl esters of Honge and Jatropha oil operation.     

Performance evaluation of a vegetable oil fuelled compression ignition engine

Fuel crisis because of dramatic increase in vehicular population and environmental concerns have renewed interest of scientific community to look for alternative fuels of bio-origin such as vegetable oils. Vegetable oils can be produced from forests, vegetable oil crops, and oil bearing biomass materials. Non-edible vegetable oils such as linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil, etc. are potentially effective diesel substitute. Vegetable oils have high-energy content. This study was carried out to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil and linseed oil methyl ester (LOME), in a stationary single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine and compare it with mineral diesel. The linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil and LOME were blended with diesel in different proportions. Baseline data for diesel fuel was collected. Engine tests were performed using all these blends of linseed, mahua, rice bran, and LOME. Straight vegetable oils posed operational and durability problems when subjected to long-term usage in CI engine. These problems are attributed to high viscosity, low volatility and polyunsaturated character of vegetable oils. However, these problems were not observed for LOME blends. Hence, process of transesterification is found to be an effective method of reducing vegetable oil viscosity and eliminating operational and durability problems. Economic analysis was also done in this study and it is found that use of vegetable oil and its derivative as diesel fuel substitutes has almost similar cost as that of mineral diesel.     

Hydroprocessed vegetable oil as a fuel for transportation sector: A review

Renewable fuels produced from vegetable oils are an attractive alternative to fossil-based fuel. Different type of fuels can be derived from these triglycerides. One of them is biodiesel which is a mono alkyl ester of the vegetable oil. The biodiesel is produced by transesterification of the oil with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Another kind of fuel (which is similar to petroleum-derived diesel) can be produced from the vegetable oil using hydroprocessing technique. This method uses elevated temperature and pressure along with a catalyst to produce a fuel termed as ‘renewable diesel’. The fuel produced has properties that are beneficial for the engine as well as the environment. It has high cetane number, low density, excellent cold flow properties and same materials can be used as are used for engine running on petrodiesel. It can effectively reduce NOx, PM, HC, CO emissions and unregulated emissions as well as greenhouse gases as compared to diesel. The fuel is also beneficial for the after-treatment systems. Trials in the field have shown that the volumetric fuel consumption of renewable diesel is higher than petrodiesel and nearly proportional to the volumetric heating value. The present review focuses on the hydroprocessing technique used for the renewable diesel production and the effect of different parameters such as catalyst, reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) and H₂/oil ratio on oil conversion, diesel selectivity, and isomerization. The review also summarizes the effect; renewable diesel has on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine.     

Effect of Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester on the Performance and Exhaust Emission of a Diesel Engine

Numerous studies indicated that oil sources in the world will come to an end. As a result, new alternative energy sources will be required to substitute for oil. Some of the experimental studies showed that vegetable oil can be used as alternative fuel in diesel engines. The viscosity of vegetable oil is much higher than that of standard diesel fuel; therefore, the high viscosity of the vegetable oil can cause problems for injection systems and engine components. To decrease viscosity, cottonseed methyl ester was obtained from raw cottonseed oil by transesterification method. In this study, cottonseed methyl ester was used in a four-stroke, single cylinder, and air-cooled diesel engine as alternative fuel. Engine tests carried out at full load-different speed range, the engine torque and power of cottonseed oil methyl ester was found to be lower than that of diesel fuel in the range of 3–9% and specific fuel consumption was higher than that of diesel fuel by approximately 8–10%. CO ₂ , CO, and NO _x emissions of cottonseed methyl ester were lower than that of diesel fuel.     

Production of biodiesel fuels from linseed oil using methanol and ethanol in non-catalytic SCF conditions

Methyl and ethyl esters as biodiesel fuels were prepared from linseed oil with transesterification reaction in non-catalytic supercritical fluids conditions. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel made from vegetable or animal fats. Biodiesel fuel has better properties than that of petroleum diesel fuel such as renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. The purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. The viscosity values of linseed oil methyl and ethyl esters highly decreases after transesterification process. The viscosity values of vegetable oils vary between 27.2 and 53.6 mm² s^?1, whereas those of vegetable oil methyl esters between 3.59 and 4.63 mm² s^?1. Compared with no. 2 diesel fuel, all of the vegetable oil methyl esters were slightly viscous. The flash point values of vegetable oil methyl esters are highly lower than those of vegetable oils. The transesterification of linseed oil in supercritical fluids such as methanol and ethanol has proved to be the most promising process. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due in part to its low cost. Methyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages among other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. The most important variables affecting the methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil and reaction temperature. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification.     

Diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using waste cooking biodiesel fuel with an artificial neural network

This study deals with artificial neural network (ANN) modeling of a diesel engine using waste cooking biodiesel fuel to predict the brake power, torque, specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of the engine. To acquire data for training and testing the proposed ANN, a two cylinders, four-stroke diesel engine was fuelled with waste vegetable cooking biodiesel and diesel fuel blends and operated at different engine speeds. The properties of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil was measured based on ASTM standards. The experimental results revealed that blends of waste vegetable oil methyl ester with diesel fuel provide better engine performance and improved emission characteristics. Using some of the experimental data for training, an ANN model was developed based on standard Back-Propagation algorithm for the engine. Multi layer perception network (MLP) was used for non-linear mapping between the input and output parameters. Different activation functions and several rules were used to assess the percentage error between the desired and the predicted values. It was observed that the ANN model can predict the engine performance and exhaust emissions quite well with correlation coefficient (R) 0.9487, 0.999, 0.929 and 0.999 for the engine torque, SFC, CO and HC emissions, respectively. The prediction MSE (Mean Square Error) error was between the desired outputs as measured values and the simulated values were obtained as 0.0004 by the model.