Multiple target localization in wireless visual sensor networks

Target localization is an important service in wireless visual sensor networks (WVSN). Although the problem of single target localization has been intensively studied, few consider the problem of multiple target localization without prior target information in WVSN. In this paper, we first investigate the architecture of WVSN where data transmission is reduced to only target positions. Since target matching is a key issue in the multiple target localization, we propose a statistical method to match corresponding targets to located targets in world coordinates. In addition, we also consider scenarios where occlusion or limited field of view (FOV) occurs. The proposed method utilizes target images to the greatest extent. Our experimental results show that the proposed method obtains a more accurate result in targets localization compared with the camera discard scheme, and saves significant amounts of energy compared with other feature matching schemes.     

Practical data compression in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Power consumption is a critical problem affecting the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. A number of techniques have been proposed to solve this issue, such as energy-efficient medium access control or routing protocols. Among those proposed techniques, the data compression scheme is one that can be used to reduce transmitted data over wireless channels. This technique leads to a reduction in the required inter-node communication, which is the main power consumer in wireless sensor networks. In this article, a comprehensive review of existing data compression approaches in wireless sensor networks is provided. First, suitable sets of criteria are defined to classify existing techniques as well as to determine what practical data compression in wireless sensor networks should be. Next, the details of each classified compression category are described. Finally, their performance, open issues, limitations and suitable applications are analyzed and compared based on the criteria of practical data compression in wireless sensor networks.     

无线传感器网络GEAR协议的一种改进方案

无线传感器网络(W SNs)被认为是未来改变世界的十大技术之首,但有限的计算、存储和通信能力,尤其是严重受限的能量使其应用前景面临巨大挑战,W SNs在应用之前需要解决许多关键问题,能量问题即是其中之一。能量对于W SNs的生命周期具有决定意义,设计W SNs路由协议需要重点考虑能耗问题,针对W SNs的GEAR路由协议,提出一种能耗上的改进方案并进行仿真,仿真结果显示:该方案能明显降低能耗。     

On redundant coverage maximization in wireless visual sensor networks: Evolutionary algorithms for multi-objective optimization

Wireless visual sensor networks can provide valuable information for a variety of monitoring and control applications. Frequently, a set of targets must be covered by visual sensors, as such visual sensing redundancy is a desired condition specially when applications have availability requirements for multiple coverage perspectives. If visual sensors become rotatable, their sensing orientations can be adjusted to optimize coverage and redundancy, bringing different challenges as there may be different coverage optimization objectives. Actually, the specific issue of redundant coverage maximization is inherently a multi-objective problem, but usual approaches are not designed accordingly to compute visual sensing redundancy. This article proposes two different evolutionary algorithms that exploit the multi-objective nature of the redundant coverage maximization problem: a lexicographic ”a priori” algorithm and a NSGA-II ”a posteriori” algorithm. The performance of both algorithms are compared, using a previously proposed single-objective greedy-based algorithm as a reference. Numerical results outline the benefits of employing evolutionary algorithms for adjustments of sensors’ orientations, potentially benefiting deployment and management of wireless visual sensor networks for different monitoring scenarios.     

无线传感器网络低功耗设计综述

无线传感器网络(W SN)综合了传感器技术、嵌入式技术、分布式信息处理技术和网络通信技术,能够协作地实时监测、感知和采集各种环境对象的信息,并将信息传递给系统用户主机进行分析、处理。W SN中的节点,具有感知和路由的功能,在实际的应用中,功耗是影响节点工作寿命的关键因素。为实现一种低功耗的W SN,可以从W SN的体系结构、传感器节点以及网络各层次通信协议等角度去设计实现。在该领域还存在一些亟待解决的问题。     

一种单移动锚节点的无线传感器网络定位算法

研究了无线传感器网络的节点定位算法,提出了一种利用一个移动锚节点来实现定位的新算法。该算法利用一个移动锚节点,按照规划好的路径遍历整个网络,当移动锚节点移动到未知节点的通信半径以内,未知节点就可以接收锚节点的位置信息。当未知节点接收到三个以上的处于其通信半径上的位置信息,就可以计算出未知节点的坐标。最后,通过仿真研究了该算法的特性,仿真结果表明该定位方法在定位误差、能耗等方面均表现出良好的性能。     

无线多媒体传感网节点能耗问题评述

同只具有简单环境数据采集功能的传统无线传感器网络(WSNs)相比,无线多媒体传感器网络(WMSNs)能实现精细粒度的音频、视频、图像等媒体信息的采集与处理,在军事、民用、商业等领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。能耗问题是WMSNs的核心问题,已受到各界的广泛关注。主要从节点节能的角度出发,分析了视频节点的能耗主要来源及其分布,结合视频节点结构和其能耗分布特点,从数据采集、数据处理和数据传输3个方面探讨了节点节能技术的国内外研究进展与所面临的挑战,并展望了未来的发展趋势。     

无线传感器网络节点的低功耗设计

无线传感器网络(WSNs)能够协作地实时监测、感知和采集各种环境对象的信息,并将信息传递给系统用户主机进行分析处理。节点具有感知和路由的功能,在实际的应用中,功耗是影响节点工作寿命的关键因素。设计分析了WSNs系统功率消耗的构成,并从硬件和软件方面提出和总结了WSNs的低功耗设计方法,设计了一种低功耗的WSNs节点,并进行了测试,结果证明:该方法适合WSNs节点的应用,具有易使用、低功耗特点。     

无线传感器网络车流量统计的路由协议

提出了一种应用于交通管理中心统计道路车流量的路由协议,以便更好地进行交通管理。根据无线传感器网络能量有限的特点和具体应用的需求,在路由表中添加了车辆在检测区域内的有效时间,动态控制了中间节点是否转发信息,避免了基站接收无用信息,减少了节点的能量消耗。提出了一种节点唤醒策略,有效地提高了车流量统计应用中对目标追踪的质量。仿真实验表明:与AODV协议和TSR协议相比,延长了网络生存周期。     

无线传感器网络的设计与部署

首先分析了无线传感器网络与传统无线自组织网络的区别,从侧面阐述了无线传感器网络的特点。接着,讨论了对无线传感器网络设计与部署具有指导意义的无线传感器网络的评价指标。最后,从无线传感器节点到无线传感器网络、从个体到整体、从微观到宏观,较为全面地讨论了无线传感器网络的设计与部署问题,为无线传感器网络的实际应用提供了有价值的参考。     

无线传感器网络LEACH协议的研究与改进

在分析了无线传感器网络中分层路由LEACH算法的基础上,提出了一种新型选择簇首节点的方法,并通过matlab对改进后的LEACH算法进行了仿真,仿真结果显示改进后的LEACH算法在网络生命周期和网络能量消耗两方面比LEACH算法有很大的提高。     

自适应半径调整的无线传感器网络覆盖算法

针对随机分布的无线传感器网络中节点分布不均匀造成的覆盖冗余,以及同时存在的覆盖空洞,提出了一种自适应半径调整无线传感器网络覆盖算法,通过阈值判断监测区域内传感器节点密度,根据监测区域内传感器节点疏密程度,利用节点半径步长系数对监测区域内节点半径进行自适应调整,建立无线传感器节点发射功率与节点发射半径的模型,计算无线传感器发射功率,通过实验和仿真,表明上述方法能够保证网络覆盖率的基础上减少无线传感器网络总功耗,提高网络寿命.     

A cross-layer fault tolerance management module for wireless sensor networks

It is a well-established fact that wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are very power constraint networks, but besides this, they are inherently more fault-prone than any other type of wireless network and their protocol design is very application specific. Major reasons for the faults are the unpredictable wireless communication channel, battery depletion, as well as fragility and mobility of the nodes. Furthermore, as traditional protocol design methods have proved inadequate, the cross-layer design (CLD) approach, which allows for interactions between different layers, providing more flexible and energy-efficient functionality, has emerged as a viable solution for WSNs. In this study we define a fault tolerance management module suitable to the requirements, limitations, and specifics of WSNs, encompassing methods for fault detection, fault prevention, fault management, and recovery. The suggested solution is in line with the CLD approach, which is an important factor in increasing the network performance. Through simulations the functionality of the network is evaluated, based on packet loss, delay, and energy consumption, and is compared with a similar solution not including fault management. The results achieved support the idea that the introduction of a unified approach to fault management improves the network performance as a whole.     

An asynchronous MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

The MAC protocol for wireless sensor network plays a very important role in the control of energy consumption. It is a very important issue to effectively utilize power under the condition of limited energy. The most energy-wasting part of the MAC protocol for wireless sensor network is at the idling condition. Therefore it is crucial for power saving to be able to turn off the signal transducer of the wireless network when the equipment is idling. Pattern-MAC (PMAC) allows sensors that did not transfer for a long period of time to quickly enter a dormant state, so that the problem of sensor overhearing can be greatly improved, and the whole network structure can fully respond to the actual transfer rate without too much energy consumption, but this type of design requires precise time synchronization mechanism. Achieving time synchronization is a very energy consuming and very expensive mechanism in the sensor network structure, achieving the goal is coupled with excess energy consumption and reduction of the lifespan of the sensor. Additionally, the exchange action with the neighboring pattern after each cycle, not only generates additional energy consumption for data transfer, but is also accompanied by factors such as competition, collision and pattern exchange failure. We propose an asynchronous MAC protocol (AMAC) in this paper and expect to improve the problem of energy wasting and time synchronization due to sleeping schedule exchange under the PMAC basic protocol.     

Distributed control for energy-efficient and fast consensus in wireless sensor networks

The paper proposes a distributed control of nodes transmission radii in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks for simultaneously coping with energy consumption and consensus responsiveness requirement. The stability of the closed-loop network under the proposed control law is proved. Simulation validations show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in nominal scenario as well as in the presence of uncertain node power requirements and harvesting system supply.     

基于网格拓扑的无线传感器网络低能耗路由策略

针对无线传感器网络的能量消耗,提出了一种新型高效的低能耗路由算法。基于网格拓扑结构,主要解决了延迟约束下的中继节点选择问题。通过将问题转化为0～1整数线性规划,可以得到最终的中继选择。所研究的算法主要应用于实时无线传感器网络系统,它能够在满足延迟约束的条件下给出低能耗的路由策略。仿真结果表明:提出的算法能有效地减少无线传感器网络的能量消耗,延长网络寿命。     

Application-aware integration of data collection and power management in wireless sensor networks

Sensors are typically deployed to gather data about the physical world and its artifacts for a variety of purposes that range from environment monitoring, control, to data analysis. Since sensors are resource constrained, often sensor data is collected into sensor databases that reside at (more powerful) servers. A natural tradeoff exists between resources (bandwidth, energy) consumed and the quality of data collected at the server. Blindly transmitting sensor updates at a fixed periodicity to the server results in a suboptimal solution due to the differences in stability of sensor values and due to the varying application needs that impose different quality requirements across sensors. In order to adapt to these variations while at the same time optimizing the energy consumption of sensors, this paper proposes three different models and corresponding data collection protocols. We analyze all three models with a Markov state machine formulation, and either derive closed forms for the operation point of the data collection application or suggest algorithms for estimating this operating point to achieve a minimal energy consumption. We observe that the operating point depends on environmental characteristics and application quality requirements, which the proposed algorithms aim to accommodate. Our experimental results show significant energy savings compared to the naive approach to data collection.     

无线传感器网络中的被动式红外传感器模型研究

针对公共安全的需要,利用无线传感器网络系统进行区域监控已然成为趋势。通过对系统的物理结构分析提出了一种被动式红外传感器模型。该模型对配备被动式红外传感器的无线传感网络的系统设计具有指导意义。传感器节点的测试以及实时系统的试验验证了模型的可靠性。     

无线传感器网络中能量最优传输半径调整

在无线传感器网络中,为有效节省能量的消耗,一般将多跳路由上的冗余节点设置成休眠状态.针对节点均匀分布的线性网络,在候选路由节点随机确定,且各节点可有不同传输半径的情况下,利用动态规划算法选择合适的活动路由节点及其传输半径,达到总体最优能量消耗.数值结果证实算法的有效性.     

无线传感器网络动态重传算法

无线传感器网络路由协议通过点到点的重传来提高数据传输的可靠性,其重传机制没有考虑不同业务数据的可靠性需求差异,统一设定一个静态的最大重传次数。本文提出了一种动态重传算法,为每种业务分别根据其可靠性需求动态设定最大重传次数。对于较低可靠性需求的业务,相比于传统重传机制减少了重传次数。仿真表明动态重传算法能有效降低网络能耗。