A sensing block method for measuring impact force generated at a contact part

A new method has been devised for measuring the impact force generated at the contact part in a collision. This new method, here called the sensing block method, is based on a simple structure which is made of a steel cylindrical block with a small cylindrical projection. The top of this projection serves as the contact plane in a collision. The impact force generated at the contact part can be measured using small strain gages mounted on the side surface of the projection. Through the calibration tests, the new method was confirmed to be more effective for direct measurement of impact force with relatively high sensitivity for both normal and oblique impacts. The obtained measurements are almost entirely free from disturbances caused by reflected wave interference. Using this method, an impact experiment on commercially available pure aluminum bars with different lengths and spherical ends was performed. From the experimental results, it was found that the generated maximum force gradually increased in proportion to the square root of potential energy, and that the generated mean stress on the contact part was constant and independent of the radius of curvature of the spherical end and impact velocity.     

Quantitative measurement of the magnetic moment of individual magnetic nanoparticles by magnetic force microscopy

The quantitative measurement of the magnetization of individual magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is described. Quantitative measurement is realized by calibration of the MFM signal using an MNP reference sample with traceably determined magnetization. A resolution of the magnetic moment of the order of 10(-18) A m(2) under ambient conditions is demonstrated, which is presently limited by the tip's magnetic moment and the noise level of the instrument. The calibration scheme can be applied to practically any magnetic force microscope and tip, thus allowing a wide range of future applications, for example in nanomagnetism and biotechnology.     

Migration and diffusion coupled with a fast preceding reaction. Voltammetry at a microelectrode

A mathematical model implemented by simulation is presented for voltammetry of a reversible couple that involves a fast preceding chemical reaction and mixed diffusional and migrational transport. The hydrogen couple, H(+)/H(2), fulfills the above criteria. For strong acids there is no preceding reaction, whereas for weak acids the preceding reaction is HA = H(+) + A(-). The computed voltammograms are compared with experimental voltammograms for the reduction of strong and weak acids at Pt microelectrodes with excess of and without supporting electrolyte. The key assumption in the calculations is that the flux of hydrogen ion is independent of the anion. This assumption is supported by the experimental fact that the wave heights in the absence of supporting electrolyte of several strong acids of equal concentration and with anions of various size are identical.     

调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器的轴向力研究

调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器即永磁调速器,它的力学参数、磁场分布对其传递能力及整个系统的稳定性与可靠性具有很大的影响,因此有必要对其工作时的轴向力进行深入研究.基于等效面电流法,推导出联轴器在低转差率下的螺旋进给/退出轴向力计算表达式;同时采用电磁场分析软件Magnet对其进行模拟分析,得到了不同啮合长度、不同转差率下的螺旋进给/退出轴向力值,并进行了对比分析.调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器轴向力由完全啮合状态至脱离状态呈现先增大后减小的趋势;在相同输入转速情况下,转差率越大,轴向力越小,在脱离状态时趋于稳定值.这对于调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器以及其它类型磁力联轴器的理论研究、参数设计与优化及其应用都有着一定的理论意义及实际应用价值.     

Novel magnetic tips developed for the switching magnetization magnetic force microscopy

Using micromagnetic calculations we search for optimal magnetic properties of novel magnetic tips to be used for a Switching Magnetization Magnetic Force Microscopy (SM-MFM), a novel technique based on two-pass scanning with reversed tip magnetization. Within the technique the sum of two scans images local atomic forces and their difference maps the local magnetic forces. The tip magnetization is switched during the scanning by a small magnetic field. The technology of novel low-coercitive magnetic tips is proposed. For best performance the tips must exhibit low magnetic moment, low switching field, and single-domain state at remanence. Such tips are equipped with Permalloy objects of a precise shape that are defined on their tilted sides. We calculate switching fields of such tips by solving the micromagnetic problem to find the optimum shape and dimensions of the Permalloy objects located on the tips. Among them, hexagon was found as the best shape for the tips.     

Propagation of shear waves generated by a modulated finite amplitude radiation force in a viscoelastic medium

An effective way to generate localized narrow-band low-frequency shear waves within tissue noninvasively, is by the modulated radiation force, resulting from the interference of two confocal quasi-CW ultrasound beams of slightly different frequencies. By using approximate viscoelastic Green's functions, investigations of the properties of the propagated shear-field component at the fundamental modulation frequency were previously reported by our group. However, high-amplitude source excitations may be needed to increase the signal-to-noise-ratio for shear-wave detection in tissue. This paper reports a study of the generation and propagation of dynamic radiation force components at harmonics of the modulation frequency for conditions that generally correspond to diagnostic safety standards. We describe the propagation characteristics of the resulting harmonic shear waves and discuss how they depend on the parameters of nonlinearity, focusing gain, and absorption. For conditions of high viscosity (believed to be characteristic of soft tissue) and higher modulation frequencies, the approximate shear wave Green's function is inappropriate. A more exact viscoelastic Green's function is derived in k-space, and using this, it is shown that the lowpass and dispersive effects, associated with a Voigt model of tissue, are more accurately represented. Finally, it is shown how the viscoelastic properties of the propagating medium can be estimated, based on several spectral components of the shear wave spectrum.     

High-energy radiation generated during electric explosion of a conductor in a longitudinal magnetic field

Our recent experiments [1] with the electric explosion of conductors in vacuum with an applied strong longitudinal magnetic field showed that this process was accompanied by radiation capable of penetrating through metal layers of considerable thickness. The high intensity of this radiation allowed it to be reliably detected outside the vacuum chamber using a photographic film with an amplifying luminescent (ZnS) screen situated in a paper envelope at a distance above 3 m from the region of explosion. In the same series of experiments, it was established that elements of the setup situated in the vicinity of the explosion exhibited residual radioactivity. This radioactivity was manifested, in particular, by flare spots on a photographic film in contact with an amplifying phosphor screen contained in a paper cassette that was placed inside the solenoid gap upon the discharge. No such explosion-induced radioactivity was observed in analogous experiments performed without an applied magnetic field. This paper presents the first results of investigations of the induced radioactivity, in which the activation detector was a gold ring situated at a distance of about 0.2 m from the axis of the exploding conductor.     

Integral hemispherical absorptivities of metals at 4.2–293°K

On the basis of experimental data the authors obtained an empirical formula enabling them to determine the integral absorptivity of metal with an optically smooth surface from the magnitude of its electrical resistivity.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 638–645, October, 1986.     

Simulation of two-electron homogeneous electrocatalysis for steady-state voltammetry at hemispherical microelectrodes

Expanded space grid digital simulation of second-order, two-electron homogeneous electrocatalysis was extended to slow scan voltammetry at hemispherical microelectrodes. Predictions of the simulations are examined for reversible and quasireversible heterogeneous charge transfer of catalyst for a range of homogeneous catalytic rate constants (k1) and electrode radii. Working curves of catalytic efficiency vs long k1 were generated assuming reacting species with equal diffusion coefficients. As electrode radii in the less than 10-microns range decrease, progressively larger homogeneous catalytic rates are needed to yield analytically significant amplification of limiting currents. Simulations using hemispherical radii of (2/pi)rd can be used to predict catalytic efficiencies for microdisk electrodes with radii rd. Simulated working curves were used to estimate a log k1 of 3.88 +/- 0.55 (M-1 s-1) for electron transfer from the anion radical of 9,10-diphenylanthracene to 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl from steady-state catalytic efficiencies obtained at carbon microdisk electrodes. This value was in good agreement with 3.90 +/- 0.16 M-1 s-1 found previously by cyclic voltammetry.     

Sub-surface imaging with the magnetic resonance force microscope

The magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM) is based on mechanical detection of magnetic resonance signals. The force between the field gradient due to a small permanent magnet and the spin magnetization in the sample is used to drive the oscillation of a high Q, low spring-constant micro-mechanical resonator (e.g. atomic force microscope cantilever). This same field gradient also enables microscopic magnetic resonance imaging. We will discuss the characteristics and capabilities of the electron spin MRFM we have fabricated. Our MRFM has a sensitivity of 3×10¹¹ electron spins at room temperature in an applied field of 253 Gauss. Its vertical resolution is 1 micron. One- and two-dimensional scans of a particle beneath the silicon cantilever have been performed which demonstrate the sub-surface spatial imaging capabilities. We also discuss recent advances in the miniaturization of two crucial MRFM components: the micromechanical resonator and the micromagnetic tip.     

A proposal for a finite-element force approximation of anautomotive magnetic actuator

A method is proposed to calculate the thrust of a magnetic actuator that operates in the nonlinear magnetic region. The magnetic force expression of the Maxwell stress tensor is expanded to cover magnetic saturation by using a successive approximation of the surface force on the magnetizing curve. The resulting improved finite-element method (FEM) approximation is applied to calculate the thrust of an automotive solenoid valve which operates in the high flux density region near saturation. The calculated values obtained from the improved FEM are in better agreement with the experimental values than the usual linear approximation using the Maxwell stress tensor     

悬臂梁振动非接触式磁力主动控制研究

研究了使用永磁铁的磁力对铁质悬臂梁的横向振动进行主动控制。建立自由端带有集中质量的悬臂梁的振动理论模型并通过振动实验进行了修正。通过理论分析和实验研究,得到了非接触磁力对铁质悬臂梁的作用规律。建立了使用非接触磁力进行梁横向振动控制方法。对上述控制方法进行了模拟计算和实际实验。结果表明,模拟计算与实验完全吻合,梁的振动得到有效抑制。     

磁力搅拌法的研究与开发

介绍了一种用于搅拌金属复合熔体的磁力搅拌法,洛仑兹力是由高速旋转的永磁场产生的,分析了NbFeB永磁体在空间的磁感应强度分布情况,研究表明,磁感应强度的大小在空间分布类似于鞍形,在高度方向上衰减很快,磁场转速对磁力搅拌效果影响明显,涡旋磁场与金属熔体间的偏置度为25mm时,增强颗粒较易加入,用磁力搅拌法搅拌复合熔体具有力源与熔体无直接接触,对熔体无污染,磁场具有可设计性,设备和生产成本低等优点。     

Factors determining the magnetic field generated by a solenoid made with a superconductor having critical current anisotropy

The magnetic field generation in a simple solenoid is reconsidered for the case where the magnetic field is generated by a superconductor with anisotropy in its critical current density. In this case the influence of the radial magnetic field at the solenoid ends on the weak direction of the conductor has to be taken into account. Instead of the usual load line which stems from the maximum axial field at the inner turns, two load lines must be considered: one as usual, and the second one representing the radial field at the coil end. The maximum field generated by the solenoid is determined by which load line meets its respective j_c-H curve first. For tapes of (Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x it is the radial field at the solenoid ends which determines the central field which can be generated by the solenoid. This is also the case for most other anisotropic superconductors even with a moderate j_c anisotropy of, for example, two. Insert coils in a background field can significantly raise the maximum central field as the ratio between axial and radial fields is different. This gain for a magnet made from Bi(2223) tapes is of the order of 30% (at T= 77 K). Some alternatives for maximum field generation using anisotropic tapes are discussed.     

Effects of mechanical imperfections in a hemispherical electron spectrometer

The influence on the energy resolution of small deviations from concentricity or sphericity in a hemispherical capacitor electron energy analyzer is investigated. For typical operating conditions, the contribution to the energy broadening is found to be ΔE/E ～ (0.05?0.2)Δ/g, where Δ is the error in centering or shaping, and g is the electrode gap.     

Characteristics of the medical waste generated at the Jordanian hospitals

Recently, Jordan has witnessed increased amounts of medical waste generated at different healthcare facilities. This has resulted in issuance of Medical Waste Regulation that aimed at regulating the management processes of such hazardous waste. To provide information on medical waste generation rates, composition and statistical characteristics, a comprehensive sampling survey was initiated after a regulatory definition of the medical waste was established. Hospitals from Public, private and educational categories were covered by the survey. This paper presents the findings of the survey. The average generation rates ranged from 0.29 to 1.36 kg/bed/day, while in terms of patient numbers it is from 0.36 to 0.87 kg/patient/day. The total daily amount of medical waste generated at the Jordanian hospitals was estimated to be 6 tones/day. The daily amounts of medical waste generated at King Abdullah University Hospital were found to follow a log normal probability distribution. Physical composition analysis of the medical waste, which conducted based on the categories identified by the Jordanian Regulation, indicated that the infectious waste category is the highest, followed by sharps category and finally pathological, cytotoxic and pharmaceutical categories were the lowest. The study concluded that all hospitals covered by the survey are practicing segregation of hazardous medical waste from general medical waste. However, the segregation process in some hospitals is still inefficient and there is a potential for improvements toward minimizing the hazardous medical waste generation.     

Shear-mode magnetic force microscopy with a quartz tuning fork in ambient conditions

We have demonstrated high-resolution shear-mode magnetic force microscopy (MFM) using a quartz tuning fork in ambient conditions. A commercial magnetic cantilever tip was attached to one prong of the tuning fork to realize shear-mode MFM operation. We have obtained MFM images with a spatial resolution of less than 100?nm and demonstrated a frequency resolution of ～1?mHz, values which are achieved by phase shift detection methods.     

Direct visualization and identification of biofunctionalized nanoparticles using a magnetic atomic force microscope

Because of its outstanding ability to image and manipulate single molecules, atomic force microscopy (AFM) established itself as a fundamental technique in nanobiotechnology. (1) We present a new modality that distinguishes single nanoparticles by the surrounding magnetic field gradient. Diamagnetic gold and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles become discernible under ambient conditions. Images of proteins, magnetolabeled with nanoparticles, demonstrate the first steps toward a magnetic analogue to fluorescence microscopy, which combines nanoscale lateral resolution of AFM with unambiguous detection of magnetic markers.     

Analysis of magnetic field and levitation force characteristics for 3-DOF deflection type PM motors

The mechanism and characteristics of the electromagnetic radial force are important for motors with complicated structures. The three-dimensional analytical model of the air gap between the rotor and stator is established under rotor eccentricity conditions. Then, aiming at solving the unbalanced radial force problem with rotor static eccentricity, the air-gap flux density, radial electromagnetic force, and the comparisons of harmonic contents are calculated and presented based on FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and MATLAB simulation. Finally, the magnetic field model has been validated by experiments utilizing a prototype system. The results provide a theoretical guide for configuration design, optimization, and levitation control research on three degree of freedom deflection type motors.