Two‐dimensional synthesis and optimization of a broadband shaped beam reflector antenna using IWO and PSO algorithms

A new technique for broadband shaped beam reflector antennas synthesis is presented. The surface of the shaped reflector is represented by a set of orthogonal Jacobi–Fourier expansion functions. To achieve a cosecant squared pattern in the elevation plane and a pencil beam in the azimuth plane, the expansion coefficients are optimized using invasive weed optimization and particle swarm optimization algorithms. High accuracy is achieved by combining optimization tools and analysis methods such as physical optics and integral equation. Besides, in the optimization procedures, a complex object function is used to achieve the desired performance over the entire 26–40 GHz operating bandwidth. The simulation results via FEKO and CST Microwave Studio software packages prove the validity and versatility of this technique for solving shaped reflector synthesis problems. There are several features that distinguish this technique from the previous methods. First of all is the wide bandwidth. The second is its ability to shape the radiation patterns in the elevation and azimuth planes simultaneously (two‐dimensional synthesis). Moreover, compared with other techniques, the proposed method allows achieving extra desired features such as high directivity, low sidelobe levels, and small ripples in the shaped beam region. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 25:129–140, 2015.     

Design of a linear array antenna for shaped beam using genetic algorithm

A linear array antenna design with desired radiation pattern has been presented based on genetic algorithm (GA) approach. Examples of cosecant and flat‐topped beam patterns are illustrated to show the flexibility of GA to solve complex antenna synthesis problems by suitably selecting the fitness function, even with a simple GA. The results have been validated by IE3D electromagnetic simulation. The antenna arrays with different element geometries can also be implemented using the proposed technique. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2008.     

High‐gain dual‐polarized antenna for ultrawideband applications

In this article, a high‐gain and dual‐polarized antenna with UWB operation is proposed. The antenna is composed of two tapered dipoles as radiating elements, which are arranged orthogonally and fed perpendicularly to achieve polarization diversity. A metallic cavity reflector is placed behind the radiator for high gain radiation entire the operating bandwidth. To validate the design method, an antenna prototype is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed design has good performance with |S₁₁| ≤ ?10 dB and isolation ≥20 dB over a frequency band 3.2‐8.8 GHz, equivalently to about 93.3%. In addition, unidirectional radiation pattern and broadside gain of from 8.1 to 11.8 dBi are obtained across the operating bandwidth.     

A novel reconfigurable FSS applied to the antenna radar cross section reduction

Active reconfigurable FSS using pin diode for the antenna radar cross section (RCS) reduction is proposed. The reconfigurable FSS reflector is presented in this article. The proposed reconfigurable FSS reflector is able to be switched between band‐stop FSS with OFF‐state diodes and band‐pass FSS with ON‐state diodes around 3.8 GHz. The using of band‐stop FSS reflector corresponds to the out‐band RCS reduction during radar operating, and the using of band‐pass FSS reflector corresponds to the in‐band RCS reduction during radar nonoperating. Therefore, the state of the antenna scattering can be switched according to the working state of radar. The results show that the reconfigurable FSS reflector can contribute to the switchable RCS reduction between in band and out band of the antenna. The radiation performance of the antenna is preserved when the diodes are ON state. The monostatic RCS of the antenna with FSS reflector with ON‐state diodes can be reduced more than 25 dB at operating band, and the out‐band RCS reduction can be achieved with ON‐state diodes.     

Microstrip patch antenna feed for offset reflector antenna for dual band application

In this article, details of a dual band microstrip patch antenna (MPA) array feed for an offset reflector antenna is presented. The main objective of the proposed structure is to achieve low cross‐polarization at Φ = 90° plane in the reflector pattern. Low cross‐polar levels in the reflector pattern are achieved by illuminating the reflector with fields of the proposed dual band feed structure. A centered circular array as the dual band feed structure is proposed in which the central radiating element is a dual mode circular MPA operating at 6 GHz and the surrounding circular ring of eight circular MPA elements operating at 4 GHz in the dominant mode. The dual mode central antenna uses the concept of conjugate field matching for cross‐polarization reduction. TM₂₁ mode is excited at an appropriate ratio with the TM₁₁ mode to achieve the proper field matching at 6 GHz. The radius of the surrounding circular array is varied to obtain cross‐polarization better than ?30 dB at both the resonant frequencies. The offset reflector gain is found to be better than 37 dB with a 2.5 m parabolic reflector and F/D = 0.8 at both the operating frequencies.     

Optimum design of dual band shaped‐beam circularly polarized reflectarray antenna based on physical optic method

A shaped‐beam dual‐band reflectarray (RA) with shared aperture is designed and simulated in this communication. Desired radiation patterns are considered squared cosecant and pencil beam in elevation and azimuth planes for both bands, respectively. This antenna has been designed to operate at X‐Band (9.6–10.9 GHz) with left‐hand circular polarization and K‐Band (19.1–21.6 GHz) with right‐hand circular polarization. A thin layer of Frequency Selective Surface is used as a band separator to reduce mutual coupling between two frequency bands. A cross dipole with variable arc‐shape delay line, which has very low cross polarization, is used as the radiation element for both bands. The capability of operating in different polarizations is an advantage of the proposed element. To obtain shaped‐beam pattern for both bands, an optimization method based on physical optic is adopted. In the synthesis method, far‐field radiation patterns are evaluated as a function of the tangential electric field components on the reflecting surface. Lower and higher band RAs are implemented on 30 × 30 cm² and 18 × 18 cm² Rogers 4003 substrate, respectively. Finally, the whole structure is simulated with CST software and shows a good agreement between the simulation and the ideal patterns at two bands. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 26:690–702, 2016.     

Coaxial cavity waveguide antennas excited by stacked circular microstrip patches for use as prime‐focus reflector feeds

A coaxial cavity antenna excited by a stacked circular microstrip antenna is investigated as a feed for prime‐focus parabolic reflector antennas. The radiation pattern of the proposed cavity‐backed antenna is saddle shaped, which widens the ?10 dB beamwidths and increases the reflector efficiency especially for deep reflectors with small focal length‐to‐diameter ratios. With a single‐probe feed, the co‐polar radiation pattern is slightly asymmetric in the E‐plane, but is made symmetric by a differential feeding technique, using two probes. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed feed antenna is 20%. The antenna was fabricated and tested, and it exhibited good agreement between simulation and measurement results. The gain factor of the feed was also studied with a circular‐symmetric reflector and provided a gain factor of 79% at f/D = 0.375. This type of feed can be used as an alternative to conventional horn or waveguide feeds, where reduced size and light‐weight are desirable with added advantage of easy integration with electronics.     

Design and development of virtual instrument for fault diagnosis in fractal antenna array

This paper deals with the development of a virtual instrument for fault diagnosis in fractal antenna array using Lab‐VIEW software. Faults in antenna array are considered on the basis of the radiation pattern. In this study, theta and gain values of radiation patterns for each fault are used in Lab‐VIEW for curve fitting. An artificial neural network (ANN) has been developed for fitted data points using the Leavenberg Marquard algorithm in MATLAB software and mean square error (MSE) is minimized. The designed ANN model has been embedded in the virtual instrument. The proposed virtual instrument system gets test patterns as input and generates output for several faults present in antenna array. Simulated and measured results of the fractal antenna array are validated experimentally. This virtual instrument model has not been developed for fractal antenna array so far.     

Integrated structure-electromagnetic optimization of large reflector antenna systems

A novel multiparameter optimization method is developed for use with terrestrial and space reflector antenna electromechanical systems and other metallic and composite engineering structures. To satisfy extremely high design requirements, the proposed approach incorporates the objectives from various structural and electromagnetic (EM) performances of the system at many working/loading cases simultaneously. A finite element method is used for structural analysis. Optical ray tracing, spline function aperture field interpolation, geometric optics aperture integration, and FFT techniques are employed to analyse the EM performances of distorted reflector antennas. A systematic method is used for parameter profile analysis of the system. The optimization involves member size, structural geometric and material design variables. Various terrestrial and orbital working environments and loading cases which affect antenna performances can be included in the optimization model. The optimization of an 8 m antenna system, as an example, is discussed and the results are given.     

Genetic algorithm design for nonperiodic planar graphene leaky-wave antennas in THz

The aim of this paper is proposing a new fast designing method for planar graphene leaky-wave antennas without periodical changes. Thus, Floquet theory cannot be used for designing, an optimization in numerical EM solver is needed. Since leaky-wave antennas are electrically long, their simulation using commercial EM simulators needs a large number of meshes, also the optimization of the large number of parameters (slot lengths and their distances) needs huge amount of memory and computation time. To resolve this problem, the method of Moments, implemented in MATLAB, which has been accelerated by applying some techniques, has been used in the design procedure. The antenna comprises a slotted graphene micro ribbon with a specific pattern, which is placed on two dielectric substrates and a PEC reflector. Graphene is used in the proposed LWA, instead of the electric conductor, because of its wonderful properties. The suitable pattern of slots on the graphene microstrip, is obtained using optimization by MATLAB Genetic algorithm tool. The usefulness and performance of the proposed designing approach, is verified in one example. It has been shown that the presented antenna, compared with one of the new successful similar antennas, has a better gain, radiation efficiency, and a wider range of beam scanning.     

Design of a 16‐beam pattern‐reconfigurable antenna for vehicular environment

This article presents the design of a multipattern antenna with pattern switching for vehicular communications. The proposed antenna has four triangular patches integrated onto a split square ring (SR) resonator to operate at two distinct frequencies, viz. 2.4 and 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a view to enhancing the link reliability of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), WiMax, and vehicle to vehicle communication frequencies. Each triangular patch is separately excited using a microstrip line feed to enable beam steering. The ground plane of the antenna is embedded with two SR slots to improve the bandwidth and radiation performance. Further gain enhancement is achieved by loading the antenna with a plane reflector located at a distance of 20 mm from the antenna's ground surface. In reality, this reflector is realized using the vehicle's roof which provides gain enhancement up to 5.2 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 4 dBi at 3.5 GHz. By exciting single to multiple ports sequentially 16 different radiation patterns are obtained, which provides high‐gain omnidirectional coverage. The prototype antenna is fabricated and the simulation results are verified using experimental measurements. From the results, it is evident that the proposed antenna is suitable for vehicular communication applications.     

Synthesis of Mixed Objective Output Feedback Robust Model Predictive Control

Aiming at the constrained polytopic uncertain system with energy‐bounded disturbance and unmeasurable states, a novel synthesis scheme to design the output feedback robust model predictive control(MPC)is put forward by using mixed H₂/H_∞ design approach. The proposed scheme involves an offline design of a robust state observer using linear matrix inequalities(LMIs)and an online output feedback robust MPC algorithm using the estimated states in which the desired mixed objective robust output feedback controllers are cast into efficiently tractable LMI‐based convex optimization problems. In addition, the closed‐loop stability and the recursive feasibility of the proposed robust MPC are guaranteed through an appropriate reformulation of the estimation error bound (EEB). A numerical example subject to input constraints illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

Robust model predictive control for a nanofluid based solar thermal power plant

Among the several technologies for solar energy recovery, parabolic solar collectors have emerged as one of the most promising due to their performance, which can be enhanced if nanofluids are employed as heat transfer fluids instead of the traditional alternatives. The inherent time-dependent behavior of solar radiation profiles forces the solar thermal plants to be operated aided with controllers able to reject these strong disturbances. While traditional controllers can be employed for this aim, more advanced techniques such as Model Predictive Control are suggested since this optimal-control based method can be tuned to minimize operating costs, among some other features. The main objective of this work is to implement an MPC controller to a nanofluid-based solar thermal power plant in order to evaluate its performance to reject disturbances on the solar radiation profile in an efficient manner. An off-line nonlinear programming optimization was deployed so we could compare the response of the on-line MPC implementation on a strict enough basis. Furthermore, the performance of MPC controllers is affected by how well does the modeling of the system is able to stick to reality, thus, it is important to test if the controller is robust enough to deal with uncertainty that might be introduced as modeling errors. Results indicate that MPC controllers are suitable for their implementation on these kinds of power plants since they steer the system to achieve desired conditions by smoothly manipulating the decision variable, even in the scenarios where a substantial cascade-effect modeling error was imposed in the parameters of the nanofluid.     

增加主瓣增益控制的阵列天线方向图综合遗传算法

阵列天线方向图综合是针对阵列天线方向图进行的相关研究中的一项基础性的研究内容。不同的应用场景中不仅需要设计形式不同的天线阵列,更需要阵列天线方向图并根据不同的性能参数指标要求进行分析优化,从而获得符合使用要求的阵列方向图。针对传统阵列天线方向图综合算法在方向图综合过程中未考虑主瓣增益约束的问题,提出了一种用于阵列天线方向图综合的改进遗传算法。在经典遗传算法的基础上设计了新的适应度函数以满足特殊情况下对主瓣增益进行约束的需求;并在算法计算过程中增加了精英保留策略,设计了随进化代数改变的交叉、变异概率。经仿真实验,结果表明所提算法能够在阵列天线方向图综合时在保证主瓣方向上的增益满足要求的同时可以获得相对低的副瓣电平水平。     

Highly‐isolated unidirectional multi‐slot‐antenna systems for enhanced MIMO performance

In this article, an improved approach is presented for designing Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) reflectors for slot antennas by using a waveguide aperture source in simulating reflection phase test. In this manner the nonplanar nature of the near field at the location of the source, that is, antenna, as well as its loading effect on the reflector are incorporated in the design of a mushroom‐type EBG structure operating at 5.3 GHz. This EBG design performs as an efficient reflector in normal wave incidence while suppressing the substrate‐bound modes propagating in the azimuthal directions. The designed EBG reflector is employed in several two‐slot‐antenna structures to establish excellent antenna isolation of at least 25 dB and single antenna gain of 5 dB at 5.3 GHz in each scenario. To further reduce coupling, the antennas are reoriented to benefit from polarization mismatch and radiation pattern nulls, resulting in isolation values of above 40 dB for antennas spaced one wavelength apart. The two‐antenna structures are also characterized for MIMO performance in a reverberation chamber and demonstrate an impressive diversity gain of better than 8 dB in a rich multipath environment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:289–297, 2014.     

Integrated Vivaldi antenna for UWB/diversity applications in vehicular environment

This article presents the design of a three‐port diversity antenna capable of producing three‐directional radiation pattern for vehicular communications. The proposed antenna consists of three uncorrelated Vivaldi antennas that are interconnected and developed on a single printed circuit board. Unlike many other antennas reported for the vehicular environment, the proposed antenna offers ultra‐wideband characteristics with end‐fire radiation pattern leading to high realized antenna gain. The integrated antenna has a footprint of 65 × 40 × 1.6 mm³ and offers 6 GHz impedance bandwidth extending from 5 to 11 GHz. The port‐to‐port isolation is greater than 20 dB within the operating bandwidth. Furthermore, the diversity performance of the proposed three‐port antenna system is evaluated and presented. The calculated envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, and mean effective gain are well above the minimum requirement. The prototype antenna is fabricated and the experimental results are presented.     

电流型变流器的改进模型预测控制

传统的模型预测控制(MPC)采用脉冲响应的非参数模型作为系统的预测控制模型,计算量大,很难直接应用于实时控制系统.本文提出将传统的MPC进行改进,应用到电流型变流器(CSC)功率因数校正系统中.改进的MPC根据CSC控制量与被控制量的传递函数得出CSC的一阶差分方程作为预测控制模型,同时保留传统MPC反馈校正、动态优化等优点.将此改进的MPC与传统的PID控制进行对比研究,结果表明:改进的MPC用于电流型变流器,比传统的PID控制具有更好的鲁棒性和更快速的动态响应特性.     

Bit error rate reduction for circular ultrawideband antenna by dynamic differential evolution

The dynamic differential evolution (DDE) is used to synthesize the radiation pattern of the directional circular arc array to minimize the bit error rate (BER) performance in indoor ultrawideband (UWB) communication system. Using the impulse response of multipath channel, the BER performance of the synthesized antenna pattern on binary pulse amplitude modulation system can be calculated. Based on the topography of the circular antenna array and the BER formula, the array pattern synthesis problem can be reformulated into an optimization problem and solved by the DDE algorithm. The novelties of our approach are not only choosing BER as the object function instead of sidelobe level of the antenna pattern but also considering the antenna feed length effect of each array element. The strong point of the DDE algorithm is that it can find out the solution even if the performance index cannot be formulated by simple equations. Simulation results show that the synthesized antenna array pattern is effective to focus maximum gain to the line of site path which scales as the number of array elements. In other words, the receiver can increase the received signal energy to noise ratio. The synthesized array pattern also can mitigate severe multipath fading in complex propagation environment. As a result, the BER can be reduced substantially in indoor UWB communication system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2012.     

三相脉宽调制整流器的约束预测控制

本文将基于并行神经网络优化的约束模型预测控制(MPC)应用于脉宽调制(PWM)整流器中,提高了电网的质量.在三相静止坐标系下,建立了三相PWM整流器的解耦数学模型,采用约束模型预测控制策略,突破了有限集和无约束条件下预测控制的局限性.为了提高单步优化的速度,采用神经网络优化算法求解模型预测控制的在线优化.在保证系统单位功率因数的前提下,当系统负载突然变化时,具有快速动态响应稳定输出直流电压的性能.采用FPGA控制器实现并行计算,减少了预测控制算法的计算时间.最后,通过仿真和实验结果得到,采用本文的控制策略,总谐波失真(THD)降低了2.5%,达到稳态的时间大约是PI控制算法的五分之一,为12 ms,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

高阻抗表面的反射特性研究

利用高阻抗表面作偶极子天线反射基板,分析高阻抗表面的反射特性。与普通金属板使反射波与入射波相位相差180o比较,高阻抗表面能实现一定频带内的同相位反射。根据这一原理,设计低剖面偶极子天线,使天线的工作频率处于电磁带隙的谐振频率上,从而使高阻抗表面反射后的电磁波与天线的辐射波同相叠加,提高天线的辐射效率。利用HFSS仿真TE极化和TM极化下高阻抗表面反射相位随入射角的变化,结果表明：高阻抗表面在两种极化方式下呈现的相位反射不同。