新型功能陶瓷高效研磨半固着磨具(英文)

为提高功能陶瓷游离磨料研磨效率,减少大颗粒杂质侵入造成的表面损伤,提出了一种高效研磨用的新型半固着磨具(SFAT).分析了SFAT的基本工作机理及其制作过程.通过对典型的功能陶瓷工件硅片的研磨实验,分析了SFAT研磨过程中工件表面质量、加工效率、材料去除形式,以及工艺参数对加工过程的影响.实验结果表明,采用#1000 SiC磨料制作的SFAT研磨后的硅片表面粗糙度在10 min内,从215 nm提高到了30 nm.定义了单位材料去除量内表面粗糙度下降值,作为评价工件精加工表面质量改善效率的指标.实验中,利用SFAT研磨硅片的单位材料去除量内表面粗糙度下降值是相似条件下游离磨料研磨的2倍,这表明利用SFAT加工能够迅速改善工件的表面质量,能够获得比游离磨料加工更高的精加工效率.     

液体磁性磨具小孔光整加工材料去除机理及实验

针对小孔内壁光整加工技术的难题,本文提出一种新型精密研磨孔光整加工技术,以磁致相变理论为指导,从微观角度阐述了液体磁性磨具研磨孔光整加工的材料去除机理.采用"双刃圆半径"模型进行单个磨料颗粒切削模型研究,得出小孔光整加工的材料去除率数学表达式.通过实验验证了磨料粒度、入口压力、电流强度等因素对材料去除率以及表面粗糙度的影响,实验结果表明:在合适的范围内,增大磨料颗粒直径、入口压力以及电流强度有利于提高材料的去除率和表面质量.而当磨粒直径、入口压力以及电流强度选取过大时,虽然能获得较高的材料去除率,但是最终获得的表面粗糙度值并不理想.该研究为通孔零件内壁表面精密光整加工提供了有益参考.     

雾化法磁性磨料的磁力光整加工

利用雾化法制备的磁性磨料,通过自行研制的微型数控研磨机床,以S136模具钢为工件,进行磁力光整加工实验,考查主轴转速、磁性磨料粒度、磁场强度等因素对磁力光整加工中工件的表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,主轴转速为900 r/min,磁性磨料粒径在104~150μm,磁场强度为0.9 T时,磁力光整加工中工件的表面质量最佳。     

粉体设备(四)

正粉体设备是指粉体产品生产过程中所使用的机械设备的总称。一般包括粉碎设备、分级设备、干燥设备、除尘设备、输送设备、粉体测试设备等等。磨料磨具磨料磨具,是磨料和磨具的统称,包括磨料产品和磨具产品。磨料磨具素有工业牙齿的美称。在磨削时常用磨料或磨具作为磨削工具对需加工的零件进行机械加工,而达到一定的技术要求。磨料磨料是锐利、坚硬的材料,用以磨削较软的材料表面。磨料有天然磨料和人造磨料两大类。按硬度分类有超硬磨     

旋转超声磨削钛合金有限元仿真与试验研究

为了研究固结磨粒磨具的磨料粒度对旋转超声磨削钛合金磨削力的影响,采用随机空间平面切割正六面体的方法构建了具有实际磨粒几何特征的不规则多面体磨粒,并基于虚拟格子法建立了磨粒在磨具端面随机分布的多颗磨粒磨具模型。使用Deform-3D软件构建了三维旋转超声磨削钛合金有限元模型,采用拉格朗日增量算法获得了多颗磨粒磨具旋转超声磨削钛合金Ti6Al4V的磨削力仿真值,得到了磨料粒度对磨削力的影响规律,并通过试验进行了验证。结果表明,旋转超声磨削钛合金磨削力随着磨料粒度的增大而减小,且试验结果和仿真结果具有一致性,说明了多颗磨粒磨具模型、旋转超声磨削有限元模型具有一定的准确性,为多颗磨粒磨具旋转超声磨削的相关研究提供了新的方法。     

齿轮加工过程高效切削技术应用之浅见

所谓切削技术，就是指用切削工具（包括刀具、磨具和磨料）把坯料或工件上多余的材料层切去成为切屑，使工件获得规定的几何形状、尺寸精度和表面质量的加工方法。高效切削技术复杂，涉及镀层工艺、高速主轴单元以及快速CNC控制系统等，是一项系统工程，将其引入机械制造领域，对于提高机械制造加工效率，实现加工过程中的节能降耗，最终实现高效加工、高额利润的目标意义重大。该文立足于机械齿轮加工角度，紧紧围绕机械齿轮加工中刀具与设备应用两方面，论述高效切削技术的应用。     

电化学射流加工的电场仿真及实验研究

首先建立电化学射流加工去除模型,并基于电解液喷射流场建立三维电场仿真模型,采用ANSYS进行三维电场仿真,得到工件阳极表面的电场强度分布规律。研究表明,电压和喷射距离对电化学射流加工速度的影响很大,喷射角度、喷嘴直径和喷射压力对电化学射流加工的速度影响较小,电解液浓度(电导率)对电化学射流加工的电场强度没有影响,但对电化学射流加工的电流密度影响很大,电解液浓度对电化学射流加工速度的影响很大。然后进行不同工艺参数下电化学射流加工材料去除率实验,结果表明电压、喷射距离和电解液浓度对材料去除率的影响很大,与电场仿真结果一致。最后以SKD11模具钢为例进行NaNO3和NaCl电解液的电化学射流加工的表面形貌观察,结果表明,采用NaCl电解液的电化学加工后工件表面存在"微裂纹";而采用NaNO3电解液的电化学加工后工件表面不存在"微裂纹",加工过程中工件表面有Cr析出,加工区域氧化膜厚度是不均匀的。     

粒径测量及用于磨料的各种颗粒仪器

磨料是对粒度要求最严格的行业之一。用于磨料微粉粒度检验的最经典的仪器是显微镜。直到现在,我国仍有许多企业把它作为监控磨料粒度的主要手段。1997年我国磨料磨具标准化委员会按照等同采用国际标准的原则,分别对超硬和普通磨料粒度号的标注、表达和测量仪器都做了全面的修订。其中规定超硬磨料的测量仪器是图像仪,普通磨料是美国式沉降管和扫描式光电(透)沉降仪。但是我们从各磨料出口企业了解到,发达国家(如美国、德国、日本)的进口商大多采用激光粒度仪作为磨料粒度日常检测的仪器。日本磨料的国家标准仪器是库尔特(电阻法)计数器。可…     

旋转超声磨削Si3 N4陶瓷用金刚石磨具磨损行为研究

热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷材料常应用于航天飞行器中关键耐高温零部件,但由于高硬度和低断裂韧性,其加工效率和加工表面质量难以满足制造需求。为了提高热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷旋转超声磨削加工质量,减小由于金刚石磨具磨损带来的加工误差,开展了磨具磨损行为研究。基于热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷旋转超声磨削加工实验,分析了金刚石磨具磨损形式;基于回归分析建立了金刚石磨具磨损量数学模型,揭示了加工参数及磨具参数与金刚石磨具磨损量间映射关系;并研究了磨损形式与磨具磨损量及加工表面粗糙度影响规律。结果表明：磨粒磨耗是旋转超声磨削Si₃N₄陶瓷用金刚石磨具最主要磨损形式,比例超过50%;主轴转速和磨粒粒度对磨具磨损量影响最为显著;且磨损量较小时,加工表面粗糙度值反而增加。以上研究可为提高旋转超声磨削Si₃N₄陶瓷加工精度和加工质量提供指导。     

石英晶片剪切增稠抛光优化实验

剪切增稠抛光(STP)是利用非牛顿流体抛光液在抛光过程中产生的剪切增稠效应实现工件表面高效、低损伤的抛光.本文以材料去除率和表面粗糙度作为评价指标;采用田口法对石英晶片剪切增稠抛光过程中的4个关键影响参数:抛光液转速、工件倾斜角度、磨粒粒度、磨粒质量分数进行优化实验分析,得到最优抛光参数组合以及各主要工艺参数对抛光效果的影响程度;通过实验验证了优化结果的可靠性.对于材料去除率,工件倾斜角度的影响最明显,抛光液转速次之,再次是磨粒质量分数,磨粒粒度影响最小;对于表面粗糙度,抛光液转速的影响最明显,工件倾斜角度次之,再次是磨粒质量分数,磨粒粒度影响最小.通过信噪比平均响应分析,材料去除率优化参数组合为:Al_2O_32 500#、磨粒质量分数18%、抛光液转速80 r/min、工件倾斜角度15°,石英晶片材料去除率最高达到12.25μm/h;石英晶片最佳表面粗糙度参数组合为:Al_2O_35 000#、磨粒质量分数18%、抛光液转速80 r/min、工件倾斜角度15°,抛光1 h后石英晶片表面粗糙度R_a由300.08 nm降低至4.26 nm.     

Effects of Lubricant Condition and Tool Wear in Hard Turning of Novel-Abrasion-Resistance (N-AR) Cast Iron

Advanced materials, such as high abrasion resistant cast iron, have great applications for abrasive and erosive environments. Since the amount and the hardness of the microstructural carbides constituents in this material is extremely high, the abrasion-resistance cast iron is generally difficult to be machined with traditional cemented carbide tool. The hard and abrasive particles in this material can remarkably shorten the cutting tool life through abrasion of tool face and deterioration of cutting edge. In this article, Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) cutting tool has been used to machine a novel-abrasion-resistance (N-AR) cast iron. The performances of CBN tool under different lubrication conditions were evaluated in view of tool wear, cutting force, and surface roughness (Rz). Further more, the wear rate of CBN tool under different machining condition and the mechanism of the CBN tool in machining of this type of work materials has also been investigated.     

Feasibility study of a flexible grinding method for precision machining of the TiAl-based alloy

This study presents detailed experimental investigations on precision machining of the TiAl-based alloy with an abrasive belt flexible grinding method. Subsequently, the feasibility of this precision machining method is evaluated with respect to the material removal rate, abrasive wear, machined surface roughness, and residual stress. The material removal rate and surface roughness were determined as experimental indicators and were measured via a three-coordinate measuring instrument and surface profiler, respectively. Micro-morphologies of the machined surface and worn abrasive belt were investigated via a scanning electron microscope. The residual stress distributions in the machined surface layer were detected by using an X-ray diffractometer. The experimental results revealed that the aforementioned evaluation indicators satisfied the desired requirements, thereby indicating that the abrasive belt flexible grinding technique was suitable for precision machining of the TiAl-based alloy. Additionally, the optimal combinations of grinding parameters were determined to obtain desirable material removal rate and machined surface roughness. The basic wear processes and characteristics of the abrasive belt were thoroughly examined. The formation of desirable residual compressive stresses in the machined surface layer was mainly attributed to low frequency and small amplitude vibration knocking at the grinding interface.     

Characterization of Properties of Cryogenically Treated Al-SiC Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy

The basis of this research was an exploration of the fundamental phenomena that determine the response of silicon carbide-reinforced aluminium composite material to thermal cycling between cryogenic and ambient temperatures. This analysis began with a phenomenological approach that investigated the role of the production, processing, and machining of composite materials, and led to study of their mechanical behavior at cryogenic temperatures. Electric discharge machining was done on the composite specimens and mathematical models were developed for predicting the machining parameters such as metal removal rate, tool wear rate, and surface roughness. A five-level factorial design was chosen for experimentation and mathematical models were developed using the software DOE-PC IV. An analysis of variance technique was used to calculate the regression coefficients and to check the significance of the models developed. This approach provided an understanding of how temperature and vol.% of SiC influence composite machining behavior. The hardness, wear resistance, and tensile property are high for cryo-treated specimens and these properties reduce with increase in temperature. The properties also increase with increasing % of SiC reinforcements. The microstructures of the wear specimens show worn-out layers and grooves formed in the debris. The cryo-treated and the higher reinforced specimens exhibit less material removal and tool wear rate and this increases with increase in temperature. There is a relatively higher surface roughness when there is greater material removal.     

Multiple Performance Optimization of Machining Parameters on the Machining of GFRP Composites Using Carbide (K10) Tool

The present investigation focuses on the multiple performance machining characteristics of GFRP composites produced through filament winding. Grey relational analysis was used for the optimization of the machining parameters on machining GFRP composites using carbide (K10) tool. According to the Taguchi quality concept, a L27, 3-level orthogonal array was chosen for the experiments. The machining parameters namely work piece fiber orientation, cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and machining time have been optimized based on the multiple performance characteristics including material removal rate, tool wear, surface roughness and specific cutting pressure. Experimental results have shown that machining performance in the composite machining process can be improved effectively by using this approach.     

Effect of Electrode Size on the Performances of Micro-EDM

Understanding the effect of processing parameters on the tool electrode wear during micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) is helpful to predict and compensate the electrode wear, so as to improve the machining precision. In this paper, experiments are carried out and the influences of tool electrode diameter on the micro-EDM process are discussed based on the skin effect and area effect. It is demonstrated that the machining speed, tool wear, and taper rate are different with the increase of tool electrode diameter. Due to the skin effect and area effect, larger electrode diameter results in higher material removal rate along with higher tool wear rate. The electrode material removal increment is more than the workpiece material removal increment with the increase of tool electrode diameter, which leads to the increase of relative tool wear ratio. Discharge energy is concentrated on the tool surface which enhances the possibility of discharge on the side face and the corner of the tool electrode during the micro-EDM, especially when drilling with a larger tool electrode. As a result, a tool electrode with larger diameter results in a higher taper rate.     

On machining of hard and brittle materials using rotary tool micro-ultrasonic drilling process

The present paper reports on a recently developed rotary tool micro-ultrasonic drilling (RT-MUSD) process. The RT-MUSD process was utilized for machining of micro-holes in zirconia, silicon and glasswork materials. The effects of work material properties on the performance characteristics (material removal rate (MRR), depth of hole and hole overcut) of RT-MUSD process were investigated by varying the power rating, rotation speed, abrasive size and slurry concentration. Additionally, machined micro-holes and tool surface were analyzed considering microscopic images. The experimental results revealed that the MRR and depth of hole increased by increasing the power rating. An increase in rotation speed up to 300 rpm, abrasive size up to #1200 mesh and concentration up to 20% increased the MRR, depth of hole and decreased hole overcut. The maximum machining rate and hole overcut were observed during machining of silicon followed by glass and zirconia. The fracture toughness and hardness of the work material affected the MRR and tool wear, respectively. Pure brittle fracture mode of material removal was observed in all the work materials during RT-MUSD process. Eventually, the RT-MUSD process was optimized using desirability approach and a micro-hole of depth 4355 µm was achieved using optimal parameter settings.     

On effect of tool rotation on performance of rotary tool micro-ultrasonic machining

The present research paper is based on a comparative study of stationary tool micro-ultrasonic machining (STMUSM) and rotary tool micro-ultrasonic machining (RTMUSM). Microchannels were developed on glass work material by using both processes. The effect of tool rotation on the performance of micro-USM was investigated. The performance of both processes was compared on the basis of material removal rate (MRR) and depth of channel (DOC) as response characteristics. The power rating, work feed rate, concentration of abrasive slurry, and abrasive mesh size were chosen as variable input process parameters in this investigation. The form accuracy of the fabricated microchannels was analyzed with the help of imaging technique. Also, a qualitative analysis of tool wear was carried out with the help of microscopic images. The experimental results revealed that the tool rotation significantly improved the performance of micro-USM. The RTMUSM resulted in 155% and 147% higher MRR and DOC as compared to STMUSM. The tool wear was also found to be lesser in RTMUSM as compared to STMUSM and as a result of that form accuracy of machined microchannels improved.     

Investigation on tool wear and tool life prediction in micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4V

Short tool life and rapid tool wear in micromachining of hard-to-machine materials remain a barrier to the process being economically viable. In this study, standard procedures and conditions set by the ISO for tool life testing in milling were used to analyze the wear of tungsten carbide micro-end-milling tools through slot milling conducted on titanium alloy Ti-6 Al-4 V. Tool wear was characterized by flank wear rate,cutting-edge radius change, and tool volumetric change. The effect of machining parameters, such as cutting speed and feedrate, on tool wear was investigated with reference to surface roughness and geometric accuracy of the finished workpiece. Experimental data indicate different modes of tool wear throughout machining, where nonuniform flank wear and abrasive wear are the dominant wear modes. High cutting speed and low feedrate can reduce the tool wear rate and improve the tool life during micromachining.However, the low feedrate enhances the plowing effect on the cutting zone, resulting in reduced surface quality and leading to burr formation and premature tool failure. This study concludes with a proposal of tool rejection criteria for micro-milling of Ti-6 Al-4 V.