Physical and mathematical models of gas‐liquid fluid dynamics in LD converters

Fluid dynamics of gas‐liquid interactions in a LD converter to refine steel was physically and mathematically simulated. Using a water model three cases of gas supply were considered, top blowing, bottom injection and combined process top blowing‐bottom injection. Mixing time in top blowing increases with bath height and the distance between the lance of the gaseous jet and the bath surface. The jet penetration was found to be dependent on the modified Froude number. The unstable and unsteady behaviour of the bath topography, as affected by the gaseous jet, was well simulated through a multiphase momentum transfer model. In top blowing, three zones of liquid splashing were found, penetration with low splash, heavy splash and dimpling with low splash intensity. These zones depend on the gas flow rate and the distance from the lance to the bath surface. During bottom injection mixing times decrease with the number of tuyères, increases of bath height and gas flow rate. In a combined process mixing time decreases considerably due to the recirculating flow formed by the action of the top jet and the submerged jets. When a submerged jet is located just below the top jet the mixing time does not decrease as compared with the separated processes either top blowing or bottom stirring.     

复吹转炉底吹氧气和石灰粉水模拟

 为了考察复吹转炉底吹氧气和石灰粉过程中的熔池特性,建立复吹转炉底吹喷石灰粉的水模型,用水模拟铁水,用空心玻璃微珠模拟石灰粉。利用图像处理法研究了底吹氧气和石灰粉时粉剂分布情况及熔池搅拌情况。采用熔池电导率法考察了相同条件下底吹喷粉与不喷粉时的混匀时间。研究结果表明,喷粉能够促进熔池搅拌,且粉剂扩散速度随底吹载气流量增大而增大;未喷粉时,混匀时间随载气流量增大而减小;在相同底吹载气流量条件下,喷粉时熔池的混匀时间明显低于未喷粉时的混匀时间,且在试验范围内,混匀时间在底吹载气流量为2 m3/h(标准态)时出现极小值。     

100 kg中频感应炉底吹氧搅拌的水模拟研究

采用几何相似比1:1的水模型对100 kg中频感应炉底吹氧的工艺参数(底吹流量0.2~0.56 m³/h,熔池高度120~330 mm)和流场进行模拟试验。结果表明,底吹熔池内形成的气相流速度在竖直方向上变化不明显,而在水平方向上存在较大梯度;随熔池高度和底吹流量的增加,气相流速度梯度变大,竖直气-液两相流变为倾斜向上运动;在熔池高度H小于240 mm、气体流量Q小于0.56 m³/h时,混匀时间分别随熔池高度和底吹流量的增加而减小,超过这一范围后混匀时间变化不明显。     

Mixing time and fluid flow phenomena in liquids of varying kinematic viscosities agitated by bottom gas injection

A model experiment was carried out to investigate the mixing condition and related fluid flow phenomena in a slag layer of metal-refining processes agitated by bottom gas injection. Silicone oil was used as a model for the molten slag. Mixing time in a silicone oil bath was measured with a newly developed laser optical sensor. Measured mixing time values increased with an increase in the kinematic viscosity of the silicone oil. In order to explain the relation between mixing time and the kinematic viscosity of silicone oil, the rising velocity of bubbles and the vertical and horizontal velocities of silicone oil flow were measured with an electroresistivity probe and a laser Doppler velocimeter, respectively. The increase in the mixing time with the kinematic viscosity of silicone oil was caused mainly by the suppression of upward motion of bubbles and silicone oil in the bubbling jet region. An empirical correlation for the mixing time was derived as a function of the kinematic viscosity of silicone oil, in addition to conventionally used parameters such as the gas flow rate, bath diameter, and bath depth.     

Model study on mixing and mass transfer in ferroalloy refining processes

An experimental study has been performed to investigate the bath mixing intensity induced by a high-strength submerged gas injection in a bottom blown air-stirred one-seventh water model of Creusot-Loire Uddeholm (CLU) reactor using three different tuyere configurations. Experimental results have been discussed in terms of the mass transfer rate and mixing time. The air flow rates varied from 0.00599 to 0.01465 m³/s. The mixing time was determined at various gas flow rates, bath heights, and nozzle orientations, both in the presence and absence of a second phase. The mixing time was found to decrease with increasing gas flow rate and decreasing bath height. The influence of bath mixing intensity on mass transfer between metal (water) and slag (paraffin) was studied by measuring the transfer of benzoic acid from the gas-stirred water bath to paraffin as a function of the gas injection parameters. The bath mixing intensity was characterized by the value of the mass transfer rate constant. The rate constant of mass transfer between the metal and slag was found to increase with increasing gas injection rate and decreasing bath height.     

复吹转炉底吹非均匀供气对熔池搅拌混匀的影响

摘要：为了强化转炉熔池的搅拌,在200t复吹转炉1∶12的模型进行物理模拟试验,研究了底吹非均匀供气对转炉复吹和纯底吹熔池的搅拌混匀效果;采用数学模拟的方法计算了纯底吹条件下,转炉采用底吹非均匀供气时的熔池流体流动。研究结果表明,在所研究的不同的底吹非均匀供气方案中,与底吹均匀供气方案相比,线性底吹非均匀供气方案有利于改善转炉熔池搅拌效果,最佳的底吹非均匀供气方案的混匀时间比均匀供气降低了19%～25%。复吹时底吹非均匀供气的混匀时间降低程度要比纯底吹的非均匀供气大,即复吹条件下,底吹采用非均匀供气更有利于熔池搅拌混匀。采用线性底吹非均匀供气方案时,在熔池内形成了明显的大循环非对称流动,有利于整个熔池内的对流传质,从而缩短了混匀时间。     

Physical and mathematical simulations for molten steel flow in a large ingot casting process with double bottom argon bubbling porous beams

The effects of gas bubbling with double bottom porous beams on the flow during the filling process at different filling levels in a large ingot mould were investigated. Mixing time is long in the mould without gas bubbling. In the case of bottom gas bubbling with a small gas flow rate, the mixing time can be decreased by about 50–70%. Favourable bubbling position is 102–142?mm from the bottom centre. Large granular slag drops are entrapped at a lower filling level less than 60?mm and the slag drops entrapped become small with an increase in filling height without gas bubbling. Gas bubbling with reasonable flow rates does not cause strong slag entrapment during the initial stage of the filling process. Bottom gas bubbling in filling process of large ingot casting is beneficial to achieve simultaneously uniform temperature and composition, and to remove inclusions in the bath.     

电弧炉氧枪搅拌特性及熔池混匀效果的试验研究

采用1∶10水模型对100t电弧炉炉壁氧枪搅拌特性和熔池混匀效果进行了试验研究。研究了炉壁氧枪水平角、垂直角、气体流量及氧枪布置等对熔池各区域搅拌效果和混匀时间的影响。试验结果表明,相对于垂直角而言,水平角对熔池各区域的流动和混匀有更为显著的影响。熔池混匀时间随气体流量的增大而减小,但气体流量增大会导致熔池喷溅量增大,且熔池液体对炉底的冲刷增强。对比两种不同的氧枪布置方案,采用原型分布且氧枪水平角为10°时,整个熔池具有最好的混匀效果。     

180 t转炉聚合射流流场的水力学模型的实验研究

采用几何相似比1∶10水模型对180 t顶底复吹转炉内射流与熔池相互作用进行模拟试验,研究了在最佳枪位(150 mm)时氧气流量(38~42 m³/h)对均混时间的影响以及最佳顶枪流量(39 m³/h)下聚合射流氧枪枪位(40~150 mm)对均混时间的影响。结果表明,聚合射流氧枪对熔池的搅拌效果完全能达到顶底复吹的搅拌效果,如能在转炉冶炼工艺中应用,可取消底吹系统,简化转炉设备,提高转炉炉龄。     

Mixing and solid-liquid mass-transfer rates in a creusot-loire uddeholm vessel: A water model case study

The process of mixing and solid-liquid mass transfer in a one-fifth scale water model of a 100-ton Creusot-Loire Uddeholm (CLU) converter was investigated. The modified Froude number was used to relate gas flow rates between the model and its protoype. The influences of gas flow rate between 0.010 and 0.018 m³/s and bath height from 0.50 to 0.70 m on mixing time were examined. The results indicated that mixing time decreased with increasing gas flow rate and increased with increasing bath height. The mixing time results were evaluated in terms of specific energy input and the following correlation was proposed for estimating mixing times in the model CLU converter: T _mix=1.08Q ^−1.05 W ^0.35, where Q (m³/s) is the gas flow rate and W (tons) is the model bath weight. Solid-liquid mass-transfer rates from benzoic acid specimens immersed in the gas-agitated liquid phase were assessed by a weight loss measurement technique. The calculated mass-transfer coefficients were highest at the bath surface reaching a value of 6.40 × 10⁻⁵ m/s in the sprout region. Mass-transfer coefficients and turbulence parameters decreased with depth, reaching minimum values at the bottom of the vessel.     

Establishment time of liquid flow in a bath agitated by bottom gas injection

The establishment time of gas-liquid two-phase flows in a cylindrical bath agitated by bottom gas injection through a central single-hole bottom nozzle was investigated. Because the turbulence intensity in the bath was comparable to or larger than the unity, the conventional definition of the flow establishment time based on the history of mean velocity was not suitable for the present case. In fact, it was difficult to determine the flow establishment time based on the well-known 90 or 99 pct criterion for the mean velocity. Accordingly, two methods of determining the flow establishment time by focusing on the turbulence components instead of the mean velocity components were proposed. Velocity measurements were made with a two-channel laser Doppler velocimeter. The flow establishment time was correlated as a function of gas flow rate. Close agreement was obtained by the two methods.     

底吹钢包内流动及混合的两相流数值模拟

应用欧拉-欧拉模型建立了钢包内钢液流动及混合过程的数学模型,考察了吹气量对中心底吹及偏心底吹钢包内流场及均混时间的影响。计算结果表明,钢包底部四周为流动缓慢区域;吹气量越大,一方面可以降低均混时间,另一方面会导致钢包自由液面的钢液流速增大,从而容易造成卷渣;从缩短混合时间,提高生产效率考虑,偏心底吹更为有利。     

钢包底吹氩均混时间及临界流量水模型实验

针对钢包底吹氩工艺,通过改变透气砖数量、单透气砖吹气位置、双透气砖夹角、喷吹气体流量、渣厚等参数,对钢包的均混时间进行了水模型实验研究.提出临界流量的概念,发现吹气量超过临界流量后均混时间明显减小.结果表明:单透气砖喷吹时,相同吹气量下偏心喷吹时的均混时间比中心喷吹时短,临界流量小;双透气砖喷吹时,透气砖夹角越大,均混时间越短,临界流量越小.     

深插入浸罩CAS钢包流场混合特性的水模型研究

按照110t CAS钢包1/6的水模型,研究了浸罩深度(熔池液面深度0～20%)和直径(钢包底部直径的0.4～0.7)对熔池混匀时间的影响。结果表明,随着浸罩深度和直径的增加,罩内的循环流增强,在深插入浸罩(熔池液面深度的20%)条件下,钢包内流场发生显著变化,浸罩内形成了明显的循环流。通过无因次分析,得出底吹气量Q和浸罩深度H对混匀时间T影响程度的经验公式(T-T0)/T=3.13Q^-0.66(H/HL)^1.56。     

Numerical modelling studies of flow and mixing phenomena in gas stirred steel ladles

Abstract

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the fluid flow and mixing phenomena in a gas stirred ladle. Particular attention was paid to incorporate the effect of slippage between rising gas bubbles and surrounding fluid in the numerical model, to capture the relevant flow physics in a more effective manner. Various parametric studies were undertaken to examine the effects of gas flow rate, bottom nozzle configurations and tracer addition locations on mixing time. It was observed that the arrangement of bottom nozzles has a great effect on the mixing behaviour in a gas stirred ladle, with off centric gas injection producing shorter mixing time. Mixing time was found to be sensitive to the tracer addition position, particularly for the axisymmetric bottom gas injection system. The predicted results were compared with reported experimental observations and a very good agreement was observed in this regard, thereby establishing the authenticity of the proposed formulation.     

Water modelling study of fluid flow and mixing characteristics in bath during AOD process

Abstract

The fluid flow and mixing characteristics in the bath during the argon–oxygen decarburisation (AOD) process have been investigated on a water model of an 18 t AOD vessel blown through two annular tube type lances of constant cross-sectional area. The geometric similarity ratio between the model and its prototype (including the lances) was 1 : 3. Based on theoretical calculations of the parameters of the gas streams in the lances, the gas blowing rates used for the model were determined fairly precisely. Thus, sufficiently full kinematic similarity between the model and its prototype was ensured. The influence of the gas flowrate and the angle included between the two lances was examined. The results demonstrated that the liquid in the bath underwent vigorous circulatory motion during blowing, and there was no obvious dead zone in the bath, resulting in excellent mixing and a short mixing time. The gas flowrates, particularly that of the main lance, had a key influence on these characteristics. However, the gas jet of the sublance had a physical shielding effect on the gas jet of the main lance, and mixing efficiency could be improved by a suitable increase in the gas blowing rate of the sublance. The angular separation of the two lances also had a marked influence on the flow and mixing in the bath. An excessively large or small separation of the two lances would reduce the stability of blowing and would also be unfavourable to mixing. The optimum range of separation is 60–100° under the conditions of the present work. The relationships between the mixing time and the gas blowing rate, the stirring energy, the modified Froude numbers for the main lance and sublance, the lance arrangement, etc. have been obtained.     

EBT区域底吹流量变化对电弧炉炼钢的影响

 电弧炉底吹是加速熔池流动、减少EBT区域死区、改善炼钢反应的重要手段,底吹流量变化会影响电弧炉熔池流动和冶金效果。利用Fluent软件研究了100 t电弧炉EBT区域附近不同底吹流量的熔池流动特性,发现当EBT区域底吹流量从100增加至150 L/min时,熔池平均流速提高18.03%,死区面积减少22.06%;当进一步增加至200 L/min时,熔池流速和死区面积变化幅度降低。在此基础上,通过100 t电弧炉炼钢试验研究了不同底吹条件下的冶金效果,发现底吹可显著降低电弧炉钢铁料消耗和石灰消耗,缩短冶炼周期,降低炉渣FeO质量分数和钢液碳氧浓度积;随着EBT区域底吹气体流量从100增加至150 L/min,冶金效果进一步得到改善。     

180 t转炉底吹和顶-底复吹射流与熔池作用的水模型研究

根据180 t转炉的实际生产情况,以修正的Froude准数为相似准数,建立几何相似比10 ： 1水模型,进 行了四孔对称单纯底吹试验,并在最佳的底吹工艺参数下(底吹最佳位置为喷嘴所在同心圆直径:转炉熔池直径= 0. 3处;最佳流量为0. 7 m³/h,均混时间18. 2 s),通过改变顶吹氧枪的气体流量和吹炼枪位进行了顶底复吹转炉射 流与熔池作用的试验。结果表明,在底吹条件下,增加顶吹工艺(最佳枪位150 mm,最佳流量39 m³/h),熔池平均 的均混时间减少了 5.6 s, 180 t转炉顶底复吹可显著提高经济效益。     

提高复吹转炉透气砖寿命和冶金效果的新技术

为了提高复吹转炉透气砖寿命和冶金效果,研究了大流量透气砖底吹不对称供气技术。采用水模试验方法,底吹气量按3.3∶1分两路供气,每隔1炉交换1次。结果表明,供气强度在0.2m~3/(t·min)时,透气砖侵蚀速度与单根毛细管的气体流量呈正比。毛细管根数增加1倍,透气砖的供气能力提高1倍。采用大流量、大尺寸透气砖不对称交错供气的技术,可使透气砖的侵蚀速度减少50%,寿命提高1倍。转炉炼钢的熔池混匀时间缩短19.2%,铁水脱磷预处理熔池混匀时间缩短63%,复吹转炉的冶金效果得到明显改善。与复吹转炉预埋透气砖和更换透气砖的方法相比,可以更有效地提高转炉的复吹炉龄和冶金效果。     

300 t复吹转炉底吹系统优化模拟

顶底复合吹炼转炉炼钢法是当下主流的炼钢方法,底部供气元件的种类、支数、排布方式和底吹供气强度直接影响着转炉熔池的混匀效果,合理的流场不仅可以降低生产成本,更能缩短冶炼周期,增加企业效益.基于冷态水模拟以及CFD数值模拟手段各自的研究特点,以某钢厂300 t转炉为原型,将不同底吹条件下熔池的混匀时间、死区以及弱流区体积作...