Using Sensory Properties of Food to Trigger Swallowing: A Review

The effect of food consistency on swallowing function has been widely studied, and it is well recognized that by delaying the flow of the food bolus, thickened liquids can help in the management of swallowing dysfunction. However, fewer studies have been carried out on the impact of food sensory properties and related liking on swallowing function. This paper reviews the role of taste, olfaction, and trigeminal perceptions on swallowing function and highlights the need for a deeper investigation of this aspect of patient diet modification.     

The impact of modification techniques on the rheological properties of dysphagia foods and liquids

Modifying food and the textures of food has been done for decades within the food science and technology field. More recently, modifying the texture of foods has been used to manage swallowing disabilities (dysphagia). Swallowing disabilities are often associated with dehydration and malnutrition, thus nutritional intervention has formed part of serving texture-modified diets. The question remains whether these modification techniques are viable for individuals with swallowing disabilities living in majority world countries. This study used two modification methods on a widely used specialized nutritious food (SNF) to determine whether it may be modified and used in dysphagia management. The techniques had to be ergonomic and economically appropriate for individuals with swallowing disabilities living in majority world countries. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative's (IDDSI) standards were used to determine whether the texturally modified SNF is safe for swallowing. Rheological measurements were performed to determine apparent viscosity and structure recovery of each sample. The effects of two modification techniques, aeration and particle separation, on the rheological properties of the SNF were also measured and analyzed. It was determined that both milk and water could be used with this SNF to create a dysphagia diet, but only under certain conditions. The overall results indicated that heating the samples increased the apparent viscosity and exacerbated lumping. Room temperature samples had less lumps and could be classified to the desired levels of the IDDSI (Level 2 and Level 4). Using a whisk to aerate the samples reduced lumps significantly and using a sieve to separate particles of liquid samples eliminated lumps. This study provides new data on how texture modification techniques and the IDDSI framework could be adapted to individuals living in majority world countries. By using modification techniques that are ergonomic and economically viable and an SNF with longevity, this study could be useful in guiding future training of nursing staff and caregivers of individuals living in poverty or resource-constrained communities. This study also adds to the data on the rheological properties of dysphagia foods, although this study did not make use of commercial thickeners generally used in the modification of diets.     

天然保鲜剂与果蔬采后生理

针对化学保鲜剂处理的果蔬有害物质残留问题 ,文中综述了天然保鲜剂处理对果蔬采后品质、呼吸系统物质以及过氧化物和采后腐烂等方面的影响。     

不同品种莲藕生理生化特性研究

本文将洗净后的莲藕置于15℃的条件下,测定了莲藕表皮和肉质的白度、水分含量、腐烂率的变化、呼吸强度、乙醇含量、还原糖含量、蛋白质含量、过氧化氢酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力和果胶酶活力的变化。并对莲藕白度同呼吸强度、乙醇含量、还原糖含量、蛋白质含量、过氧化氢酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力和果胶酶活力等做了相关性分析。     

鲜食核桃果实采后生理与采后病害研究进展

鲜食核桃不仅味道鲜美,而且营养价值很高。因此,深受广大消费者喜爱,近几年的需求呈逐年上长的趋势。但由于其较高的水分含量和脂肪含量,在贮藏过程中易出现发霉、发芽和失水等现象。对国内外鲜食核桃果实的油脂酸败、营养成分变化等采后生理现象以及果皮褐变、微生物病害等采后病害的研究进展进行综述,并对其今后的研究方向进行展望。     

机械损伤对富士苹果生理生化变化的影响

研究了富士苹果受到机械损伤后在5℃和18℃2种贮藏温度下呼吸强度、可溶性固形物、乙烯释放量、果肉硬度、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和木质素含量的变化。结果表明:富士苹果受到机械损伤后,呼吸强度、乙烯释放量均明显提高,而且随着温度的升高而显著地升高;可溶性固形物含量和果肉硬度均快速下降;苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性略低于对照,但在贮藏初期也逐渐上升;木质素含量在贮藏前期快速下降,后期又逐渐上升。在贮藏过程中,除了木质素含量外,受伤果的其他各项指标都显示了上升、下降的反复趋势,说明受伤组织具有提高代谢水平,同时也促进了愈伤组织的形成,实现自我修复的功能。实验结果显示,低温贮藏有利于保持苹果的贮藏品质。     

Texture Modification Technologies and Their Opportunities for the Production of Dysphagia Foods: A Review

Dysphagia or swallowing difficulty is a common morbidity experienced by those who have suffered a stroke or those undergone such treatments as head and neck surgeries. Dysphagic patients require special foods that are easier to swallow. Various technologies, including high‐pressure processing, high‐hydrodynamic pressure processing, pulsed electric field treatment, plasma processing, ultrasound‐assisted processing, and irradiation have been applied to modify food texture to make it more suitable for such patients. This review surveys the applications of these technologies for food texture modification of products made of meat, rice, starch, and carbohydrates, as well as fruits and vegetables. The review also attempts to categorize, via the use of such key characteristics as hardness and viscosity, texture‐modified foods into various dysphagia diet levels. Current and future trends of dysphagia food production, including the use of three‐dimensional food printing to reduce the design and fabrication time, to enhance the sensory characteristics, as well as to create visually attractive foods, are also mentioned.     

运输应激对鱼类生理特性和肌肉品质影响的研究进展

应激反应是生物界中普遍存在的一种生理反应,它会直接影响生物的代谢过程和理化状态,并可能对动物的肌肉品质造成不利影响.运输是鱼类生产过程中必不可少的中间环节,也是引发鱼体应激的重要原因.因此,本文结合已有文献中应激对鱼类生理特性、肌肉品质以及代谢的影响,同时对应激状态下运输如何影响肌肉品质代谢途径进行讨论,并列举目前缓解...     

莲藕采后生理及保鲜技术研究进展

指出莲藕在贮藏过程中发生褐变和衰老的主要原因是组织内部的多酚氧化酶催化氧化酚类物质产生黑色素。概述了近年来莲藕多酚氧化酶的催化反应动力学特性;pH值、温度、金属离子对莲藕多酚氧化酶活性的影响;莲藕采后多酚氧化酶活性与组织褐变、呼吸及衰老之间的关系;莲藕褐变和衰老的抑制及其保鲜技术等方面的研究进展。     

番石榴果实采后生理和采后病害研究进展

番石榴果实采后易腐烂劣变,不耐贮运,制约着中国番石榴产业的进一步发展。本文就国内外关于番石榴果实采后生理和采后病害的研究进展进行综述,指出了番石榴果实采后研究存在的问题和今后需要进一步研究的领域。     

Application of Advanced Instrumental Techniques for Analysis of Physical and Physicochemical Properties of Beer: A Review

Beer, a brewed beverage made principally from malt (germinated barely), hop, water, and yeast, is among the most popular drinks worldwide. Qualitative aspects of beer play a crucial role in its acceptability among the consumers. Part of this can be related to physical and physicochemical properties of beer. Foam, colloidal stability, color and transparency, and body of beer are classified under this category. In this review, the application of advanced instrumental techniques to measure all those properties is discussed.     

台湾青枣果实采后生理和病害研究进展

台湾青枣果实采后容易腐烂变质的特性制约着我国台湾青枣产业的进一步发展。本文对国内外关于台湾青枣果实采后生理和病害的研究进展进行综述。采后生理涉及果实采后呼吸强度、乙烯产生、细胞膜透性、相关酶类、营养成分、果实硬度、果皮色素等生理变化;果实采后病害包括生理性病害和病理性病害,主要概述了生物防治、物理防治、化学防治等在台湾青枣采后病害防治上的研究与应用。指出了台湾青枣果实采后研究存在的问题和今后需要进一步研究的领域。     

中国桃果实采后生理和病害研究进展

中国桃果实采后生理变化和采后病害是影响桃果实贮藏寿命的主要因素。本文就国内外有关中国桃果实采后生理和病害的研究进展进行综述。采后生理涉及果实失水、呼吸强度和乙烯产生、细胞膜透性、酚类物质、相关酶类、果实硬度、营养成分、香气组分等生理变化;采后病害包括非侵染性病害和侵染性病害,主要概述了物理防治、生物防治和化学防治在桃果实采后病害防治上的研究与应用。     

竹笋采后生理生化变化及贮藏保鲜研究进展

竹笋作为一种高纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪、低糖的绿色森林蔬菜,越来越受大众喜爱。但是竹笋的采收季节集中,采后代谢旺盛,在运输和贮藏的过程中极易腐烂老化,由此导致竹笋的营养价值和商业价值大大降低。本文首先介绍我国可食用竹笋口感、形态、产地、采收期,然后从采后竹笋的外观品质、呼吸作用、蒸腾作用、木质化等方面阐述竹笋采后生理生化变化,并详细综述国内外不同保鲜方法（传统保鲜、物理保鲜、化学保鲜和生物保鲜）在竹笋贮藏保鲜上的应用,以期为基于竹笋采后生理生化变化开发新型贮藏保鲜技术提供参考。     

Influence of Dietary Sources of Melatonin on Sleep Quality: A Review

Sleep is an essential biological phenomenon, being a physiological and behavioral process necessary for quality of life. Melatonin is a circadian hormone produced at night by the pineal gland, regulated by the light/dark cycle, under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin is an indoleamine, synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan via serotonin. Melatonin is also found in plants, where it helps fight oxidative stress. To present a systematic review on the ability of food sources of melatonin to promote healthy sleep. A literature search was performed on the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases, including only randomized, placebo-controlled trials published in English between 2005 and 2019. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed by the Jadad scale. Of the 25 eligible articles, eight met the inclusion criteria. They addressed the intake of milk or cherry juice in children, adults, and elderly subjects and evaluated sleep quality by questionnaires, sleep diary, actigraphy, or polysomnography. The analysis of the studies presented limitations, including lack of homogeneity of treatment dosage and duration. Nonetheless, the results indicated that the consumption of milk and sour cherries, sources of melatonin, may improve sleep quality in humans. These results pointed out to the potential suitability of food sources of melatonin as adjuvants in the prevention and treatment of sleep disorders. Further studies are necessary to better ascertain the aspects relevant to their use.     

A Comprehensive Review on Food Applications of Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging

Food product safety is a public health concern. Most of the food safety analytical and detection methods are expensive, labor intensive, and time consuming. A safe, rapid, reliable, and nondestructive detection method is needed to assure consumers that food products are safe to consume. Terahertz (THz) radiation, which has properties of both microwave and infrared, can penetrate and interact with many commonly used materials. Owing to the technological developments in sources and detectors, THz spectroscopic imaging has transitioned from a laboratory‐scale technique into a versatile imaging tool with many practical applications. In recent years, THz imaging has been shown to have great potential as an emerging nondestructive tool for food inspection. THz spectroscopy provides qualitative and quantitative information about food samples. The main applications of THz in food industries include detection of moisture, foreign bodies, inspection, and quality control. Other applications of THz technology in the food industry include detection of harmful compounds, antibiotics, and microorganisms. THz spectroscopy is a great tool for characterization of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Despite its potential applications, THz technology has some limitations, such as limited penetration, scattering effect, limited sensitivity, and low limit of detection. THz technology is still expensive, and there is no available THz database library for food compounds. The scanning speed needs to be improved in the future generations of THz systems. Although many technological aspects need to be improved, THz technology has already been established in the food industry as a powerful tool with great detection and quantification ability. This paper reviews various applications of THz spectroscopy and imaging in the food industry.