三维动态脚型测量方法

基于多视几何原理来恢复和重建随时间变化的三维柔性物体是当前计算机视觉和三维扫描领域的研究热点之一,本文利用主动式标记点方法,提出并实现了在三维模型指导下鲁棒地从多视点视频中恢复和重建三维脚型的方法.它首先基于传统立体视觉方法重建出参考帧中的三维脚模型,然后在此基础上,通过构建三维模型顶点运动投影的速度矢量场来建立相邻帧...     

基于多视角视频的运动重建

为了更逼真地从视频图像序列中实现三维人体骨架动画形式的提取,以便进一步地对人体运动进行分析与研究,提出了一种基于多视角视频的运动重建的方法。该方法充分利用了标记点的信息,其核心步骤有标定摄像机,提取标记点,跟踪标记点和人体运动三维重建四个主要方面。其中,在跟踪标记点时,使用了基于多视觉的目标跟踪算法,该算法由结合了扩展卡尔曼滤波预测与标记点轨迹平滑性约束所构成的双目立体视觉跟踪与多目视觉数据融合两个方面。实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性与可行性。     

一种基于三维骨架化的人体姿势估计方法

提出了一种基于三维2 步子迭代混合细化算法和启发式搜索的无标记三维人体姿势估计方法.其主要思想是首先通过一种新的2 步子迭代混合细化算法,对由Shape-from-Silhouette(SFS)算法从多幅二维图像中重建出的人体三维模型进行骨架化,然后通过一种启发式的方法进行模型匹配.实验结果表明,该方法不仅思想简单,而且具有较好的鲁棒性,能够很好的去除各种噪声的影响.     

基于正交立体图像的3D人体姿态重建算法

提出一种由目标的立体图像通过人工神经网络实时估计得到其3D姿态的方法。网络的输入向量由同步立体图像帧上目标特征点的坐标构成;而输出向量则表示目标若干关键位置的三维姿态（进而可以建立目标的3D模型）。拟合该神经网络所需要的输出样本数据由运动捕获系统REACTOR获取。实验表明基于该算法的3D姿态估计误差低于5%,可以有效应用于3D虚拟目标的计算机实时合成等。     

A loop-consistency measure for dense correspondences in multi-view video

Many applications in computer vision and computer graphics require dense correspondences between images of multi-view video streams. Most state-of-the-art algorithms estimate correspondences by considering pairs of images. However, in multi-view videos, several images capture nearly the same scene. In this article we show that this redundancy can be exploited to estimate more robust and consistent correspondence fields. We use the multi-video data structure to establish a confidence measure based on the consistency of the correspondences in a loop of three images. This confidence measure can be applied after flow estimation is terminated to find the pixels for which the estimate is reliable. However, including the measure directly into the estimation process yields dense and highly accurate correspondence fields. Additionally, application of the loop consistency confidence measure allows us to include sparse feature matches directly into the dense optical flow estimation. With the confidence measure, spurious matches can be successfully suppressed during optical flow estimation while correct matches contribute to increase the accuracy of the flow.     

Binocular matching constraints from motion

Structure from motion and structure from stereo are two vision cues for achieving 3D reconstruction. The two cues have complementary strengths; while 3D reconstruction is accurate but correspondence establishment is difficult in the stereo cue, the reverse is true in the motion cue. This paper addresses how to combine the two cues when a stereo pair of cameras are available to capture image data for 3D reconstruction. The work is distinct in that, in contrast with the previous ones, it is not to exploit the redundancy in the image data for boosting the reconstruction accuracy, but to make the two vision cues complementary, preserving their strengths and avoiding their weaknesses. A mechanism is introduced that allows dense motion correspondences in the two separate image streams be transferred to dense binocular correspondences across the image streams, so that 3D can be reconstructed from the latter and accurate reconstruction is possible even with short motions of the stereo rig. Both the stereo correspondences and the motion of the stereo rig are assumed to be unknown in this work. Experiments involving real image data are presented to indicate the feasibility and robustness of the approach.     

Real-time 3D shape reconstruction, dynamic 3D mesh deformation, and high fidelity visualization for 3D video

3D video [IEEE Multimedia (1997) 18] is the ultimate image media recording dynamic visual events in the real world as is; it records time varying 3D object shape with high fidelity surface properties (i.e., color and texture). Its applications cover wide varieties of personal and social human activities: entertainment (e.g., 3D game and 3D TV), education (e.g., 3D animal picture books), sports (e.g., sport performance analysis), medicine (e.g., 3D surgery monitoring), culture (e.g., 3D archive of traditional dances), and so on. In this paper, we propose: (1) a PC cluster system for real-time reconstruction of dynamic 3D object action from multi-view video images, (2) a deformable 3D mesh model for reconstructing the accurate dynamic 3D object shape, and (3) an algorithm of rendering natural-looking texture on the 3D object surface from the multi-view video images. Experimental results with quantitative performance evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods in generating high fidelity 3D video from multi-view video images.     

结合图像融合算法与人眼跟踪的立体视频

由于多视点立体视频合成具有数据量大,图像处理速度要求较高,支持的立体视角有限等特点,这些问题一直没有很好的解决并已成为多视点立体视频产业化的瓶颈。针对这种情况,提出了一种基于立体图像融合算法与人眼跟踪算法的立体视频处理系统。首先,按顺序循环读取立体视频中的每一帧,然后用立体图像融合算法对每一帧进行合成运算,接下来将融合后的图像依原有顺序进行显示与播放。同时加入人眼跟踪算法,根据观看者眼部所处的位置实时投放对应视区的图像。图像融合算法与人眼跟踪的结合有效地扩大了立体视角。实验结果表明,该方法实现了将多视点视频在立体显示器中以自由立体显示的方式展现出来,使观看者在屏幕前可以自由移动而不影响立体观看效果,同时播放速度流畅,能给观众带来比较真实的立体感受。     

Autostereoscopic augmented reality visualization for depth perception in endoscopic surgery

Augmented reality (AR) has received increasing attention in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) applications. The goal of applying AR techniques to MIS is to enhance a surgeon's perception of the spatial relationship by overlaying invisible structures (e.g. tumor or vessels) onto the in vivo endoscopic video acquired during the surgery. One of primary issues of AR visualization is to provide correct depth perception for visible and invisible structures. In this paper, we present a video-based AR system consisting of functional modules for real-time 3D surface capture, reconstruction, and registration with pre-operative segmented CT model. The real-time 3D registration allows precise overlay of invisible structures onto 2D video for AR visualization. The AR overlay result is displayed on a multi-view autostereoscopic lenticular LCD. To study and compare the efficacy of AR visualization techniques, we investigated five different AR visualization modes. Both simulated and in vivo experiments were carried out and autostereoscopic AR visualization results were given. Evaluation and comparison for depth perception between five AR visualization modes are presented. Finally, we conclude the characteristics of these visualization modes. The novelty of our work lies in successful implementation of an end-to-end 3D autostereoscopic AR system from real-time reconstruction and registration with our multi-channel 3D endoscope, and systematic evaluation and comparison of five different visualization modes for depth perception.     

基于视频的运动捕获

现有的运动捕获方法大都存在运动捕获设备昂贵、演员运动受限等缺点，为此，提出了一种利用视觉技术从视频中提取人体运动的方法，并对其中的特片跟踪和三维运动序列恢复等关键技术进行了深入研究。基于人体模型的特征跟踪算法利用卡尔曼滤波和极线方程，能精确地跟踪比较大的人体运动；采用不共面的非线性定标模型和考虑运动不确定性的三维重建方法，能恢复逼真的三维人体骨架模型，实验结果验证了基于视频的运动捕获方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于视频的现实人物运动创作

提出一种根据用户指定的人体运动和观察视角生成真实感视频的方法.首先采集演员进行少数基本运动时的多视角视频数据库,并使用无标记运动捕捉的方法获得任意时刻人体对应的骨骼和3D模型.其次,用户对人体骨架指定运动并设定视角,以此定义目标视频.实验结果验证了文中方法能够利用有限的数据库合成演员在用户指定运动和视角下的真实感视频.     

联合LBS和Snake的3D人体外形和运动跟踪方法

为了解决基于多目视频轮廓信息的3D人体外形和运动跟踪问题,提出一种联合线性混合蒙皮和Snake变形模型的算法框架.首先建立人物对象的蒙皮模型,以每一帧多目同步视频的轮廓作为输入,采用一种基于剪影轮廓的可视外壳重建算法,使得作为3D特征的可视外壳保持了局部细节且更加光滑;并使用关节型迭代最近点算法进行匹配以捕获出每一帧骨架子空间下的人物3D外形及运动;再一次使用当前帧的多目轮廓信息,让Snake内外力共同作用于人物网格模型上的顶点,使之自由地趋近于目标对象.使用带ground-truth的合成数据进行对比实验的结果表明,该方法因同时使用3D误差约束和2D误差约束,提高了跟踪精度.     

基于视觉的人体运动捕捉技术研究

运动捕捉技术是计算机视觉和人体运动分析领域的研究热点,在计算机动画等领域拥有广泛的应用前景。在总结基于视觉的人体运动捕捉技术进展的基础上,分析运动跟踪、捕捉方法及技术难点,提出一种新的从视频提取人体运动信息,重现人体运动轨迹的方法、流程及系统设计框架。     

HumanEva: Synchronized Video and Motion Capture Dataset and Baseline Algorithm for Evaluation of Articulated Human Motion

While research on articulated human motion and pose estimation has progressed rapidly in the last few years, there has been no systematic quantitative evaluation of competing methods to establish the current state of the art. We present data obtained using a hardware system that is able to capture synchronized video and ground-truth 3D motion. The resulting HumanEva datasets contain multiple subjects performing a set of predefined actions with a number of repetitions. On the order of 40,000 frames of synchronized motion capture and multi-view video (resulting in over one quarter million image frames in total) were collected at 60 Hz with an additional 37,000 time instants of pure motion capture data. A standard set of error measures is defined for evaluating both 2D and 3D pose estimation and tracking algorithms. We also describe a baseline algorithm for 3D articulated tracking that uses a relatively standard Bayesian framework with optimization in the form of Sequential Importance Resampling and Annealed Particle Filtering. In the context of this baseline algorithm we explore a variety of likelihood functions, prior models of human motion and the effects of algorithm parameters. Our experiments suggest that image observation models and motion priors play important roles in performance, and that in a multi-view laboratory environment, where initialization is available, Bayesian filtering tends to perform well. The datasets and the software are made available to the research community. This infrastructure will support the development of new articulated motion and pose estimation algorithms, will provide a baseline for the evaluation and comparison of new methods, and will help establish the current state of the art in human pose estimation and tracking.     

一种基于AKAZE算法的多视图几何三维重建方法

针对增量式运动恢复结构算法在多视图几何三维重建算法中运行效率低的问题,提出了一种基于AKAZE算法的多视图几何三维重建方法。首先对利用摄像机获得的目标图像使用AKAZE算法检测特征并匹配,并使用随机抽取一致性算法和三视图约束剔除弱匹配图像。然后根据匹配图间的相对位姿参数,通过最小二乘法解算全局旋转参数,并利用三视图约束关系求解全局位移参数。最后进行一次光束法平差优化。实验结果表明,该算法在改善重建效果的基础上提高了处理效率,能够满足快速处理的需求。     

Dynamic 3D surface reconstruction and motion modeling from a pan–tilt–zoom camera

3D surface reconstruction and motion modeling has been integrated in several industrial applications. Using a pan–tilt–zoom (PTZ) camera, we present an efficient method called dynamic 3D reconstruction (D3DR) for recovering the 3D motion and structure of a freely moving target. The proposed method estimates the PTZ measurements to keep the target in the center of the field of view (FoV) of the camera with the same size. Feature extraction and tracking approach are used in the imaging framework to estimate the target's translation, position, and distance. A selection strategy is used to select keyframes that show significant changes in target movement and directly update the recovered 3D information. The proposed D3DR method is designed to work in a real-time environment, not requiring all frames captured to be used to update the recovered 3D motion and structure of the target. Using fewer frames minimizes the time and space complexity required. Experimental results conducted on real-time video streams using different targets to prove the efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed D3DR has been compared to existing offline and online 3D reconstruction methods, showing that it uses less execution time than the offline method and uses an average of 49.6% of the total number of frames captured.     

点状特征柔性物体三维运动捕获方法

针对具有点状特征的柔性物体,提出了一种三维运动捕获方法.首先,该方法利用两个标定的高速摄像机拍摄柔性物体的运动视频,并对图像进行立体校正;然后,采用DOG （Difference Of Gaussian）算法获取点状特征的位置,并提取特征点极值;其次,在一定范围的窗口上搜索匹配对,匹配左右图像的特征点;再次,通过三角测量法进行三维重建;最后,利用搜索策略进行时间序列上的匹配,实现动态柔性物体的三维运动捕获,并计算空间坐标、速度、加速度参数.实验结果表明,相比于采用sift算法匹配特征点捕获柔性运动物体的方法,本方法精度更高.     

未标定影像序列三维重建的混合方法

基于非标定序列影像的目标三维重建是一项非常重要的技术和研究热点,它使数据获取变得十分方便。基于影像序列的点匹配,得到的是一些点云,基于此,提出一个混合的三维重建方法：第一,通过物体三维点建立物体的数字形状模型（DSM）;第二,通过提取物体轮廓线,尤其是相互的平行直段和垂直线段,构建物体的轮廓线;第三,给合现存的三维数据模型,在目标显示和数据结构方面构建恢复三维物体。实验以一个茶筒为例,采用Java3D显示结果,取得良好的结果。     

Live 3D Video in Soccer Stadium

This paper proposes a method to realize a 3D video system that can capture video data from multiple cameras, reconstruct 3D models, transmit 3D video streams via the network, and display them on remote PCs. All processes are done in real time. We represent a player with a simplified 3D model consisting of a single plane and a live video texture extracted from multiple cameras. This 3D model is simple enough to be transmitted via a network. A prototype system has been developed and tested at actual soccer stadiums. A 3D video of a typical soccer scene, which includes more than a dozen players, was processed at video rate and transmitted to remote PCs through the internet at 15–24 frames per second.     

A computational model of bounded developable surfaces with application to image‐based three‐dimensional reconstruction

Developable surfaces have been extensively studied in computer graphics because they are involved in a large body of applications. This type of surfaces has also been used in computer vision and document processing in the context of three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction for book digitization and augmented reality. Indeed, the shape of a smoothly deformed piece of paper can be very well modeled by a developable surface. Most of the existing developable surface parameterizations do not handle boundaries or are driven by overly large parameter sets. These two characteristics become issues in the context of developable surface reconstruction from real observations. Our main contribution is a generative model of bounded developable surfaces that solves these two issues. Our model is governed by intuitive parameters whose number depends on the actual deformation and including the “flat shape boundary”. A vast majority of the existing image‐based paper 3D reconstruction methods either require a tightly controlled environment or restricts the set of possible deformations. We propose an algorithm for reconstructing our model's parameters from a general smooth 3D surface interpolating a sparse cloud of 3D points. The latter is assumed to be reconstructed from images of a static piece of paper or any other developable surface. Our 3D reconstruction method is well adapted to the use of keypoint matches over multiple images. In this context, the initial 3D point cloud is reconstructed by structure‐from‐motion for which mature and reliable algorithms now exist and the thin‐plate spline is used as a general smooth surface model. After initialization, our model's parameters are refined with model‐based bundle adjustment. We experimentally validated our model and 3D reconstruction algorithm for shape capture and augmented reality on seven real datasets. The first six datasets consist of multiple images or videos and a sparse set of 3D points obtained by structure‐from‐motion. The last dataset is a dense 3D point cloud acquired by structured light. Our implementation has been made publicly available on the authors' web home pages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.