Influence of Strain Rate on Compressive Deformation Behavior of a Zr-Cu-Ni-Al Bulk Metallic Glass at Room Temperature

The compressive-deformation behavior of the Zr_50.7Cu₂₈Ni₉Al_12.3 bulk metallic glass (BMG) was investigated over a wide strain-rate range at room temperature. The yield strength of the BMG studied is independent of the strain rates applied upon quasi-static loading; however, it decreases remarkably upon dynamic loading. Serrated flows and shear bands appear at low quasi-static strain rates; nevertheless, they vanish as the strain rate increases to 1.0 × 10⁻¹ s⁻¹. Cracks appearing on the side surface of the fractured sample after dynamic compression yield a strain-accommodation deformation mechanism upon dynamic loading. Scanning electron microscopy observations reveal that molten liquids increase on the fractured surfaces with increasing strain rate, indicating that adiabatic heating in the shear bands is enhanced as the strain rate increases.     

Examination of Galvanic Action between Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass and Crystalline Alloys

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (amorphous metals) have been developed, and several compositions are shown to have excellent corrosion resistance in chloride solutions. Further, thermal-spray amorphous metals are being developed for use as a barrier coating layer, to protect substrate materials from corrosion. Galvanic action between dissimilar metals and the coating/substrate for the amorphous-alloy coatings is of practical interest for a number of applications. The mixed-potential theory provides a useful approach for examining the corrosion behavior of the component materials in the galvanic couple and is applied in this study. Galvanic action was studied for an Fe-based structurally amorphous metal (SAM) 1651 and several crystalline alloys that included 1018 C-steel, stainless steel (SS) 316L, and alloy 22. Anodic and cathodic polarization curves of each of the metals were measured by potentiodynamic polarization. Based on the mixed-potential theory, the behavior of the component materials in a galvanic cell was predicted. The predictions are compared to the measured behavior of galvanic couples with the crystalline alloys. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Iron-Based Amorphous Metals: An Important Family of High-Performance Corrosion-Resistant Materials,” which occurred during the MSandT meeting, September 16–20, 2007, in Detroit, Michigan, under the auspices of The American Ceramics Society (ACerS), The Association for Iron and Steel Technology (AIST), ASM International, and TMS.     

Dynamic Fracture of a Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass

In the present study, dynamic fracture experiments are performed on fully amorphous Liquidmetal-1 (LM-1), a Zr-based BMG, to better understand fracture initiation and propagation in notched specimens. Experiments are conducted on notched (110 μm notch radius) four-point bend specimens using an instrumented modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. The results of these experiments suggest that the critical dynamic stress intensity factor achieved by the notched LM-1 specimens is ~110 MPa m^1/2, which is similar to the fracture toughness determined from previous quasi-static fracture experiments. This insensitivity of the fracture toughness to crack tip loading rate suggests negligible loading-rate sensitivity on the dynamic fracture initiation toughness in LM-1. In situ high-speed camera images of the notched sample during the dynamic loading process show multiple fracture initiation attempts and subsequent arrests prior to catastrophic fracture initiation. Controlled stress wave loading experiments designed to induce sub-critical levels of damage in the notched specimens show extensive deformation banding extending 150 to 200 μm outward from the notch. The deformation bands, nominally perpendicular to each other, run along the direction of the notch and perpendicular to it. They are consistent with slip-line fields in notched samples of elastic perfectly plastic materials. Subsequent loading of the damaged specimen again shows several attempts at crack initiation followed by blunting; the initial sub-critical damage in the region around the notch is understood to increase the energy required for catastrophic specimen failure and is consistent with an increase in the effective notch radius due to preexisting damage.     

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Zr-Cu-Ni-Al Bulk Metallic Glasses by the Bridgman Solidification

The microstructural evolution was experimentally studied at a withdrawal velocity between 6 and 0.1?mm/s by a Bridgman technique in Zr_51.7Cu₃₀Ni_8.3Al₁₀. Our results indicate that the Zr_51.7Cu₃₀Ni_8.3Al₁₀ alloy can be considered as the ZrCu-Zr₂Cu pseudo-binary eutectic system, and the glass-forming ability (GFA) is correlated with the (L ?? ZrCu?+?Zr₂Cu) pseudo-binary eutectic reaction. This understanding has important implications and guidance for designing and fabricating new Zr-Cu-Ni-Al bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with superior glass formation. Moreover, compressive tests were also performed on these samples. The results show that as the precipitation of crystal, plastic strain decreases. It indicates that the precipitated crystal cannot block the fast propagation of the localized shear bands and the macroscopically brittle failure.     

Effects of Test Temperature and Loading Conditions on the Tensile Properties of a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

The effects of changes in test temperature (20 °C, 260 °C, 330 °C, and 380 °C), strain rate (10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹ s⁻¹), and loading conditions (displacement control vs loading-rate control) on the tensile behavior of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5 (LiquidMetal 1 (LM1)), a bulk metallic glass (BMG), have been determined. Significant effects of the test temperature, strain rate, and loading condition were observed on the strength, ductility/elongation, and mechanisms of failure (shear, ductile rupture, etc.). This material exhibited extensive elongation (i.e., >100 pct) prior to failure when tested near the glass transition temperature (T _g  ≈ 375 °C) at sufficiently low strain rates, while higher strain rates or lower test temperatures produced shear fracture at low elongation. The flow and fracture behavior was also significantly affected by the loading condition (i.e., displacement vs loading-rate control). The effective strain rate necessary to cause failure in shear without significant global flow was several orders of magnitude lower in loading-rate control than in displacement control. Samples exhibiting high elongation tested in displacement control gently and convexly drew to a near point (i.e., ductile rupture). Samples tested at the same temperature exhibiting high elongation in loading-rate control rapidly and concavely necked, followed by drawing to a constant diameter “wire” (i.e., ductile drawing), eventually failing by nearly pure ductile rupture. All samples that displayed significant elongation did so inhomogeneously, and were characterized by non-Newtonian global flow. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Bulk Metallic Glasses IV,” which occurred February 25–March 1, 2007 during the TMS Annual Meeting in Orlando, Florida under the auspices of the TMS/ASM Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee.

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Microstructural Analysis of a Laser-Processed Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

Laser processing is a precision manufacturing technique capable of producing materials with highly nonequilibrium microstructures. Due to the localized heat input and high cooling rate inherent to the process, this technology is attractive for the production of metallic glasses. In the present work, we use a laser deposition process to deposit a Zr-based metallic glass forming powder on both amorphous and crystalline substrates of the same nominal composition. Amorphous melt zones are observed surrounded by distinct crystalline heat-affected zones (HAZs). Detailed examination of the HAZ in the glassy substrates reveals the formation of microscale spherulites, in contrast to the nanocrystalline phases observed following crystallization by isothermal annealing of the glass at the crystallization temperature as well as in the HAZ of the crystalline substrates. The spherulites have a different crystal morphology and structure from the nanocrystalline phases, indicating that the more stable nanocrystalline phases are completely bypassed when the glass is devitrified at the higher heating rate. Reducing the heat input during laser processing results in the near elimination of the crystalline HAZ in the amorphous substrates, suggesting that a critical heating rate range is required to avoid devitrification.     

High-Pressure Equation of the State of a Zirconium-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

The high stress U _s -U _p Hugoniot equation of state (EOS) of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass (BMG, Zr₅₇Nb₅Cu_15.4Ni_12.6Al₁₀) was determined using plate impact experiments on disk-shaped samples of 10-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness. The National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) two-stage light-gas gun was used for the high stress measurements (∼26 to 123 GPa), and the Georgia Institute of Technology (GT) single-stage gas gun was used for the lower stress measurements (∼5 to 26 GPa). The NIMS experiments were instrumented with streak photography and used the inclined mirror (IM) method to simultaneously measure shock velocity and free surface velocity. The GT experiments used polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) stress gages and velocity interferometry (VISAR) to simultaneously measure the shock velocity, free surface velocity, and stress. Results from the streak camera records and PVDF gages + VISAR traces, as well as impedance matching calculations, were used to generate the U _s -U _p Hugoniot EOS for the BMG over a wide range of stresses. The U _s -U _p data show evidence of a low pressure phase, a transition to a mixed phase region at ∼26 GPa, followed by transition at ∼67 GPa to a high-pressure phase of bulk modulus of 288 GPa. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Dynamic Behavior of Materials,” which occurred during the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, February 25–March 1, 2007 in Orlando, Florida, under the auspices of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, and TMS/ASM Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee.     

块状金属玻璃研究进展与应用

综述了块状金属玻璃的研究进展，介绍了块状金属玻璃的应用及几种制备方法，阐明了块状金属玻     

Ti基大块金属玻璃的研究与应用

阐述了Ti基大块金属玻璃(BMG)的成分设计原则及制备方法，并对Ti基非晶合金及其部分晶化复合材料的力学性能及断裂机理进行了评述。结果表明：Ti基大块金属玻璃具有较高的断裂强度、弹性延伸率及一定的塑性延伸率，而经过部分晶化获得的非晶合金基纳米颗粒复合材料，其室温塑性获得很大的改善。在此基础上探讨了该合金目前所存在的问题、研究热点以及其应用前景。     

Effect of Sn Additions on the Damage Tolerance of a ZrCuNiAl Bulk Metallic Glass

Damage tolerance (toughness and plasticity) properties of a ZrCuNiAl bulk metallic glass (BMG) are tailored through Sn alloying under ambient conditions. The result shows that the measured fracture energy is clearly correlated with the product (R) of Young’s modulus and averaged size of vein patterns on mode I crack surfaces of these BMGs. The implications of the current result on other BMGs are also briefly discussed, which might be useful for the evaluation of damage tolerance of tough BMGs.     

Ionic Conductivity of Nano-LaF3 Bulk Material at Room Temperature

Ionic Conductivity of Nano-LaF_3 Bulk Material at Room Temperature     

Crystallization of a Ti-based Bulk Metallic Glass Induced by Electropulsing Treatment

The effect of electropulsing treatment (EPT)on the microstructure of a Ti-based bulk metallic glass (BMG)has been studied.The maximum current density applied during EPT can exert a crucial role on tuning the microstructure of the BMG.When the maximum current density is no more than 2 720 A/mm2 ,the samples retains amorphous nature,whereas,beyond that,crystalline phases precipitate from the glassy matrix.During EPT,the maximum temperature within the samples EPTed at the maximum current densities larger than 2 720 A/mm2 is higher than the crystallization temperature of the BMG,leading to the crystallization event.     

High-Temperature Deformation Behavior and Formability of a Zr-Cu-Al-Ni Bulk Metallic Glass

The deformation behavior of a monolithic Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Al₁₀Ni₅ (at. pct) bulk metallic glass (BMG) fabricated by suction casting has been investigated at elevated temperatures in this study. A series of compression tests has been performed in the supercooled liquid temperature region. In the homogeneous flow regime, this alloy exhibited a transition from the Newtonian to non-Newtonian flow depending upon both the strain rate and the temperature. These two flow modes were then described by applying the Newtonian viscous flow theory and the transition state theory, respectively. On the basis of a dynamic materials model (DMM), a processing map could successfully be constructed to estimate the feasible forming conditions for this BMG alloy. Imaginary laboratory-scale extrusion tests were also performed to determine solid-to-solid formability, and the results from both the finite element method (FEM)-based simulation and processing map were then compared and discussed. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Bulk Metallic Glasses IV,” which occurred February 25–March 1, 2007 during the TMS Annual Meeting in Orlando, Florida under the auspices of the TMS/ASM Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee.     

碱度对保护渣结晶温度及结晶矿相的影响

结合亚包晶钢保护渣的矿物成分和冶金性能特点,在实验室自制不同碱度的亚包晶钢保护渣,采用工艺矿物学方法,探讨碱度对保护渣结晶温度和结晶矿相的影响规律。结果表明:随碱度值的增加(0.9~1.3),保护渣的结晶温度逐渐升高,热流密度先降低后升高再降低,对应的渣膜结晶率先增大后减小再增大,且渣膜结晶率均较高,达到75%以上。不同碱度对应渣膜的结晶矿物种类相同,主要组成矿物为枪晶石和硅灰石。随碱度增加,枪晶石含量不断增加,晶形逐渐增大;硅灰石含量不断减少,晶形逐渐变小。该研究成果对优化亚包晶钢保护渣具有重要指导意义。     

Corrosion Behavior of Fe-based Bulk Metallic Glass and In-situ Dendrite-reinforced Metallic Glass Matrix Composites in Acid Solution

The corrosion behavior study was conducted on a novel Fe_(77)Mo_5P_9C_(7.5)B_(1.5)in-situ metallic glass matrix composite(MGMC).This composite sample was developed by introduction of bccα-Fe dendrites as reinforcing phase.The corrosion behavior of this composite was compared to its monolithic counterpart and other Fe-based alloys such as 304 Land 2304Lstainless steels.The corrosion resistance of MGMCs in H_2SO_4 solution shows inferior to that of other Fe-based alloys.Experiments suggest that Fe-BMGs samples possess better corrosion resistance property than that of Fe-MGMCs.The possible underlying reasons can be the inhomogeneity induced by the precipitation ofα-Fe dendrites in the MGMCs.     

Study on Strain-Rate Sensitivity of Cementitious Composites

In this study, we conduct a combined experimental and micromechanical investigation into the strain-rate sensitivity of concretes, with a special reference to the effect of aggregate concentration. We first measured the stress-strain relations of Type I portland cement with 0.45 water-to-cement ratio (w/c), and then those of the mortar containing sand aggregates of up to 50% volume concentration, over six orders of magnitude of strain rate, from 5×10?6/s to 1×10?1/s under compression. It was found that, at a given strain rate, the peak stress increases with the aggregate concentration but the peak strain tends to decrease with it. At a given aggregate concentration, the peak stress also increases with strain rate whereas the peak strain generally decreases with it. We then developed an inclusion-matrix type micromechanical model to simulate the behavior of the concrete. In this process the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the portland cement was modeled by a modified Burger's model with strain-rate dependent spring and dashpot elements, and the stress-strain relations of the mortar at various aggregate concentrations and strain rates were calculated from a two-phase composite model with a secant-moduli approach. It is shown that the measured data could be sufficiently well predicted by the developed micromechanics composite model.     

Stored Mechanical Work in Inhomogeneous Deformation Processes of a Pd-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

We investigated the effect of anelastic rearrangements in a Pd-based metallic glass during inhomogeneous plastic deformation producing shear bands at room temperature. Therefore, we subjected bulk metallic glasses to uniaxial stresses and characterized the influence of deformation on the global configurational energy state with ultrasonic and calorimetric methods. The results provide evidence that even in an inhomogeneous plastic deformation process at room temperature, a certain amount of energy can be stored which is thermally relaxed below the glass transition temperature.     

Combinatorial Influence of Bimodal Size of B2 TiCu Compounds on Plasticity of Ti-Cu-Ni-Zr-Sn-Si Bulk Metallic Glass Composites

We report on the formation of Ti-Cu-Ni-Zr-Sn-Si bulk metallic glass composites containing bimodal size of B2 TiCu compounds. The small B2 TiCu compound with a size of 1 to 10 μm has a strong influence on the oscillation of the shear stress, thus causing wavy propagation of the shear bands. In contrast, the large B2 TiCu compound with a size of 70 to 150 μm dissipates the shear stress by branching and multiplication of the shear bands. By forming the bimodal size of B2 TiCu compound, it is possible to determine the harmonic influence to further enhance the plasticity of the Ti-Cu-Ni-Zr-Sn-Si bulk metallic glass composites.