Metabolomics‐Based Dietary Biomarkers in Nutritional Epidemiology—Current Status and Future Opportunities

The application of metabolomics in nutrition epidemiology holds great promise and there is a high expectation that it will play a leading role in deciphering the interactions between diet and health. However, while significant progress has been made in the identification of putative biomarkers, more work is needed to address the use of the biomarkers in dietary assessment. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate progress in these areas and to identify challenges that need to be addressed going forward. The notable applications of dietary biomarkers in nutritional epidemiology include 1) determination of food intake based on biomarkers levels and calibration equations from feeding studies, 2) classification of individuals into dietary patterns based on the urinary metabolic profile, and 3) application of metabolome wide–association studies. Further work is needed to address some specific challenges to enable biomarkers to reach their full potential.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定保健食品中的番茄红素

建立保健食品中番茄红素的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。样品经氢氧化钾溶液乙醇皂化,去除脂肪后用质量浓度为1g/100mL的2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)石油醚溶液提取,提取液经中性氧化铝固相萃取柱净化,采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术-大气压化学电离源多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。方法的检出限和定量限分别为10μg/kg和100μg/kg,在50～5000μg/kg添加水平范围内,平均回收率为88.0%～103.1%,相对标准偏差低于15%。本方法灵敏,为保健食品中番茄红素的定量检测和确证提供了新的手段。     

在校大学生膳食营养状况分析及对策

目的了解在校大学生膳食营养状况。方法采用问卷调查和称重法（WFR）调查187名学生维持7日的膳食情况。通过记录学生一日三餐所摄入主副食的种类和重量,采用营养配餐和Microsoft Excel软件进行数据处理。结果大学生饮食习惯和膳食结构大都存在不合理之处。结论调整饮食结构,合理膳食是解决学生营养问题的重要途径。     

蜂花粉中新烟碱农药的残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估

该研究探讨了我国不同植物源66个蜂花粉样品中8种新烟碱农药的残留情况,并根据残留结果进行普通人群膳食摄入风险评估。结果发现,样品检出率为50.0%,共检出5种新烟碱农药,包括啶虫脒、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和呋虫胺,检出率最高的为噻虫嗪（31.8%）,残留浓度最高为啶虫脒（195.1 ng/g）。4种植物源的蜂花粉中新烟碱农药的残留存在显著差异：茶花粉的检出率显著高于其他3种花粉;杂花粉的残留浓度显著高于茶花粉和油菜花粉,残留浓度从高到低依次为杂花粉、荞麦粉、茶花粉、油菜花粉。来自6个主要地区的蜂花粉残留情况也有所不同,这可能跟我国不同地区和不同作物中新烟碱农药的施用情况相关。依据新烟碱农药的残留浓度进行人类膳食摄入风险评估,评估结果（风险商值均小于1%）说明蜂花粉中的新烟碱农药残留风险可接受。     

Overview of the Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) in Food Analysis of Nutritionally Harmful Compounds

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has proved to be a useful and a time saving analytical tool, with many applications of direct detection of target molecules in food samples. When coupled with chromatographic techniques, it combines the separation capabilities of chromatography and the power of MS/MS as an identification and confirmation method. This article reviews the use of tandem mass spectrometry in the determination of various food contaminants such as alkaloids, pesticides (carbamates, s-triazines, phenylureas, N-methylcarbamates), marine toxins, mycotoxins, arsenosugars, antibiotics, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and acrylamide. Experimental conditions and the main spectral patterns for the recognition of these compounds are presented.     

Overview of the Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) in Food Analysis of Nutritionally Harmful Compounds

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has proved to be a useful and a time saving analytical tool, with many applications of direct detection of target molecules in food samples. When coupled with chromatographic techniques, it combines the separation capabilities of chromatography and the power of MS/MS as an identification and confirmation method. This article reviews the use of tandem mass spectrometry in the determination of various food contaminants such as alkaloids, pesticides (carbamates, s-triazines, phenylureas, N-methylcarbamates), marine toxins, mycotoxins, arsenosugars, antibiotics, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and acrylamide. Experimental conditions and the main spectral patterns for the recognition of these compounds are presented.     

Characterization of Important Odorants in Steamed Male Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) using Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry‐Olfactometry

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) from Yangcheng Lake in Jiangsu Province is a popular species due to its unique pleasant aroma and intensive umami taste. In this study, odorants in steamed male E. sinensis were investigated using the headspace‐monolithic material sorptive extraction technique coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry‐olfactometry (GC‐MS‐O). A total of 74 volatile compounds were found, and the results of the GC‐MS‐O analysis, combined with odor activity values, showed that trimethylamine (fishy, ammonia‐like odor), (Z)‐4‐heptenal (mushroom‐like odor), and benzaldehyde (paint‐like odor) were the important odorants (IOs) in all 4 of the edible parts of steamed male E. sinensis. Furthermore, heptanal (mushroom‐like odor) was common to the abdomen, claw, and leg meat but was not found as the IO in the gonad. The abdomen meat also contained 3‐methylbutanal (vegetable‐like, grassy odor), while 2 additional IOs were found in claw meat (2‐methylbutanal, which has a mushroom odor and 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, which has a chocolate‐like, musty odor). Another IO (2‐nonanone, chocolate‐like odor) was also found in leg meat, while (E)‐2‐nonenal (green, fruity odor) was the IO found exclusively in the gonad.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定中草药饮料中11 种有毒生物碱

建立同时测定中草药饮料中11 种有毒生物碱（乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱、马钱子碱、士的宁、秋水 仙碱、喜树碱、阿托品、东莨菪碱、毛果芸香碱和鬼臼毒素）的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。试样直接过 0.22 μm滤膜,经Kinetex C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6 μm）分离后,在多反应监测模式下定性及定量分析。结 果表明：11 种有毒生物碱在在其线性范围内与其峰面积线性关系良好（＞0.999 0）,方法检出限为0.05～0.5 μg/L, 在低、中、高3 个添加水平范围内的平均回收率为75.0%～88.4%,相对标准偏差均小于7.6%。该方法操作简便、灵 敏度高、重复性好、定性定量准确,适用于中草药饮料中有毒生物碱的测定。     

加工番茄皮渣中水溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

研究确定新鲜番茄皮渣在热风干燥箱中最适干燥条件:厚度1.0 cm,温度100℃,时间160 min;然后采用碱性提取法从番茄皮渣中提取水溶性膳食纤维,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件:料液比1︰17、pH值12、提取温度85℃、提取时间120 min,此时提取率最高,达36%;水溶性膳食纤维的膨胀性和持水力分别为5.9 mL/g,9.85 g/g。     

静电场轨道阱质谱分析技术在食品分析中的应用进展

静电场轨道阱质谱技术以其优越的高分辨率和高精确质量数的特性,可实现目标物的同分异构体和结构类似物的鉴定以及未知物的筛查和确证,近年来在生命科学、环境污染以及食品检测领域的应用逐渐增多。本文简要介绍了静电场轨道阱质谱及其联用技术的发展,系统地综述了该项技术近年来在食品分析领域中的应用进展。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定食品中15 种有毒生物碱

建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中15?种有毒生物碱。研究和优化提取条件、净化方式、色谱-质谱参数等指标,样品经体积分数20%乙醇溶液提取、离心后,经高效液相色谱分离、质谱测定,外标法定量。结果表明,15?种有毒生物碱的检出限范围为4～20?μg/kg,定量限范围为10～80?μg/kg,在1、3、5?倍定量限添加水平时,方法的回收率范围为80.9%～119.8%,相对标准偏差低于10%,符合分析方法要求。该方法可用于植物源饮料、粮谷类食品及果蔬中15?种有毒生物碱的快速筛查和定量分析。     

Metabolic Changes during the Pu‐erh Tea Pile‐Fermentation Revealed by a Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass‐Spectrometry‐Based Metabolomics Approach

In the current study, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analyses was employed to investigate the time‐varying biochemical changes during the pile‐fermentation process with the emphasis on the active ingredients to clarify the manufacturing process of ripened pu‐erh tea as a whole. The metabolite profiles of different manufacturing processes were unique and could be distinguished with the aid of principal component analysis. Furthermore, partial least‐squares discriminant analysis revealed a pairwise discrimination between the raw material group and pile‐fermentation process groups or the final product group, and 48 differential metabolites with variable importance in the projection value greater than 1 were identified, which was confirmed by the subsequent hierarchical cluster analysis. These results highlight our current understanding of the exact changing process of the bioactive compounds during the pile fermentation, and the global change of these bioactive compounds provides the special flavor, taste, and health promoting effects of ripened pu‐erh tea.     

质谱在白酒安全分析的应用现状

白酒是一种传统的蒸馏酒,具有几千年的历史.白酒的消费市场广,人们对白酒的需求也逐渐增加.近年来,白酒的真伪鉴定和安全检测的应用越来越受到研究者的关注和探索.随着人们健康意识的增强,白酒中的农药残留、塑化剂、甜味剂、生物胺等有害物质的质量参数也越来越受到消费者的重视.比较了质谱技术与其他检测技术之间的优劣,综述了近年来质...