炭黑的氯化改性

采用气－固相搅拌式氯化法对炭黑进行氯化改性,并利用二元回归分析法研究了氯化炭黑中氯质量分数与反应温度、时间和氯气流量的关系。结果表明,氯化反应条件为：温度 １３０℃,时间１．５～２ｈ,氯气流量５５４ｍＬ．ｍｉｎ＾－１时反应效果较好;氯化炭黑后处理的方法可采用充氮气法替代水洗处理法;扫描电镜照片表明,氯休徨的炭黑,其聚集结果有所变化,但链状结构没有被破坏。     

炭黑氧化改性的方法

介绍炭黑氧化改性的3种方法——气相法、液相法和等离子法及改性后炭黑性质的变化。气相法的氧化剂主要为氧气、二氧化碳和臭氧等，反应温度一般为200～700℃。液相法是目前常用的炭黑改性方法，氧化剂主要为硝酸、过氧化氢溶液、饱和过硫酸铵溶液和高氯酸等，反应温度为室温～氧化剂沸点温度。等离子法是最有前途的炭黑改性方法，氧化剂主要为氧气等离子体，反应可在室温下进行。氧化改性后炭黑的表面含氧基团增多、比表面积增大、分散性提高。     

Assessment of the dyeing properties of pigments from five fungi and anti‐bacterial activity of dyed cotton fabric and leather

The present study was aimed to assess the anti‐bacterial activity and dyeing property of the pigments obtained from five fungal species. Cotton fabric and leather samples were dyed with the purified pigments and their anti‐bacterial activity was assayed under in‐vitro conditions. Post‐mordant cotton fabric and leather samples exhibited maximum bacterial reduction when compared with the pre‐mordant and dyed samples. Pigment exhaustion, colour coordinates and fastness properties of the dyed cotton fabric and leather samples were also assessed. The toxicity of the pigments was evaluated by seed germination assay.     

炭黑气力输送系统改造

介绍了炭黑气力输送系统的结构与工作原理。通过技术改造,解决了炭黑输送系统频繁堵塞,造成炭黑泄漏,污染环境的问题,降低了设备故障率,提高了产品质量,取得较好的直接、间接经济效益。     

MC炭黑在无芯夹布胶管中的应用

在内层胶和外层胶配方中加入一定量的MC炭黑,达到降低胶料成本的目的,解决目前无芯夹布胶管功能过剩的问题。MC炭黑可部分替代半补强炭黑,或与高耐磨炭黑并用后全部替代半补强炭黑,使用MC炭黑时,加入促进剂DPG可有效地提高胶料的物理性能。     

Effect of titanium dioxide on the flame‐retardant finishing of cotton fabric

In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) or nano titanium dioxide (nano‐TiO₂) was used as a cocatalyst in the flame‐retardant (FR) formulation of N‐methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide (Pyrovatex CP New, FR), melamine resin [Knittex CHN, crosslinking agent (CL)], and phosphoric acid (PA) for cotton fabrics to improve the treatment effectiveness and minimize the side effects of the treatment. For FR‐treated cotton fabrics, the flame extinguished right after removal of the ignition source with no flame spreading. However, after neutralization and/or home laundering, FR–CL‐treated specimens failed the flammability test, whereas the opposite results were obtained from FR–CL–PA‐treated specimens. A noticeable result was that the TiO₂/nano‐TiO₂ cocatalyst had a significant effect on decreasing the flame‐spread rate. Thermal analysis found that the FR‐treated specimens without wet posttreatment showed two endothermic peaks representing the phosphorylation of cellulose and acid‐catalyzed dehydration. In addition, the treated fabrics showed some new characteristic peaks in their chemical structures; these were interpreted as carbonyl bands, CH₂ rocking bands, and CH₃ asymmetric and CH₂ symmetric stretching. The surface morphology of the FR–CL–PA‐treated cotton specimens showed a roughened and wrinkled fabric surface with a high deposition of the finishing agent that had a lower breaking load and tearing strength, which resulted from the side effects of the CL used. However, the addition of a TiO₂ or nano‐TiO₂ cocatalyst could compensate for the reduction in the tensile strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Modification of ramie fabric with a metal‐ion‐doped flame‐retardant coating

Transition‐metal‐ion‐doped flame‐retardant coatings were constructed on the surface of ramie fabrics by a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique to investigate possible cooperative actions that could improve the fabric's flame‐retardant efficiency. We found that these functional coatings, consisting of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (the anionic layer) and branched polyethylenimine/cupric or zinc ions (the cationic layer), improved the fire retardancy of the ramie fabrics remarkably. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy demonstrated the successful LbL assembly process and the incorporation of metal ions into the coating. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectrometry, vertical flame testing, and microscale combustion calorimetry confirmed the improved thermal stability and reduced flammability of the coated ramie fabrics. All of the results show that the metal‐ion‐doped flame‐retardant coatings not only dramatically increased the residues but also retained the original weave structure and fiber morphology of ramie fabrics well. The enhanced flame‐retardant efficiency may have been caused by the lower decomposition temperature of the flame‐retardant coating, as promoted by cupric and zinc ions, and as a result, may have helped the flame‐retardant activity to take place earlier. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Synthesis and application to cellulose of reactive dye precursor of anti‐bacterial N‐halamine

To achieve textile dyeing and functional finishing in one process, a bleach‐resistant reactive dye precursor to anti‐bacterial N‐halamine was synthesised by reacting a type of dichlorotriazine reactive dye with 4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine. The synthesised compound, which can be transformed to an N‐halamine molecule by exposure to dilute bleach solution, was used to dye cotton fabrics. After exposure to a dilute sodium hypochlorite solution, dyed cotton fabrics showed excellent anti‐bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7, facilitating a ca. 6‐log reduction in bacteria within a short period of contact. Compared with the dichlorotriazine reactive dye, the reactive dye precursor demonstrated comparable dyeing properties including exhaustion and fixation values. No differences in rub fastness, wash fastness or bleach fastness were detected between fabrics dyed with, respectively, dichlorotriazine reactive dye and the reactive dye precursor to N‐halamine.     

Modification of wool fabric using ecologically acceptable UV‐assisted treatments

Wool fabric was modified using ecologically acceptable treatments in order to enhance its shrinkage and pilling resistance. Wool fabrics were irradiated with ultraviolet light for different period of times. The UV‐irradiated wool fabrics were then treated with an oxidising agent (hydrogen peroxide or sodium monoperoxyphthalate) or a protease enzyme (papain or savinase 16L type EX). Treatment of wool fabric with these systems was found to be effective in reducing its pilling and shrinkage without severe loss in weight and strength of the fabric. Chemical and mechanical analyses of the treated samples compared with the untreated one are reported. Transmission electron microscopy investigation of the untreated and treated wool samples was used to identify the histological component in wool keratin affected by these treatments. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modification of polyester fabric properties by surfactant‐aided surface polymerization

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was applied to polyester fabric using a surface analog of emulsion polymerization. The admicellar polymerization was carried out using 1.5 mM dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) at pH 4 with 0.15M NaCl, 1 : 8 DBSA:monomer, and 1 : 10 initiator:monomer molar ratio. The PMMA film, which was formed, was characterized by SEM and FTIR. Hydrolysis of the PMMA film on polyester fabric was carried out to introduce carboxylic acid groups to the polyester surface to increase its hydrophilicity. The results show that a PMMA thin film was successfully formed on the polyester fabric. The water contact angle of the PMMA‐coated polyester fabric after hydrolysis by 10M H₂SO₄ for 5 h was reduced from 117.3° to 0° and there was a significant increase in the moisture‐regain value of the treated fabric. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 4059–4064, 2007     

Surfactant screening techniques for effective dispersion of carbon black pigment

Effective dispersion of a pigment in a colour concentrate is imperative to its performance. A well dispersed pigment yields the true strength of a colour and becomes stabilised in the long run. To accomplish this, a suitable chemistry of the surfactant is a prerequisite for dispersion and stabilisation of the pigment. A plethora of surfactants are available commercially and it is very difficult to choose the right surfactant that suits the pigment chemistry. Carbon black, being difficult to disperse, was chosen in this study to provide dispersion from an effective surfactant. Simple screening processes, if available for these surfactants, can save a huge amount of time and energy compared with the conventional method of conducting individual experiments. This paper discusses the development of such simple surfactant screening techniques, which could make the selection process simpler and quicker.     

Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric: Part V. Phosphorus‐containing maleic acid oligomers

The high flammability of cotton fleece makes it necessary to apply a flame retardant system on cotton fleece so that it can meet the federal regulation ‘Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles’ (16 CFR 1610). The objective of this research was to reduce the flammability of cotton fleece using the phosphorus‐containing maleic acid oligomers (PMAO) synthesized by aqueous free radical polymerization of maleic acid. We found that PMAO can be bound to cotton fleece by esterifying with cotton cellulose with sodium hypophosphite as the catalyst. Both the 45^° flammability and limiting oxygen index data indicated that the treatment of cotton using PMAO reduced the flammability of cotton fleece. The micro‐scale combustion calorimetric data revealed that PMAO reduced the peak heat release rate and heat release capacity of the treated cotton woven fabric. The cotton fleece treated with PMAO/NaH₂PO₂ passed the federal flammability test (16 CFR Part 1610) and achieved ‘Class 1’ flammability. The PMAO bound to cotton was durable to multiple home laundering cycles. The treated fleece also showed high strength retention with little change in fabric whiteness. The use of triethanolamine as an additive modestly enhanced the performance of PMAO with no significant changes in fabric physical properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of one‐bath alkali–amine hydrolysis and silk‐fibroin finishing of polyester microfiber crepe fabric

In this study, the synergistic aminolysis (sodium hydroxide and ethylene diamine in one bath) mechanism of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfiber crepe fabric was preliminarily investigated. The results showed that not only active groups (i.e., ? NHR, ? COOH, and ? OH) but also considerable cracks and craters were introduced onto PET fibers, which provided locations for a subsequent crosslinking reaction and mechanical attachment and so facilitated the silk‐fibroin finishing. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1467–1473, 2001     

Effects of curing agent and carbon black filler loading on carbonization behavior of phenolic‐carbon black composites

The effects of curing agent (p‐toluene sulfonic acid, PTSA) concentration, i.e., 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 wt% on neat phenolic resin (in absence of carbon black) were investigated through the measurement of density, weight loss, linear shrinkage, and mechanical properties under compression mode to understand the carbonization behavior of carbon–carbon composite. The study was carried out after curing, postcuring, and carbonization. Also, thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the effects of curing agent concentration on thermal stability and kinetic parameters (i.e., activation energy, order of decomposition, pre‐exponential term, etc). The kinetic parameters were evaluated by using four single heating rate techniques namely Friedman, Coats‐Redfern, Freeman‐Carroll, and Chang methods. Further, to study the effects of both carbon black filler loading and carbonization temperature, phenolic‐carbon black composites were prepared at the loading of 10, 20, 30, 40 wt% using 1.5 wt% of PTSA. These were also investigated through density, weight loss, and shrinkage measurements after curing, postcuring, and carbonizing at the temperature of 600, 1000, and 1400°C in nitrogen atmosphere. To analyze the evolution of carbon phase X‐ray diffraction study was carried out for the carbonized samples. Finally, cured, postcured and carbonized composite samples were subjected to compression tests to study the compression strength and modulus. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:2069–2078, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Flame‐retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric: part I. The use of a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer and dimethyloldihydroxylethyleneurea

Cotton fleece has become a popular fashion in recent years. However, most of the 100% cotton fleece fabric is not able to meet the federal flammability standard (‘16 CFR Part 1610: Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles’) without chemical treatment. In this research, we investigated the use of the combination of a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) as the flame‐retarding agent and dimethyloldihydroxylethyleneurea (DMDHEU) as the binder to reduce the flammability of cotton fleece. We found that HFPO is effective in reducing the flammability of the cotton fleece whereas DMDHEU enhances the effectiveness of HFPO due to phosphorus–nitrogen synergism. The flammability as well as other properties of the treated cotton fleece is affected by both the concentration of HFPO and that of DMDHEU. The cotton fleece treated with HFPO/DMDHEU passes the federal flammability standard and shows high strength retention with little change in fabric whiteness and hand. We also found that the flame‐retardant finishing system is durable to multiple home launderings. The combination of HFPO and DMDHEU has the potential to become a practical flame‐retardant finishing system to reduce the flammability of cotton fleeces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混炼胶中炭黑分散度测定方法的改进

根据胶料混炼的基本原理，对炭黑分散度测定方法进行分析，并提出改进途径。目前炭黑分散度测定方法主要是直接测定法，包括表面观察法、粒径直接测量法、表面粗糙度分析法和改进的显微照相法等。这些方法存在的主要问题是不能综合反映炭黑粒子的分散与分布情况，信息量小。可通过建立数学模型计算(包含“分布因子”)、彩色摄影、对图像进行预处理等方法对显微照相法进行改进，以提高炭黑分散度测定的准确性。     

Objective measurement of fabric properties of the plasma‐treated cotton fabrics subjected to cocatalyzed wrinkle‐resistant finishing

The wrinkle resistance treatment together with plasma pretreatment is especially very important to cotton fabrics because of their high wrinkling tendency. However, the processes improved the wrinkle recovery property of cotton fabrics, but, at the same time, may worsen the fabric handle, which is an important factor when designing the end‐uses of fabric because handling of fabric also a critical factor for purchasing decision. The Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES‐F) measures the scale of “basic hand” and “total hand” values determined by the combined results of sensory tests conducted by the instrumental measurements. In the present article, the effects of plasma treatment and catalyzed 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) treatment on the fabric yellowing are also studied. The results found that the wrinkle‐resistant treatment had a negative effect on the tensile properties, shearing properties, bending properties, and surface friction and variation, whereas the compressional properties are improved by the treatment. In addition, the plasma treatment improves the tensile properties and bending properties but not the compressional properties, shearing properties, and surface friction and variation. Besides, it is concluded that these treatments can influence not only the fabric handle but also the yellowness of fabrics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric. II. Inorganic phosphorus‐containing compounds

Cotton fleece is not able to meet the federal flammability standard for general apparels (CFR 1610) without flame retardant treatment. Consequently, cotton fleece is not available in the market in spite of high demands. In our previous research, we studied the application of a hydroxyl‐functional organophosphorus oligomer as a flame retardant finishing agent for cotton fleece. In this research, we investigated the use of aluminum hydroxyphosphate (AHP) formed in situ on cotton by the reaction of aluminum sulfate and sodium phosphates to reduce the flammability of cotton fleece. We found that the AHP formed on cotton is effective in reducing the cotton fleece's flammability from “Class 3” to “Class 1.” Elemental analysis of aluminum and phosphorus in the AHP shows that the mole ratio of Al/P changes as the pH value of the sodium phosphates solution changes. The pH of the sodium phosphate solutions also affect the quantity of AHP formed on the cotton fleece. The treated cotton fleece retains “Class 1” flammability after one home laundering or the combination of dry‐cleaning and hand washing procedures. The treatment increases the whiteness of the cotton fleece whereas it reduces its bursting strength. The cotton fleece thus treated is also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008