Children's values in regard to disabilities: A reply to Yuker.

Responds to H. Yuker's (1983) comments on a series of studies conducted by the present author and colleagues between 1961 and 1977 concerning children's values in regard to disabilities. Some of the issues examined included whether children have a preference for nondisabled over disabled children, whether certain disabilities are preferred over others, and whether disabled children differ from nondisabled children in their attitudes toward disabilities. The present author emphasizes the different conceptual lines of thought underlying the work and responds to the issues raised by Yuker. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Generational status: A Canadian response to the editors' consortium statement with regard to race/ethnicity.

In response to the American Editors' Consortium Statement (1996) with regard to a minimal classification scheme for describing race/ethnicity, the present study investigated a potential supplementary scheme. Having reviewed the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological concerns about the Consortium's scheme, data from 1,071 Canadian university students (mean age 19.23 yrs) were examined with regard to demographics, relationships with parents, and psychological well-being. Ss revealed 94 countries of origin, 69 languages spoken at home, identification with 203 cultural or ethnic groups, and an idiosyncratic use of the term "visible minority". The supplementary classification scheme proposed is based on immigrant Generational Status-Canadian (GS-C) . The data were analyzed according to both the race/ethnicity and GS-C schemes. Results indicate that GS-C differentiated meaningful significant differences on 10 nondemographic variables. Race/ethnicity confounded with GS-C and, when the confound was addressed, only produced 1 significant difference. According to data, the GS-C seems to be the more meaningful way of summarizing the demographic data from a racially/ethnically/culturally diverse population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's responses to ambiguous messages: A response to Ackerman's reply.

Responds to B. P. Ackerman's (see record 1987-03694-001) reply to the present authors' (see record 1985-25142-001) test of Ackerman's (see record 1982-05434-001) conclusions concerning the ability of young children to understand that verbal messages can be ambiguous, particularly the idea that children's understanding is masked in standard referential communication tasks because of performative bias. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Major depression: A comparison of the routes to prevention": A reply to O'Neill.

Responds to the comments by P. O'Neill (see record 2007-08996-001) on C. G. Costello's original article, "Major depression: A comparison of the routes to prevention" (see record 1986-17712-001). In his comment, O'Neill described the current author's paper as "essentially a polemic against the viability of preventive strategies for alleviating the impact of social problems on psychological well-being." O'Neill asserted that a lack of understanding of how preventive interventions really work is apparent in the hypothetical examples Costello offered. In the response presented here, Costello addresses the criticisms of his paper in their order of presentation in O'Neill's commentary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

History and accuracy of validity generalization equations: A response to the Callender and Osburn reply.

In a continuation of the discussion between the present authors (Schmidt et al; see record 1983-07150-001) and J. C. Callender and H. G. Osburn (see record 1983-07128-001), it is contended that neither Callender and Osburn (see record 1981-27033-001) nor F. L. Schmidt and J. E. Hunter (see record 1978-11418-001) have invented a model that accounts for the impact of artifacts on validity coefficients; this accomplishment is attributed to Spearman and to Fisher. An example is presented showing that in realistic situations, the present authors' noninteractive equation is more accurate than the Callender and Osburn equation. The 4-artifact equations are shown to be superior in either validity generalization values characterizing the findings of the field and those used in a specific application. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Problems with picture perception: A reply to Rosinski.

Maintains that R. R. Rosinski's (see record 1977-20263-001) reply to the present author's (see record 1975-00215-001) review of picture perception assumes a degree of knowledge of stimulus information and variables, which influence picture perception, that far exceeds that current in the field. It is argued that Rosinski forecloses on further specification of optical information, confuses formal and perceptual equivalence, narrows the original definition of compensation, ignores the problem of information-preserving misprojections, mistakenly identifies knowledge with perception, and fails to consider the specified set of assumptions that underlies J. J. Gibson's (1950) theory of optical information. It is suggested that such problems arise from an overextension of early work, which fails to take note of the continuing development of the theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comment: Subtypes of depression and response to treatment.

Accurate diagnosis is crucial in studies of response to treatment. This is particularly true in work with depressed patients. The data give strong support to the hypothesis that depression is not a homogeneous illness and that different groups of depressed patients will respond differently to treatment. It may not be possible to interpret treatment studies if the patients studied differ in some characteristics that effect response to treatment. Definitive studies of response to antidepressant treatment should include homogeneous groups of patients, whether the treatment is psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. A placebo washout should be part of every study of response to active treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distorting the point: A reply to Wolpe.

Replies to J. Wolpe's (1982) critique of the present author's (1971) review of 100 cases that yielded a 36% relapse rate after behavior therapy. It is maintained that Wolpe misleads the reader to believe that this was a reference to "multimodal therapy" when in fact this was developed later by the present author (1983). The 36% relapse rate was found in those individuals who were treated by traditional behavior therapy. Also questioned is Wolpe's reference to a follow-up rate of 3% or less as characteristic of behavior therapy. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The trouble with assumptions: A reply to Jago and Ragan.

Comments on the work of A. G. Jago and J. W. Ragan (see record 1987-12114-001) that conducted a computer simulation to compare the 2nd author's (1964) contingency model of leadership with the Leader Match training program. It is argued that Jago and Ragan's computer simulation was guided by several theoretically and operationally incorrect assumptions that greatly reduce its meaningfulness. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The depressing nature of current understanding of research on gender and depression: A reply to Page.

Responds to comments by S. Page (see record 1991-04686-001) on J. M. Stoppard's (see record 1989-29654-001) assertion that the greater incidence of depression (DP) among females stems from their position in a male-biased society. Data are presented to show the greater incidence of DP among females. A greater understanding of the relation of gender to DP must be based on patients' experiences in their daily lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sociotropy and autonomy: Relationship to antidepressant drug treatment response and endogenous-nonendogenous dichotomy.

Evaluated the relationship of sociotropic and autonomous personality traits with response to pharmacotherapy for 217 depressed outpatients using the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale. Sociotropy was related to nonendogenous depression, whereas autonomy was related to endogenous depression. Ss who had high autonomous–low sociotropic traits showed greater response to antidepressants (and greater drug/placebo differences) than those who had high sociotropic–low autonomous traits (who showed no drug/placebo differences). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the sociotropy–autonomy, but not the endogenous–nonendogenous, distinction was a predictor of drug treatment response. The combination of endogeneity and autonomy predicted response to placebo. If replicated, these findings may enable better matching of patient traits to various treatment modalities for depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth.

Replies to R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth (see record 1981-00499-001), who tested a hypothesis about the role of voluntarily innervated facial responses in the experience of emotion and disconfirmed that hypothesis. The present author's theory would also have predicted that their hypothesis would be disconfirmed. The value of the technique of voluntary simulation of facial responses for the study of innate affects is seriously questioned. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychosis and psychoticism: A reply to Bishop.

This brief rejoinder to D. V. Bishop's (1977) critique of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and in particular the concept of psychoticism (P), emphasizes that when all the evidence available is taken into account and when the theory is seen in its proper development, the criticisms advanced by Bishop will be seen not to be tenable. It is concluded that there is much evidence for the viability of the concept of psychoticism and for the validity of the questionnaire measurement of P. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Compounding the errors: A reply to Pollak and Gilligan.

Responds to a rebuttal by S. Pollak and C. Gilligan (see record 1984-12283-001) of the present authors' (see record 1984-12235-001) criticisms of Pollak and Gilligan's (see record 1982-23594-001) study of males and females' violent TAT responses. In addition to not addressing the prior criticisms, it is argued that Pollak and Gilligan introduce 3 new sources of errors regarding their misunderstanding of experimental replication, fantasy classification, and statistical inference. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discontinuity and correlation: A reply to Eysenck.

"Our original point was to underscore Eysenck's own carefully stated reservations concerning the application of criterion analysis. We erred in not making this sufficiently clear. Here, we have tried to rectify this error and to amplify a suggestion made implicitly in the earlier paper (see 33: 1700), for an experimental approach to the validation of factor analytic procedures in relation to discrete genotypic determinants of human behavior." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Truth and deception: A reply to Lykken.

In reply to D. T. Lykken's (see record 1979-30044-001) review of the validity of lie detector tests and his criticisms of the present authors' (see record 1978-07412-001) survey, evidence is presented showing that control question tests of deception have an accuracy of approximately 90% in the field situation and are highly effective with both innocent and guilty Ss. Lykken's representation of the theory of lie detector tests is questioned, and the correct application of control question tests is discussed. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and cancer: A reply to Stachnik.

T. J. Stachnik's (see record 1980-10503-001) call for work in the area of prevention contains a naive assumption that we know what to do to prevent cancer. However, oncologists and epidemiologists involved in cancer research disagree about this very issue. Current research suggests that alterations in the tumor–host relationship, mediated at the biochemical level by endocrine or immune function and influenced by psychological response to the disease state, should not be ignored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Homophobia and psychoanalysis: A reply to Roughton.

Replies to R. E. Roughton's (see record 1994-27310-001) response to D. K. Flaks's (see record 1993-23357-001) article on homophobia and the psychologists's role in psychoanalytic training institutes. Flaks commends attempts by the American Psychoanalytic Association to combat homophobia within the organization but notes potential problems that might limit its success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)