Firing process and colouring mechanism of black glaze and brown glaze porcelains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties from the Qingliang Temple kiln in Baofeng,Henan, China

Black glaze and brown glaze porcelains were an important part of ancient Chinese iron-based high temperature glazes. The excavation of black glaze and brown glaze porcelains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties at the Qingliang Temple kiln site in Baofeng, Henan, China, in 2014, enriched the firing history of this kiln site and history of Chinese ceramics. In this study, black glaze and brown glaze porcelain samples from the Qingliang Temple kiln site from the Yuan and Ming dynasties were selected and analysed via optical microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy combined with EDS and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence to determine their microscopic morphology, microzone composition, microstructure and chemical composition. Moreover, the main wavelength range of the brown glaze porcelain samples were measured by UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer systems. The main conclusions of this study are as follows. The brown glaze porcelain from the Yuan and Ming dynasties at the Qingliang Temple kiln site has two different colour layers, with the surface is brown and the bottom is black. The presence of a glass phase and α-Fe₂O₃ phase in the black glaze porcelain samples, and a rare ε-Fe₂O₃ phase in the brown glaze porcelain samples. The brown colour was a result of ε-Fe₂O₃ precipitation, whilst the black base layer also enhanced the brown-colouring effect. Different glaze formulations were used for brown glazed porcelain, some of which were similar to those used for black glaze porcelain and derived from the transformation of black glaze porcelain through different firing atmospheres and cooling rates. Although the formula of the brown glaze porcelain samples exhibited differences, the main wavelength difference was not large, was within the 645–682 nm range and belonged to the visible red region.     

Characterizing the chemical composition of Tang Sancai wares from five Tang dynasty kiln sites

This article aims, firstly, to characterize the chemical composition of the body samples from the Tang Sancai kiln sites of Huangye, Huangbao, Liquanfang, Xing, and Qionglai. While Huangye, Huangbao, and Liquanfang are located near the capital cities of Chang'an and Luoyang, the local kiln sites of Qionglai in Sichuan province and Xing in Hebei province are selected for comparative study. We find that the body samples from these sites maybe all made of local clay. Kaolin is used for producing the body samples from the kiln sites of Huangye, Huangbao, and Xing, but the content of K₂O and TiO₂ are different among them. At the kiln sites of Liquanfang and Qionglai, however, iron-rich ‘red clay’ and calcium-rich ‘yellow clay’ are used instead. The article also aims to characterize the glaze samples from the two kiln sites of Huangye and Huangbao. We find that the Si/Al ratios of these samples are considerably higher than the respective body samples, which implies the intentional addition of siliceous raw material to the glaze. We suspect that only the yellow glaze samples from the Huangye Kiln are mainly made of kaolin, whereas the green glaze samples from both kilns and the brown glaze samples from the Huangbao Kiln are mainly made of other source of siliceous materials. The distinct chemical composition of the Tang Sancai wares from the kilns would be instrumental for tracing the provenance of Tang Sancai wares from other contexts.     

寿州窑瓷器造型文化研究

江淮名窑寿州窑,创烧于我国南北朝时期,兴盛于隋唐,衰落于五代宋。在其悠长的发展历程里,寿州窑烧制了许许多多的陶瓷用品,大致可分为饮食器、盛储器、酒具、文具、寝具、玩具、建筑用瓷等,釉色崇尚黄、黑釉,造型浑厚饱满,古朴沉稳,姿态万千,多样的的造型符号传递了当时的社会文化背景、瓷器制作水平和审美文化,为深入研究中国古陶瓷文化提供了珍贵的资料,对当今的文创产品开发也大有裨益。     

Multi-micro analytical studies of blue-and-white porcelain (Ming dynasty) excavated from Shuangchuan island

Shangchuan Island lies in the southern part of the Guangdong Province in China. Historically it is considered as an important berthing wharf of the South China Sea for the Maritime Silk Roads, witnessing the early Sino-Portuguese trades. Related research on the cultural relics in the region has attracted significant attention from archaeologists. In this study, blue-and-white porcelains excavated from Shangchuan Island were analyzed by multi-micro analytical techniques. In-glaze decoration and under-glaze decoration processes were suggested for the glaze painting process, as revealed by digital microscopy. Silica-aluminum system with flux agents of calcium, potassium and sodium, as well as the main elements of blue pigment with iron, manganese, cobalt and nickel, were found by analysis of micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. By calculating the discriminate functions (F) for the chemical compositions of porcelains body, as well as the S_i value for porcelain glaze, the origin of these blue-and-white porcelains were identified with the origin of the Jingdezhen kiln in the Ming dynasty. Anorthite (CaAl₂Si₂O₈) crystals were observed in glaze layer of porcelain by micro-Raman spectroscopy, as well as α-quartz (SiO₂) and calcite. These archeological evidences not only helped to understand the history of the early Sino-Portuguese relations, but also proved the important historical status of Shangchuan Island and contributed to the study of the history of Chinese ancient Maritime Ceramic Road.     

Study on the Five dynasty sky-green glaze from Yaozhou kiln and its coloring mechanism

This work takes the Five dynasty sky-green glaze of Yaozhou kiln as the major study object. Based on the analysis of XRF, XRD, XPS and SEM/EDS, the chemical compositions, firing technique and microstructure of the sky-green glaze were investigated. A possible coloring mechanism was proposed to explain the variation of glaze appearance. The results indicated that the Five dynasty sky-green glaze had relatively high contents of CaO and K₂O, which led to the better gloss and transparency than others. Besides that, the chemical coloring of Fe₂O₃ and the scattering of phyical structures also affected the color saturation and opacity of glaze surface. The high Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio and phase separation droplets of forming structural color by the amorphous photons and Rayleigh scattering contributed to increasing the blue tone of sky-green glaze. In addition, the residual crystals decreased the transparency of glaze surfaces.     

广州沙边窑出土窑具及瓷器化学组成研究

利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪,对广州沙边窑出土的窑具、青釉、酱釉瓷进行成分分析.结果显示,样品的胎都使用了含铝较高的原料,窑具中杂质较多,而瓷胎中还含有一定量的钾.瓷釉中的钙和钾含量相近,同为主要助熔剂,所以瓷釉多为钙碱釉.通过与西村窑同类型瓷器样品成分的比较,发现二者虽具有相似的制瓷工艺,但西村窑产品的胎、釉具有明显...     

Study on the coloring mechanism of the Ru celadon glaze in the Northern Song Dynasty

The Ru kiln is one of the five most famous kilns in the Chinese Song Dynasty. To clarify the coloring mechanism of the Ru celadon glaze, the celadon samples from the Ru Guan kiln site of Qingliangsi were analyzed by spectrophotometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrum, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The results indicated that the molar ratios of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and CaO/(CaO + Al₂O₃) affected the formation of micro-bubbles, anorthite crystals and phase separated structures. A large number of bubbles and anorthite crystals formed special glossiness and opacifying effect in the Ru celadon glaze. And then, dense phase separation droplets in the amorphous region were in short-range order, but their diameters (31–46 nm) were too small to form visible structural colors on glaze surfaces. Only “opal effect” was formed by the light scattering, which added the aesthetic feeling for the Ru celadon. Besides, the phase separation droplets intensified the segregation of iron, and thus deepened the chemical color and made the Ru celadon glaze appear green-blue. Due to the neutral to alkaline soil at the Ru Guan kiln site, the water in the soil and its corrosion on the Ru celadon glaze resulted in the formation of Si–OH bond.     

用PIXE技术测定古代建窑‘供御’和‘进盏’瓷片的主量,痕量化学组成

首次应用质子激发Ｘ荧光分析（ＰＩＸＥ）技术对古代建窑‘供御’和‘进盏’款天目瓷的主量、痕量化学组份进行测定,应用模式识别方法将测量结果与古代吉州天目瓷、耀州天目瓷作比较。同时对建窑天目瓷胎和釉的均匀性进行了分析。为恢复和重现古代建窑天目瓷的各类产品奠定了基础     

The white porcelains from Dehua kiln site of China: Part I. Chemical compositions and the evolution regularity

Dehua county in Fujian province of China has a long history of white porcelain production from the Song to Qing Dynasties. The development and flourish of Dehua porcelain has always been closely related to the export trade. In this part of the study, white porcelain samples of the Song to Qing Dynasties excavated from Wanpinglun, Qudougong, Zulonggong, Jiabeishan and Xingjiao kiln sites were analyzed to investigate chemical compositions of body and glaze and the evolution regularity in the course of time. The study demonstrates that the composition of Dehua body has similar evolution regularity through the Song to Qing Dynasties with Dehua glaze, and the samples of the Ming Dynasty have extraordinary high K₂O both in bodies and glazes.     

Characterization of the rare oil spot glazed bowl excavated from the Xiao kiln site of north China

“Oil spot”, which is a famous decorating technique of black glazed porcelain in the Song Dynasty, is a representative handicraft of Jian bowls found in the Jian Kiln in southern China. An oil spot black glaze bowl was found in the Xiao Kiln in Anhui Province in a field investigation, which is the first time that this pattern of porcelain was found in this area. Various techniques were performed on this bowl and on another black glaze porcelain piece from the same archaeological layer, including optical microscopy, scan electron microscopy, XRF, Raman spectromicroscopy and XRD. The results show that its main chemical composition is similar to the black glazed porcelain from the Xiao kiln, and the chemical characteristics of the glaze are high Fe₂O₃ (5.14%) and CaO (7.26%) and low Al₂O₃ (11.85%) and the RO content is 0.83which is indicative of a calcium glaze and is close to the components of oil spot porcelains from Shanxi in northern China. The ferric oxide crystalline on the glaze surface indicates the phase transformation of γ-Fe₂O_3→ε-Fe₂O_3→α-Fe₂O₃ in the crystallization layer on the glaze surface and the anorthite crystalline at the junction between the body and the glaze. The vessel could be produced at a relatively high temperature in a specific oxidizing environment.     

清凉寺窑汝官瓷和张公巷窑青瓷釉的析晶-分相结构

显微结构分析是研究古陶瓷结构和烧制工艺的重要方法.本文选取清凉寺窑汝官瓷样品5片,汝州张公巷窑青瓷样品5片,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察所选青瓷釉的显微结构,并进一步探讨了两窑的青瓷釉析晶-分相结构,结果表明:清凉寺窑和张公巷窑出土的青瓷釉都具备析晶-分相结构特征,釉的分相结构与钙长石析晶相伴生,分相的形貌有孤立液滴状和三维连通状.从而揭示青瓷釉迷人外观下所隐含的科学规律.     

Data-driven research on chemical features of Jingdezhen and Longquan celadon by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is used to determine the chemical composition of celadon body and glaze in Longquan kiln (at Dayao County) and Jingdezhen kiln. Forty typical shards in four cultural eras were selected to investigate the raw materials and firing technology. Random forests, a relatively new statistical technique, has been adopted to identify chemical elements that are strongest explanatory variables to classify samples into different cultural eras and kilns. The results indicated that the contents of Na₂O, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂ and CaO vary in celadon bodies from Longquan and Jingdezhen, which implies that local clay was used to manufacture celadon bodies in Jingdezhen kiln. By comparing the chemical composition in glaze, we find that the chemical elements and firing technology of Jingdezhen kiln are very similar to those in Longquan kiln, especially for Ming dynasty. This study reveals the inheritance between Jingdezhen kiln and Longquan kiln, and explains the differences between two kilns.     

Anorthite-based transparent glass-ceramic glaze for ceramic tiles: Preparation and crystallization mechanism

A series of high hardness anorthite-based transparent glass-ceramic glaze was successfully developed for ceramic tiles. These glazes were prepared by mixing a high-calcium frit (denoted as HCa) that can crystallize anorthite with other fluxes. The effect of HCa content on the crystalline phase, microstructure and properties of the glaze was studied. In addition, the phase transformation, microstructure evolution and crystallization kinetics of anorthite from frit glaze were investigated in detail. The results revealed that when the HCa content was 45–55 wt%, the glazes had excellent transparency with a hardness of 6.4–7.3 GPa, which was higher than conventional glazes. The XRD and SEM tests showed the crystallization of single-phase lamellar-shaped anorthite crystals up to 20–40 μm in length. Anorthite was found to crystallize directly from the frit glaze at 850 °C. The laminated anorthite was composed of thinner lamellae, and cracks were observed inside the large crystals. The activation energy of anorthite crystallization was about 420 kJ/mol, and the Avrami index (n) was 2.03?2.36. The n value indicates that the crystal is grown in two dimensions, which explains the formation of lamellar-shaped anorthite in SEM.     

Imitation of ancient black-glazed Jian bowls (Yohen Tenmoku): Fabrication and characterization

Yohen Tenmoku is a kind of famous black glazed Jian bowls made in ancient China. Here, imitations of Oil Spot Yohen Tenmoku were sintered at about 1280 °C in a shuttle kiln with oxygen flow. Microstructure characteristics and chemical compositions were investigated by a combination of X-ray based and photon based characterization methods. The results showed that quartz and mullite were the main crystalline phases in the bowl bodies. At the glaze surface of the bowl, the highly reflective red iridescence and the silvery appearance of Oil Spot patterns were resulted from the precipitation of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) crystals. A detailed study has revealed the partially ordered microstructure within one Oil Spot which produced the striking optical effects.     

清凉寺窑汝瓷和张公巷窑青瓷釉的起源关系

为了探讨宝丰清凉寺窑汝瓷与汝州张公巷窑青瓷釉之间的关系,选取清凉寺窑汝官瓷釉样品31个,汝民瓷釉样品4个和张公巷窑青瓷釉样品32个,用中子活化分析(neutron activation analysis,NAA)测定每个样品中的24种元素的含量,并将NAA数据进行主成分分析及等级聚类分析.结果表明:常见着色元素Fe和Co汝官瓷釉的含量显著高于张公巷窑青瓷釉样品;汝官瓷釉料配方比较稳定,原料来源集中;汝民瓷釉料产地分散,且与汝官瓷釉料配方明显不同;张公巷窑青瓷釉料比较分散,但大部分样品与汝官瓷关系较近.由此,可以推断清凉寺窑与张公巷窑之间存在一定的联系.     

Colouring mechanism and firing process of celadon from the Xiangzhou kiln in Anyang,China, from the 5th-7th century

The Xiangzhou kiln was the largest celadon kiln site in northern China from the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty (5th-7th centuries). In order to investigate the colouring mechanisms and firing process of two types of celadon (yellow-green and earthen-yellow glazes) from the Xiangzhou kiln, samples were tested and analysed using OM, ED-XRF, TD, SEM-EDS, LRS, XPS and UV-Vis-NIR. The study results show that most of the samples in the two enamels have different formulations. The celadon glaze of the Xiangzhou kiln contains a small amount of quartz, anorthite and other crystals. The yellow-green glaze is fired in a reducing atmosphere and the earthy yellow glaze is fired in an oxidising atmosphere. The colouring mechanism of the Xiangzhou kiln celadon is mainly dominated by the chemical colouring of ionic colouring and aided by structural colouring caused by the microstructure (bubbles, various crystals, fractal structures, etc.).     

用混合冷煤气明焰裸烧日用细炻器的新型窑炉

采用净化冷煤气作为燃料开发成功新型明焰裸烧的隧道窑和辊道窑 ,运行使用结果表明 ,该窑可以大幅度降低烧成能耗 ,提高产品釉面光泽度和规整度。     

金,元时期旬邑窑茶叶末瓷的研究

用ＰＯＭ、ＸＲＦ和ＸＲＤ等手段研究了金、元时期陕西旬邑茶叶末瓷的化学组成、物相组成，并与以往耀州和浑源唐代茶叶末瓷的研究结果对比。     

陶瓷纤维在辊道窑中高温粉化过程的初析

本文综述了陶瓷纤维分类、主要成份及性能,结合辊道窑的结构特点及陶瓷烧成的工艺特点,分析了热应力、气氛制度、坯釉烧成及燃料燃烧所产生的有害成份、窑内的速度场及窑体结构等对陶瓷纤维粉化的影响,并提出了应用模拟研究的方法探讨陶瓷纤维粉化与各影响因素之间的定量关系,探讨了陶瓷纤维使用寿命的预测方法和在辊道窑使用中的抗粉化方法。     

钧瓷的兴衰与发展

从大量的历史文献资料及古代钧窑遗址出土的许多钧瓷残片证明,我国宋代五大名瓷之一的钧窑源于唐代,研制于五代,成熟于北宋初期,兴盛于北宋中晚期。经历了由民窑到官窑,又民窑再官窑的发展阶段,开辟了我国陶瓷颜色釉的先河,为瓷器的装饰艺术提供了广阔的空间。