拉伸工艺参数对AZ31镁合金塑性的影响

在温度为18℃~450℃、应变速率10-2s-1~10-4s-1范围内,对挤压态AZ31镁合金沿挤压方向进行拉伸试验。结果表明,当温度T≤100℃时,应变速率对试样伸长率影响较小,断口分析表明试样为脆性断裂;当温度为250℃~400℃,伸长率随应变速率的减小而迅速增加,变形激活能为170 k J/mol,交滑移控制的动态再结晶是导致塑性提高的主要原因;温度为400℃~450℃、应变速率10-4s-1拉伸时,伸长率下降,原因是高温、长时间拉伸会引起空洞扩张,降低了有效承载面积,导致塑性降低。     

挤压态AZ91D镁合金的微观组织及其超塑性

研究了挤压态镁合金在280～400℃和1×10-4～1×10-1s-1的超塑性流变行为。结果表明,热挤压可以明显减小AZ91D镁合金的晶粒尺寸;在340℃、1×10-4s-1的变形条件下,其最大伸长率达到487%,应变速率敏感指数m可达0.51。挤压态AZ91D镁合金超塑性变形的主要机制为晶界滑移机制。通过光镜和扫描电镜(SEM)观察了AZ91D镁合金超塑性变形前后的微观组织和断口形貌及其拉伸断裂机制。     

挤压成形AZ31镁合金的低温超塑性变形

利用挤压成形工艺在300 ℃下将AZ31镁合金铸锭挤制为细晶板材,将制成的拉伸试样在250 ℃下分别以不同的应变速率进行等应变速率拉伸,研究了试样的超塑性变形性能,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分别观察了变形后试样的显微组织和断口形貌。研究结果表明,在250 ℃和2×10^-2 s^-1应变速率下,AZ31镁合金试样的伸长率达到了290%,实现了较低温度和较高应变速率下的超塑性变形,有利于节约能源和提高效率;在250 ℃下以2.5×10^-4 s^-1应变速率进行拉伸变形,试样的伸长率最大,达到了390%,最大伸长率下AZ31镁合金的显微组织显示,变形后试样的晶粒仍保持等轴状,但晶粒尺寸比原始晶粒增大约一倍,试样断口形貌表现为典型的韧窝型穿晶断裂特征。     

AZ31B镁合金板材超塑性变形与断裂机理研究

研究了工业态热轧AZ31B镁合金板材的超塑性及其变形机制,在应变温度为723K,应变速率为1×10-3s-1的试验条件下,其最大断裂伸长率达到216%,应变速率敏感性指数达0.36。研究结果表明:晶界滑动(GBS)是工业态热轧AZ31B镁合金超塑性的主要变形机制,变形初期有动态再结晶发生,断裂是由晶界处形成的空洞不断长大、连接而引起的。     

AZ31镁合金超塑性及其变形机制图

在温度为400～440 ℃、应变速率为10-2～10-4 s-1范围内,研究挤压态AZ31镁合金的超塑性.结果表明,当应变速率较高时,颈缩是超塑性断裂的主要原因.温度越高,应变速率敏感指数m值越大, AZ31镁合金的超塑性伸长率越高.当应变速率较低时,空洞扩张是影响超塑性断裂的主要原因,温度越高,超塑性伸长率越低.研究了超塑性变形机理,建立了超塑性变形机制图,结果表明,温度为400 ℃或420 ℃、应变速率较低时,AZ31镁合金的超塑性变形属于溶质拖曳的位错蠕变机制;当应变速率较大时,属于攀移控制的位错蠕变机制.温度为440 ℃时,AZ31镁合金的变形机制符合晶格扩散控制的位错蠕变.     

铸态AZ31镁合金的超塑性性能及流变应力

通过连铸AZ31镁合金的单向拉伸实验,研究了该合金的超塑性变形性能及不同拉伸变形条件下的流变应力。结果表明,在温度为300℃~450℃,应变速率.ε为4.25×10-4s-1的情况下,连铸ZA31镁合金表现出超塑性。在温度为400℃,应变速率.ε为4.25×10-4s-1时,延伸率增加了200%,具有较好的超塑性性能。用光学显微镜观察变形前后拉伸试样的微观组织发现:试样的初始晶粒尺寸约为15μm,在变形之后颈缩区域的晶粒长大现象不是很明显,晶粒沿着变形方向有所伸长,但晶粒形状基本保持为等轴状。     

AZ31镁合金铸轧和常规CLN板拉伸变形的组织演变

采用Gleebe-1500D热模拟试验机对AZ31镁合金铸轧板和常规轧制板进行了等温拉伸试验,变形温度为150～400℃,应变速率为3×10^-4～3×10^-1s^-1。研究了AZ31镁合金铸轧板和常规轧制板在不同变形条件下的组织演变。结果表明,两种板低温变形后的组织主要包括被拉长和破碎的晶粒以及孪晶。随着变形温度的升高,AZ31镁合金开始发生动态再结晶。铸轧板高温低应变速率变形条件下晶界滑移引起的空洞尺寸、体积分数和密度均大于常规轧制板。再结晶晶粒尺寸和参数Z呈幂律关系。     

挤压速度和挤压比对AZ31B镁合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

研究了不同挤压比和挤压速度下AZ31B镁合金显微组织特点。通过拉伸试验研究了镁合金的力学性能随挤压比和挤压速度的变化规律,分析了试样拉伸断口的微观形貌。结果表明,挤压比和挤压速度对挤压态镁合金的晶粒大小和均匀性分布有明显的影响;AZ31B镁合金的力学性能随挤压比的增加而增加;随挤压速度从1 mm/s增加到3 mm/s,力学性能先增加后减小;试样断口呈现明显的韧性断裂特征。     

AZ31B镁合金薄板超塑性气胀成形

利用热拉伸试验、气胀成形、金相显微镜和扫描电镜,研究AZ31B镁合金薄板热拉伸性能、气胀成形性能及其组织结构.结果表明:在变形温度为425℃,应变速率为1.0×10-3～6.6×10-5s-1时,其流动应力4～12MPa,延伸率则为200%～327%,挤压+热轧,冷轧的镁合金薄板表现出良好的超塑性;在变形温度为425℃,应变速率为1.0×10-3s-1条件下AZ31B镁合金板材的超塑气胀成形性能较好,胀形件的高度可达24 mm以上,其高径比大于0.80.     

AZ31B镁合金薄板的单向拉伸行为实验研究

在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上对AZ31B镁合金薄板(0.6 mm)拉伸试样在100～350℃的温度范围和1×10-1～1×10-3s-1的应变速率范围内进行了的单向拉伸实验,根据实验结果对AZ31B镁合金薄板的力学性能进行了分析.结果表明:AZ31B镁合金薄板在较低变形温度100～150℃时,应变速率对流动应力的影响不大;相比之下应变速率对AZ31B镁合金的断裂伸长率却有一定的影响,提高应变速率会降低材料的伸长率;在较高变形温度(200℃以上)时,应变速率对流动应力的影响比较明显,表现出显著的应变速率敏感性.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。