Vertical vibration control of an in‐wheel motor‐driven electric vehicle using an in‐wheel active vibration system

The objective of this study is to present a novel in‐wheel (IW) active vibration system for an IW motor (IWM)‐driven electric vehicle to overcome the negative effects of vertical vibration due to road roughness and the impact of rotary inertial forces from the IWM. First, the reason for the poor ride comfort of the general electric wheel structure is examined by theoretical derivation. Second, a 6 degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) vehicle model is established and the corresponding cost function based on 10 ride comfort indexes is proposed. Third, a fuzzy optimal sliding mode (FOSM) control method is presented and the IW active vibration system is designed by applying this proposed control theory. Then, normalization and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodologies are adopted to select reasonable weighted coefficients of performance indexes. Finally, the advantages of the electric vehicle with the IW active vibration system are illustrated by MATLAB/Simulink. Analysis results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Kinematics of automatic guided vehicles with an inclined steering column and an offset distance: criterion for existence of inverse kinematic solution

This article presents the kinematic model of an automatic guided vehicle (AGV) with an inclined steering column and an offset distance. The vehicle configuration considered here employs the front wheel as the driving and steering wheel. From the kinematic model, a criterion is derived to test the existence of inverse kinematic solution. The criterion is a function of the geometric parameters of the AGV and the steering angle of the wheel. From the criterion defined, conditions for the existence of inverse kinematic solution for steering column configurations with and without inclination and offset distance are obtained. The criterion also presents the range of steering angles for which the inverse kinematic solution exists. The criterion signifies the presence of a unique solution for the motion parameters of the wheel, i.e., the wheel speed, steering angle, and steering rate for desired values of the motion parameters of the AGV, i.e., the linear and angular velocities of the AGV. This information is needed for the guidance control of AGVs based upon a kinematic control scheme (dead-reckoning control) without using the absolute position referencing system to follow a predefined path at prescribed linear and angular velocities. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

虚拟轨道列车全轮主动转向控制研究

针对多铰接式虚拟轨道列车的转向问题,基于后车跟随首车行驶轨迹运行的思路,提出了一种全轮主动转向控制方法.首先,利用移位寄存器储存首车的行驶轨迹作为目标路径;其次,根据车体后轴实际路径和目标路径间的横向偏差量,基于PID控制器和Stanley算法确定车体后轮转角,进一步利用阿克曼转向几何原理计算后车前轮的转角;最后,搭建TruckSim与Matlab/Simulink联合仿真平台,结合典型工况进行仿真分析.仿真结果表明,本文设计的控制方法有效提高了拖车模块对牵引车模块的跟随性能,减小了车间铰接处的作用力、车体的质心侧偏角和轮胎侧向力,从而提高了列车在转弯时的稳定性.     

四轮转向车辆转向解耦的双点跟踪控制

针对四轮转向(4WS)无人车辆路径跟踪中的过约束问题, 本文提出一种前后轮转向解耦的双点跟踪控制策略. 建立4WS车辆单轨运动学模型, 约束前后轮转向角速度, 规划曲率连续的回旋曲线参考位姿序列, 将其解耦为前后轴中心的双点参考轨迹; 以前后轮中心点为控制点, 采用非线性反馈控制的预瞄方法分别获得转向控制率, 双点跟踪误差指数收敛于0. 仿真和实车验证结果表明, 所提出的双点跟踪控制策略横向误差标准差减少0.2 m, 横摆角误差标准差减小3.0?, 具有更大的前后轮转角控制域和较高的跟踪精度     

A generic kinematic formulation for wheeled mobile robots

This article presents a generic kinematic formulation and a procedure developed to deduce the kinematics of wheeled mobile robots (WMRs), also known in the literature as driverless ground vehicles, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and autonomous transit vehicles (ATVs). The generic formulation to deduce the kinematics of WMRs with various combinations of driving and steering wheels is obtained by making use of the transformation approach and modifying the kinematic formulations developed for WMRs with inclined steering columns. A general expression for the angular velocity of wheel slip is derived to extend the suitability of the formulations for WMRs with various combinations of driving and steering wheels. It is illustrated that the procedure developed provides the final form of the kinematic equations by providing only the kinematic parameters of the WMR, including the type of wheels employed for the generic model. This approach is useful to automate the modeling procedure to obtain either symbolic expressions or numerical values for WMR kinematics. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the simplicity of the developed approach. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Integrated vehicle dynamics management for distributed‐drive electric vehicles with active front steering using adaptive neural approaches against unknown nonlinearity

This paper proposes a new integrated vehicle dynamics management for enhancing the yaw stability and wheel slip regulation of the distributed‐drive electric vehicle with active front steering. To cope with the unknown nonlinear tire dynamics with uncertain disturbances in integrated control problem of vehicle dynamics, a neuro‐adaptive predictive control is therefore proposed for multiobjective coordination of constrained systems with unknown nonlinearity. Unknown nonlinearity with unmodeled dynamics is modeled using a random projection neural network via adaptive machine learning, where a new adaptation law is designed in premise of Lyapunov stability. Given the computational efficiency, a neurodynamic method is extended to solve the constrained programming problem with unknown nonlinearity. To test the performance of the proposed control method, simulations were conducted using a validated vehicle model. Simulation results show that the proposed neuro‐adaptive predictive controller outperforms the classical model predictive controller in tracking nominal wheel slip ratio, desired vehicle yaw rate and sideslip angle, showing its significance in vehicle yaw stability enhancement and wheels slip regulation.     

Target point‐based path‐following controller for a car‐type vehicle using bounded controls

In this paper, we have studied the control problem of target point‐based path following for car‐type vehicles. This special path‐following task arises from the needs of vision‐based guidance systems, where a given target point located ahead of the vehicle, in the visual range of the camera, must follow a specified path. A solution to this problem is developed through a nonlinear transformation of the path‐following problem into a reference trajectory tracking problem, by modeling the target point as a virtual vehicle. The use of target point complicates the control problem, as the development produces a first‐order nonlinear nonglobally Lipschitz differential equation with finite escape time. This problem is solved by using small control signals. Bounded feedback laws are designed to control the real vehicle's angular acceleration and the virtual vehicle's velocity, to achieve stability. The resulting controller is globally asymptotically stable with respect to the origin, the proof of which is derived from Lyapunov‐based arguments and a bootstrap argument. It is also shown that the use of exponentially convergent observers/differentiators does not affect the stability of the closed‐loop system. The effectiveness of this controller has been illustrated through simulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Third‐order sliding mode fault‐tolerant control for satellites based on iterative learning observer

The attitude fault‐tolerant control problem for a satellite with reaction‐wheel failures, uncertainties, and unknown external disturbances is investigated in this paper. Firstly, an iterative learning observer (ILO) is proposed to achieve fault detection, isolation, and estimation. Secondly, based on the ILO, a third‐order sliding mode controller is proposed to stabilize the satellite attitude rapidly under unknown external disturbances and reaction‐wheel faults. Thirdly, the asymptotically stability of the ILO and the third‐order sliding mode controller is proved by using the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme is more effective and feasible by comparing with other fault‐tolerant control approach.     

Adaptive logic‐based switching fault‐tolerant controller design for nonlinear uncertain systems

This paper deals with the problem of fault‐tolerant control (FTC) for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems against actuator faults using adaptive logic‐based switching control method. The uncertainties under consideration are assumed to be dominated by a bounding system which is linear in growth in the unmeasurable states but can be a continuous function of the system output, with unknown growth rates. Several types of common actuator faults, e.g., bias, loss‐of‐effectiveness, stuck and hard‐over faults are integrated by a unified fault model. By utilizing a novel adaptive logic‐based switching control scheme, the actuator faults can be detected and automatically accommodated by switching from the stuck actuator to the healthy or even partly losing‐effectiveness one with bias, in the presence of large parametric uncertainty. In particular, two switching logics for updating the gain in the output feedback controllers are designed to ensure the global stability of the nominal (fault‐free) system and the boundedness of all closed‐loop signals of the faulty system, respectively. Two simulation examples of an aircraft wing model and a single‐link flexible‐joint robot are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed FTC controller. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于阿克曼算法的轮毂电动汽车控制方法研究

轮毂电动汽车以其独特的线控转向、线控驱动及线控制动设计,实现了整车的机电一体化控制.以前置前驱、前轮转向的轮毂电动汽车为研究对象,依据阿克曼转向模型原理,实现轮毂电动汽车前轮独立转向及差速系统的控制;同时,根据ABS控制理论,实现对轮毂电动汽车有效制动的控制.以上控制方法经实验验证切实可行.     

高速转向工况下的无人驾驶车辆路径跟踪

为提高无人驾驶车辆在高速转向工况下的路径跟踪精度与行驶稳定性,基于三自由度单轨车辆模型与模型预测控制理论,分析前轮转角约束对车辆跟踪精度与行驶稳定性的影响,提出一种自适应于侧向附着力的路径跟踪控制方法.以Pacejka'89魔术公式轮胎模型为基础,分析轮胎纵向受力,以此推算轮胎的侧向附着力,从而建立前轮转角约束随车辆状...     

A predictor-corrector guidance control scheme for AGV navigation

This paper presents a scheme that employs feedforward control in conjunction with a predictor-corrector scheme for guidance control of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs). The predictor-corrector scheme provides the desired values of steering parameters which depend on the geometry of the track and a driving criterion. The geometry of the track/road ahead of the vehicle is obtained by extrapolating the identified (estimated) geometry of the track/road traversed during the elapsed time interval. This real-time identification is carried out by fitting a curve to the path traversed by the vehicle. The coordinates of the path are provided by a transformation formulation which makes use of the motion parameters and a kinematic model of the vehicle. The driving criterion specifies the positioning of the AGV on the track. Several possible criteria are identified in the paper and mathematical formulations are presented for one such criterion. Results of off-line calculations using simulated track profiles and experimental data obtained using a prototype AGV while following various track profiles are provided for illustration.     

Cooperative control of multiple surface vessels in the presence of ocean currents and parametric model uncertainty

This paper addresses the problem of cooperative path‐following of multiple autonomous vehicles. Stated briefly, the problem consists of steering a group of vehicles along specified paths while keeping a desired spatial formation. For a given class of autonomous surface vessels, it is shown how Lyapunov‐based techniques and graph theory can be brought together to design a decentralized control structure, where the vehicle dynamics and the constraints imposed by the topology of the inter‐vehicle communication network are explicitly taken into account. To achieve path‐following for each vehicle, a nonlinear adaptive controller is designed that yields convergence of the trajectories of the closed‐loop system to the path in the presence of constant unknown ocean currents and parametric model uncertainty. The controller derived implicitly compensates for the effect of the ocean current without the need for direct measurements of its velocity. Vehicle cooperation is achieved by adjusting the speed of each vehicle along its path according to information exchanged on the positions of a subset of the other vehicles, as determined by the communication topology adopted. Global stability and convergence of the closed‐loop system are guaranteed. Illustrative examples are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nested PID steering control for lane keeping in autonomous vehicles

In this paper a nested PID steering control in vision based autonomous vehicles is designed and experimentally tested to perform path following in the case of roads with an uncertain curvature. The control input is the steering wheel angle: it is designed on the basis of the yaw rate, measured by a gyroscope, and the lateral offset, measured by the vision system as the distance between the road centerline and a virtual point at a fixed distance from the vehicle. No lateral acceleration and no lateral speed measurements are required. A PI active front steering control based on the yaw rate tracking error is used to improve the vehicle steering dynamics. The yaw rate reference is computed by an external control loop which is designed using a PID control with a double integral action based on the lateral offset to reject the disturbances on the curvature which increase linearly with respect to time. The proposed control scheme leads to a nested architecture with two independent control loops that allows us to design standard PID controls in a multivariable context (two outputs, one input). The robustness of the controlled system is theoretically investigated with respect to speed variations and uncertain vehicle physical parameters. Several simulations are carried out on a standard big sedan CarSim vehicle model to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled effects. The simulations show reduced lateral offset and new stable μ-split braking maneuvres in comparison with the model predictive steering controller implemented by CarSim. Finally the proposed control law is successfully tested by experiments using a Peugeot 307 prototype vehicle on the test track in Satory, 20 km west of Paris.     

非同轴两轮机器人自平衡与转向闭环控制

针对车速、车身侧倾角和前轮转角变化较大工况下的非同轴两轮机器人在基于前轮转角的自平衡控制中,因动力学模型准确性对自平衡控制带来的影响,设计了基于RBF神经网络模糊滑模控制的自平衡控制器,利用RBF神经网络的逼近特性,对动力学模型中非线性时变的不确定部分进行自适应逼近,从而提高动力学模型的准确性,并借助模糊规则削弱滑模控制中产生的系统抖振;以及因前轮转角用于自平衡控制中难以实现转向闭环控制,建立了基于纯跟踪法的轨迹跟踪控制器,并设计利用车身平衡时车身侧倾角与前轮转角的耦合关系,将转向闭环控制中的目标前轮转角替换为目标车身侧倾角,从而将自平衡控制器与轨迹跟踪控制器相结合,在保证车身平衡行驶的前提下,实现带有轨迹跟踪的转向闭环控制。实验结果表明,凭借动力学模型的较高准确性,RBF神经网络模糊滑模自平衡控制器具有鲁棒性好、超调量低和响应迅速的优点,并且利用车身平衡后车身侧倾角与前轮转角耦合关系,实现转向闭环控制是可行的,具有良好的轨迹跟踪效果。     

Integrated vehicle control through the coordination of longitudinal/lateral and vertical dynamics controllers: Flatness and LPV/‐based design

This paper deals with global chassis control of automotive vehicles. It focuses on the coordination of suspension and steering/braking vehicle controllers based on the interaction between the vertical and lateral behaviors of the vehicle. It is shown that the lateral acceleration and resulting roll motion of the car generate load transfers that considerably affect vehicle stability. A control law is designed in hierarchical way to improve the overall dynamics of the vehicle and cope with coupled driving maneuvers like obstacle avoidance using steering control and stop‐and‐go control using braking or driving wheel torque. This global control strategy includes two types of controllers. The first one is the longitudinal/lateral nonlinear flatness controller. Based on an appropriate choice of flat outputs, the flatness proof of a 3 DOF two‐wheel nonlinear vehicle model is established. Then, the combined longitudinal and lateral vehicle control is designed using algebraic estimation techniques to provide an accurate estimation of the derivatives and filtering of the reference flat outputs. The second part of the proposed strategy consists of a linear parameter‐varying/ suspension controller. This controller uses lateral acceleration as a varying parameter to account for load transfers that directly affect the suspension system. The coordination between the vehicle vertical and lateral dynamics is highlighted in this study, and the linear parameter‐varying/ framework ensures a specific collaborative coordination between the suspension and the steering/braking controllers, to achieve the desired performance. Simulations on a complex full vehicle model have been validated using experimental data obtained on‐board a real Renault Mégane Coupé. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四轮转向汽车最优转向控制研究

为了充分发挥四轮转向技术在改善汽车操纵稳定性方面的优势,对汽车转向的理想状态进行分析,构建理想转向模型。依据具有二次型性能指标的最优控制理论,以汽车转向理想模型作为跟踪目标,采用基于状态反馈和前轮前馈的控制策略,对四轮转向汽车后轮转向控制规律进行研究。利用Matlab工具,对所提出的后轮转向最优控制方法进行仿真。仿真结果表明：所设计的后轮转角最优控制器改善汽车转向的瞬态与稳态响应特性,其瞬态响应的超调量减少,稳定时间缩短;侧向滑移的稳态值有所降低,从而提高汽车转向的操纵稳定性。     

On linear‐parameter‐varying (LPV) slip‐controller design for two‐wheeled vehicles

This paper describes the application of linear‐parameter‐varying (LPV) control design techniques to the problem of slip control for two‐wheeled vehicles. A nonlinear multi‐body motorcycle simulator is employed to derive a control‐oriented dynamic model. It is shown that, in order to devise a robust controller with good performance, it is necessary to take into account the dependence of the model on the velocity and on the wheel slip. This dependence is modeled via an LPV system constructed from Jacobian linearizations at different velocities and slip values. The control problem is formulated as a model‐matching control problem within the LPV framework; a specific modification of the LPV control synthesis algorithm is proposed to alleviate controller interpolation problems. Linear and nonlinear simulations indicate that the synthesized controller achieves the required robustness and performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Motion Control of a 6WD/6WS wheeled platform with in-wheel motors to improve its maneuverability

Multi-axle driving mobile platform that are favored in special environments require high driving performance, steering performance, and stability. Among these, six wheel drive and six wheel steering vehicles hereinafter called 6WD/6WS, gain structural safety by distributing the load and reducing the pitching motion during rapid acceleration and braking. 6WD/6WS mobile platforms are favorable for military use, particularly in off-road operations because of their high maneuverability and mobility on extreme terrains and obstacles. 6WD vehicles that use in-wheel motors can generate independent wheel torque without a need for additional hardware. Conventional vehicles, however, cannot generate an opposite driving force on wheels on both sides. In an independent steering and driving system six-wheel vehicles show better performance than conventional vehicles. This paper discusses the improvement of the cornering performance and maneuverability of 6WD/6WS mobile platform using independent wheel torque and independent steering on each wheel. 6WD/6WS vehicles fundamentally have satisfactory maneuverability under low speed, and sufficient stability at high speed. Consequently, there should be a control strategy for improving their cornering performance using the optimum tire forces that satisfy the driver’s command and minimize energy consumption. From the driver’s commands (i.e., the steering angle and accelerator/brake pedal stroke), the desired yaw moment with virtual steering, desired lateral force, and desired longitudinal force are obtained. These three values are distributed to each wheel as torque and steering angle, based on the optimum tire force distribution method. The optimum tire force distribution method finds the longitudinal/lateral tire forces of each wheel that minimize cost function, which is the sum of the normalized tire forces. This paper describes a 6WS/6WD vehicle with improved cornering performance and the results are validated through TruckSim simulations.

     

Distributed adaptive fault‐tolerant leader‐following formation control of nonlinear uncertain second‐order multi‐agent systems

This paper presents a distributed integrated fault diagnosis and accommodation scheme for leader‐following formation control of a class of nonlinear uncertain second‐order multi‐agent systems. The fault model under consideration includes both process and actuator faults, which may evolve abruptly or incipiently. The time‐varying leader communicates with a small subset of follower agents, and each follower agent communicates to its directly connected neighbors through a bidirectional network with possibly asymmetric weights. A local fault diagnosis and accommodation component are designed for each agent in the distributed system, which consists of a fault detection and isolation module and a reconfigurable controller module comprised of a baseline controller and two adaptive fault‐tolerant controllers, activated after fault detection and after fault isolation, respectively. By using appropriately the designed Lyapunov functions, the closed‐loop stability and asymptotic convergence properties of the leader‐follower formation are rigorously established under different modes of the fault‐tolerant control system.