Radiation Synthesis of pH-Sensitive Hydrogels From Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly(ethylene Oxide) Blends as Drug Delivery Systems

Gamma irradiation was used to prepare hydrogels from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blends in the form of films. The hydrogels were characterized by IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, mechanical testing, and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling in different buffers of different pH values was also studied. The results indicated the formation of network structure and that the swelling of hydrogels is thermo- and pH-sensitive. The CMC/PEO hydrogels were evaluated for the possible use in drug delivery field, in which the release profile of ketoprofen, as a drug model was investigated.     

Removal of Mercury (II) from Aqueous Solution using Chitosan-graft-Polyacrylamide Semi-IPN Hydrogels

Chitosan-graft-polyacrylamide semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) superabsorbent hydrogel was prepared via UV irradiation and N, N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide was used as crosslinker. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrogels were observed to exhibit as much as 2580.2% swelling under optimum reaction conditions. The hydrogel is an efficient selective sorbent for the removal of mercuric ions (Hg(II)) from aqueous solutions. The mercury sorption capacity under non-buffered conditions is achieved around 9.98 mmol · g^?1 (or 2001.8 mg (mercury)/g (hydrogel)) via the colorimetric method. The kinetic data were fitted to the pseudo second order model. Furthermore, the influence of pH, hydrogel dose, and initial mercury concentration on adsorption capacity of the semi-IPN hydrogel was evaluated. Also, the isothermal adsorption equilibrium data was described using the Langmuir model. Finally, the mercury loaded hydrogel was regenerated without losing its original activity and stability.     

Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Cellulose Modified with D-Glucose

Cellulose powder was grafted with the vinyl monomer glycidyl methacrylate using ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator and was further derived with D-Glucose (D-Glu) to build a adsorbent (Cell-g-GMA-D-Glu). Epoxy cellulose, which was made up of Cell-g-GMA and Cell-hydro-g-GMA, was found to contain 5.48 mmol g^?1 epoxy groups. The adsorption process of the adsorbent was described by the Langmuir model of adsorption well and the maximum adsorption capacity of chromium (VI) reached to 54.59 mg g^?1. The adsorption-desorption tests of the Cell-g-GMA-D-Glu exhibited that the reproducibility of the absorbent was well and the adsorbent could be reused six times at least.     

Efficient Removal of Anionic Organic Dyes from Aqueous Solution with Cu‐Organic Frameworks

Cu‐metal‐organic frameworks (Cu‐MOFs) were synthesized in one step using copper acetate, glutamic acid, and small‐molecular organic amines at room temperature. Organic amines served as modulators to modify the structure of Cu‐MOFs. Characterization results proved that the addition of modulators changes the surface morphology. Batch adsorption data indicated high adsorption capacities for anionic organic dyes with glutamic‐Cu‐triethylamine (Glu‐Cu‐TA), higher than that of most MOFs reported. An acid pH was the optimum adsorption parameter. The easy regeneration of recycled Cu‐MOFs suggested there were weak intermolecular interactions between Cu‐MOFs and dyes. The main adsorption forces included electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, π‐π complexation, and hydrogen bonds.     

Removal of Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Hydrophobically Modified Poly(acrylic Acid) Hydrogels

Hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels were synthesized using acrylic acid (AA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) as copolymer monomers. These hydrogels were carried out for removal cationic dyes from aqueous solution. It was found that the adsorption of cationic dye depended on the length of the side chain, hydrophobic monomer (MMA, EMA and BMA) content and pH of the solution. Increasing the hydrophobic monomer content led to an increase in the adsorption of cationic dyes on the hydrogels. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of hydrogels were in good agreement with pseudo–second-order equation and the Langmuir equation, respectively. The cationic dyes adsorption of hydrogels involved a mechanism that combined swelling and electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction.     

磁性污泥基生物炭的制备及对甲基橙的吸附

采用污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,制备了磁性污泥基生物炭复合材料,采用扫描电镜、能谱分析、傅里叶红外光谱等手段进行了表征,并考察了所制备复合材料对甲基橙的吸附性能.结果表明,所制备的复合材料在甲基橙初始pH=3.0,生物炭投加量为0.8 g/L时,磁性生物炭对甲基橙呈现了良好的吸附性能.经过5次吸附解吸试验,磁性污泥基生物...     

改性沸石去除水中有机污染物的研究进展

概述了沸石的物理、化学性质及结构特征,介绍了采用沸石处理有机污染物时所采用的不同改性方法以及改性后对不同有机物的去除效果。综述了沸石在改性和处理有机污染物过程中所涉及到的反应机理及相关理论,总结了沸石改性和应用方面存在的问题及今后研究的方向。     

有机酸水溶液提取玉米芯木质素及其性质

以甲酸/乙酸水溶液为溶剂提取玉米芯木质素。利用响应面法考察了甲酸浓度、提取温度和反应时间等因素对木质素产率的影响。结果表明,最优的反应条件为:V(甲酸)∶V(乙酸)=4∶5,提取温度为91℃,反应时间4 h,在该条件下木质素产率的预测值为67.91%,实验验证值为70.16%。利用紫外光谱法和化学滴定法研究了木质素的纯度、酚羟基和羧基含量,测定了木质素在不同溶剂中的溶解性,通过红外、紫外、核磁共振及热重等方法对所提取的木质素的结构和性质进行了表征。结果显示,有机酸水溶液提取的木质素同时含有紫丁香单元(S)、愈创木基单元(G)和对-羟基苯丙烷单元(H),而且与碱木质素结构相似。热重分析表明,该木质素具有更好的热稳定性,600℃时热解残余物的质量分数为42%。有机酸水溶液处理法是提取高纯度玉米芯木质素的有效方法。     

Removal of Chlorophenols from Aqueous Solution by Anion-Exchange Resins

Abstract

The effects of pH value and chloride ion concentration on the removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solutions by Purolite A-510 resin [macroreticular polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin with R(CH₃)₂(C₂H₄OH)N⁺ group] are discussed by the species distributions of chlorophenols. Those chlorophenols include phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. The investigations showed that the chlorophenols could be removed effectively at alkaline conditions where the ion-exchange reaction was dominant. Also, the removal of chlorophenols increased with the number of chlorine atoms on the chlorophenols. The removal of chlorophenols via the ion-exchange reaction was hindered by the presence of chloride ions. The effect of chloride ions, however, was diminished in acidic solutions where the adsorption reaction was dominant. The proposed equilibrium model, which considers both adsorption and ion-exchange reactions, adequately describes the sorption behavior of chlorophenols. The partition constants of the protonated chlorophenols can be estimated from the octanol/water partition coefficients of the phenolic compounds.     

Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution by CaO Nanoparticles

Abstract

Colloidal particles of CaO were synthesized by the sol-gel method. The particle morphology was characterized by FT-IR, TGA, DTA, and TEM analysis. The ability of the CaO nanoparticles for removal of fluoride from aqueous solution through adsorption has been investigated. All the experiments were carried out by batch mode. The effect of various parameters viz. contact time, pH effect (pH 2–10), adsorbent dose (0.01–0.1 g/100 ml), initial fluoride concentration (10–100 mg/l) and competitive ions has been investigated to determine the adsorption capacity of CaO nanoparticles. Almost complete removal (98%) of fluoride was obtained within 30 minutes at an optimum adsorbent dose of 0.6 g/L for initial fluoride concentration of 100 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm was also studied to find the nature of adsorbate-adsorbent interaction.     

Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution with Modified Bentonite

Bentonite combined with sawdust and other metallic compounds was used to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions in this study. The adsorption characteristics of phosphate on the modified bentonite were investigated, including the effects of temperature, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of phosphate and pH on removal of phosphate by conducting a series of batch adsorption experiments. The results showed that 98% removal rate of phosphate was obtained since sawdust and bentonite used in this investigation were abundantly and locally available. It is concluded that modified bentonite is a relatively efficient, low cost and easily available adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions.     

Removal of Orange II from Aqueous Solutions Using N-Vinyl Imidazole-based Hydrogels as Adsorbents

Poly(N-vinyl imidazole) hydrogel (p-VIm) and its partially quaternized analogue (p-VIm-Ar) were prepared and used for the removal of Orange II (OII). A fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer attached, thermogravimetric analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, and a drop shape analyzer were used for the characterization of the hydrogels. The influence of some experimental parameters, such as pH of the OII solution, contact time, and initial OII concentration on the adsorption process, was examined, and the obtained data were used to calculate the isotherm and kinetic parameters. Adsorption processes of OII onto adsorbents were coherent with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The quaternized analogue exhibited remarkable adsorption performance in the pH range of 2–12, while the effective adsorption with p-VIm occurred only at pH 2.0. The maximum adsorption capacity values of adsorbents were determined as 2331 (for p-VIm) and 1327 mg g^?1 (for p-VIm-Ar) at pH 2.0 and 132 (for p-VIm) and 1357 mg g^?1 (for p-VIm-Ar) at pH 6.0.     

Removal of Cu2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Starch-Graft-Acrylic Acid Hydrogels

Gelatinized starch was prepared by constantly stirring a mixture of starch and water at 95°C for 1 hour. Starch-graft-acrylic acid (S-g-AA) hydrogels were prepared by grafting acrylic acid (AA) [monomer/starch (w/w) 0.5–1.5] onto gelatinized starch with ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator under nitrogen atmosphere. The surface morphology of samples was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The hydrogels were evaluated for the removal of Cu²⁺ ion from aqueous solutions at different pH. The concentration of Cu²⁺ ion in aqueous solution was kept constant at 4 mmol/L. The metal ion removal capacities changed depending on treatment time, initial pH of the solution, and monomer/starch (w/w) ratio of the S-g-AA hydrogels. Cu²⁺ ion removal capacities were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS).     

Phosphate Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Coir-Pith Activated Carbon

The present study deals with the removal of phosphates from aqueous solution using activated carbon developed from coir pith. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to delineate the effect of initial pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and temperature on the removal of phosphates by coir-pith activated carbon (CAC) (activated by H₂SO₄). The removal was found to be maximum in the pH range of 6–10. The kinetics of adsorption showed that the phosphate adsorption onto CAC was a gradual process with a quasi-equilibrium being attained in 3 h. The adsorption equilibrium data followed the Temkin isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG ^o , ΔH ^o , and ΔS ^o were evaluated by applying the Arrhenius and van't Hoff equations, and it was found that the adsorption of phosphate on CAC was spontaneous and endothermic.     

福建毛竹制备羧甲基纤维素及其结构和性能表征

以福建毛竹为原料,经过四次加碱法制备羧甲基纤维素（CMC）,并通过FTIR、XRD、TGA、SEM手段对原料与产品的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明,制备CMC的最佳工艺条件为：精制毛竹5g,氢氧化钠6g,氯乙酸6g,乙醇质量分数为85％,第一次碱化温度为30℃,时间为90min,氢氧化钠加入量为总质量的80％;后三次碱化是在醚化过程中平均加入剩余20％的碱,醚化最终温度为70℃,醚化总时间为3h。在此工艺条件下,所得到的CMC的取代度为0．9137,黏度为37mPa·s。     

Novel Method for Zirconium Oxide Synthesis from Aqueous Solution

A novel method for zirconium oxide crystal synthesis from an aqueous solution at ordinary temperature and pressure has been discovered. Boric acid was added to a sodium hexafluorozirconate solution, fluoride ion was consumed by the formation of BF⁻₄ complex ion, then the hexafluorozirconate ion was hydrolyzed to zirconium oxide in order to increase the amount of fluoride ion. The formation of zirconium oxide crystal was confirmed by clear X-ray diffraction peaks. This method is promising for preparing zirconium oxide films in various applications     

有机物水溶液导热系数的关联

根据对有机物水溶液导热系数影响因素的分析,在Horvath液体导热系数关系式的基础上,导出了估算有机物水溶液导热系数的计算模型;利用该模型计算了14个体系中447个数据点的不同温度和组成的二元水溶液导热系数;结果表明,计算值与实验数据吻合很好,其与实验值的总平均相对偏差为1.03％,计算准确性优于文献方法。本文计算方法简单方便,只需知道水溶液各组分的临界温度、临界体积和导热系数数据,就可以直接预测各种温度和组成的有机物水溶液混合物的导热系数。     

羧甲基多糖对羟丙基甲基纤维素溶液性能的影响

利用羧甲基淀粉、羧甲基纤维素与羟丙基甲基纤维素进行复配,研究羧甲基类多糖与羟丙基甲基纤维素的协同作用,并对其增稠作用的机理进行研究。结果表明:羧甲基淀粉钠和羧甲基纤维素钠对非离子型纤维素混合醚都有一定的增黏协同效应,且淀粉羧甲基物比纤维素羧甲基物的增黏效应更明显。     

羧甲基纤维素接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水性树脂的研究

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和丙烯酸(AA)为原料,采用水溶液聚合法制备高吸水性树脂。较优的合成条件为:丙烯酸用量为18g时,羧甲基纤维素2 g,去离子水50 g,NaOH 7.2 g,K2S2O8 0.5 g,1 g/L的N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺溶液3mL,反应温度60℃,反应时间1.5h,真空干燥温度60℃。此条件下所得1g产品能吸收去离子水474.2g。测定了树脂对去离子水、自来水、模拟尿、模拟血和生理盐水的吸液倍率,并研究了产品的吸水速率、保水性和再生性。     

Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution Using Aluminum-Impregnated Chitosan Biopolymer

Abstract

Aluminum impregnated chitosan (AIC) was prepared and applied as an adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions. The process involved two stages: (i) isolation of chitosan from chitin, (ii) impregnation of aluminum in isolated chitosan at fixed pH. SEM and EDS techniques were used to characterize the composition of adsorbent AIC. Dynamic adsorption experiments on AIC were carried out at various pH, contact times, adsorption dosages, and initial fluoride concentration to determine optimum adsorption properties. The experimental data were analyzed using two adsorption models, Langmuir and Freundlich, with the later system providing the best fit. Thermodynamic parameters showed the adsorption process as spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption process follows first-order kinetics for which a mechanism has been proposed. Reusability of the AIC was tested up to four consecutive cycles. The desorption experiment showed 92% elution of adsorbed fluoride at a pH of 12. Finally, the performance of the adsorbent material was studied on field water samples collected from a fluorosis endemic-region.