真空烧结温度对Ti-44Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.2W-0.2B合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

为获得细晶TiAl合金及有效减少传统铸造带来的内部缺陷,采用真空热压烧结工艺制备了Ti-44Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.2W-0.2B合金,研究了烧结温度对TiAl合金微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ti、Al元素粉末反应合成后,经XRD检测,3种烧结温度(1150、1240、1300℃)烧结后的合金主要由γ-TiAl和α_2-Ti_3Al_2种基体相组成,随着烧结温度的增加,γ相含量增加,α_2相则减少;结合SEM观察发现,改变烧结温度可获得TiAl合金不同典型组织,其中1150℃烧结合金为近γ组织、1240℃烧结为双态组织、1300℃烧结为近片层组织,烧结温度的升高使得合金组织愈发均匀;配合EDS分析,烧结温度的升高有助于Nb元素在基体相中的扩散,同时合金密度随烧结温度的升高逐步增大,当烧结温度升至1300℃,合金的密度达到4.419g/cm~3;通过力学性能检测,在1240℃烧结制备的TiAl合金组织为细小的双态组织,显示出较好的综合力学性能,其显微硬度为5270 MPa,在高温压缩时展示出良好的抗压强度。     

放电等离子烧结快速制备致密Ti-Al基合金

以Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr合金粉末为原料,研究了采用放电等离子烧结工艺制备Ti-Al基合金.研究表明,当烧结温度高于1100 ℃时,可制备出致密度高、组织均匀的Ti-Al基合金;烧结温度对合金的显微组织影响显著,在1100 ℃和1150 ℃烧结,得到由等轴γ晶粒与α2 γ片层束构成双态组织,在1200 ℃烧结时,得到全部由α2 γ片层束构成的全片层组织;当烧结温度为1100 ℃时,具有细小双态组织的合金具有较佳的室温力学性能,其抗压强度为3321 MPa,压缩率为35.2%.     

放电等离子烧结TiAl-V-Cr合金的拉伸和压缩性能

以Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr合金粉末为原料,采用放电等离子烧结工艺制备出TiAl基合金,并研究了显微组织对合金的室温拉伸、压缩性能以及断裂机制的影响。结果表明,采用SPS方法可制备组织成分均匀的TiAl-V-Cr合金材料,其室温拉伸、压缩性能以及断裂机制与显微组织类型和晶粒尺度密切相关,且对于相同组织的合金,其压缩性能远远优于拉伸性能。当烧结温度为1100℃时,具有细小双态组织的合金具有最佳的室温力学性能,其抗压强度为3321 MPa,压缩率为35.2%。     

添加W对高铌TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响

研究了添加W（0．2原子分数,％）对高铌TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,W合金化能改变高铌TiAl合金的铸态组织,但不能改变热加工组织以及4种典型组织和温度对其力学性能的影响。W合金化能提高高铌TiAl合金的室温及高温强度、降低强度随温度下降的速率 、提高脆韧转变温度,但对室温塑性影响不大,有利于FAM组织在更高温度下使用。     

Sn对TiAl基合金烧结致密化与力学性能的影响

以TiAl-8.5Nb预合金粉末为原料,添加1%Sn(原子分数)粉为强化烧结剂,采用无压烧结技术制备了高致密度的高铌TiAl合金,探究了Sn添加对TiAl基合金的烧结致密化过程、微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。研究表明:添加1%Sn可降低高铌TiAl合金粉末的烧结致密化温度,提高烧结坯的致密度及线性收缩率,从而有利于降低合金组织晶粒度,改善合金综合性能。添加Sn后,合金粉末经1500℃烧结2 h,其致密度可达到99.1%,线收缩率达到9.3%;合金显微组织为均匀细小的a2/g全片层结构,片层团尺寸为40~60μm;Sn主要固溶于g相中,使其轴比c/a及晶胞体积增大;所制备合金的Rockwell硬度为50.1 HRC,抗压强度为2938 MPa,屈服强度为680 MPa,压缩率为29.1%,其性能指标均高于未掺杂Sn元素的高铌TiAl基合金。     

双态高铌TiAl合金的蠕变行为

研究了Ti-45Al-9（Nb，W,B，Y）两相合金分别在760℃和815℃时，应力值在80MPa-300MPa区间的蠕变行为。蠕变前合金的显微组织为均匀细小的双态组织。将研究结果与高铌TiAl合金全片层组织的蠕变性能进行了对比，发现所研究的双态组织合金具有相对较弱的蠕变抗力，其最小蠕变速率较全片层组织Ti46A18．5Nb0．1C0．2B合金的要高1个数量级。蠕变应力指数表明，该合金在760℃～815℃2，80MPa-300 MPa的蠕变条件下，合金的蠕变受位错攀移控制。     

微量C，B对高铌TiAl合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等设备，以及拉伸和蠕变试验系统研究微量间隙元素C，B对高铌TiAl合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。微量B元素对高铌TiAl合金没有明显的强化作用，但是微量B元素在合金中以条状或点状的TiB2存在，TiB2细化了高铌TiAl合金原始片层团晶粒，对改善高铌TiAl合金片层组织的室温塑性有利。加微量C元素的高铌TiAl合金在长时间的蠕变过程中，大量Ti3AlC沉淀相的析出提高了高铌TiAl合金全片层组织蠕变抗力。     

锻造高铌双态TiAl合金的冷轧工艺及组织力学性能研究

采用道次小压下量的工艺对高铌双态TiAl 锻造合金进行精确控制的冷轧实验.结果表明:冷轧后整个试样变形均匀,总变形量在没有中间退火的情况下最大可超过20%.合金变形后的组织仍然为双态组织,γ组织沿轧制方向拉伸变长,片层组织也由原来的无序分布变为与轧向呈一定角度分布.退火实验表明,不同的变形量、退火温度和退火时间对冷轧高铌钛铝合金的力学性能和显微组织均有明显的影响,因而不同的压下量,其中间退火工艺是不同的.     

等离子电火花烧结温度对TiAl合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

以等离子旋转电极球形Ti-45Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W预合金粉末为原料,采用等离子电火花烧结工艺在1150到1250℃范围内制备了高致密度和显微组织均匀一致的细晶钛铝基合金。烧结温度为1150℃时可获得均匀组织的α2+γ双态组织,并呈现出烧结温度范围内最高的断裂强度(1026MPa)和室温延伸率(1.12%);烧结温度为1250℃时可获得全片层α2/γ组织,烧结体的断裂强度和室温延伸率分别为953MPa和0.92%。双态组织(DP)的断裂模式是等轴γ晶内的穿晶断裂和片层晶团内的晶间断裂;而DP组织则为穿片层断裂、片层间断裂和台阶撕裂3种模式的复合模式。     

退火温度对TC25钛合金板材组织和性能的影响

采用三火次热轧工艺制备出厚度为6.0mm的TC25钛合金板材,研究了退火温度对TC25钛合金板材显微组织、室温力学性能和高温力学性能的影响。结果表明：在760～840℃范围内,随着退火温度的升高,TC25钛合金板材热加工形成的等轴组织中初生α相长大;当退火温度升高至880℃时,显微组织由等轴组织向双态组织转变;温度进一步升高至920℃时,呈现双态组织;当退火温度达到960℃时,双态组织中的初生α相含量明显减少,次生α相含量显著增多。双态组织的TC25钛合金板材相比等轴组织的TC25钛合金板材具有更好的室温力学性能和高温力学性能。TC25钛合金板材在920～960℃退火时可获得双态组织,且具有良好的室温和高温拉伸性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.